Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Journal of Polymer Research 11/2018

01.11.2018 | ORIGINAL PAPER

Study of phenolic resin and their tendency for carbon graphitization

verfasst von: Carmen Greice Renda, Roberto Bertholdo

Erschienen in: Journal of Polymer Research | Ausgabe 11/2018

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Phenolic resins are important materials in various application sectors due to their outstanding mechanical and thermal properties. However, phenolic resins are known as typical non-graphitized carbon precursor. In this work, important parameters related to the synthesis of PRs were studied: the concentration of the catalyst and the molar ratio between phenol and formaldehyde. The structural information was performed by Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance of carbon analysis to define mainly between novolac or resol resin. The thermal characteristics of the resins were studied for TGA and their tendencies for graphitization were verified by powder x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy and SEM/HRTEM analysis. As a conclusion, it was verified that the phenolic resins prepared with excess of formaldehyde in acidic medium can present different properties according to their composition, which allows for qualifying them as potential materials for different applications in the technological area that involves graphitized carbon.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Hirano K, Asami M (2013) Phenolic resins-100 years of progress and their future. React Funct Polym 73:256–269CrossRef Hirano K, Asami M (2013) Phenolic resins-100 years of progress and their future. React Funct Polym 73:256–269CrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Pulci G, Tirillò J, Marra F, Fossati F, Bartuli C, Valente T (2010) Carbon-phenolic ablative materials for re-entry space vehicles: manufacturing and properties. Compos Part A 41:1483–1490CrossRef Pulci G, Tirillò J, Marra F, Fossati F, Bartuli C, Valente T (2010) Carbon-phenolic ablative materials for re-entry space vehicles: manufacturing and properties. Compos Part A 41:1483–1490CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Winya N, Boonpan A, Prapunkarn K (2013) Study of factors affecting the ablation rate of phenolic resin / Fiber glass. Int J Chem Eng Appl 4:234–237 Winya N, Boonpan A, Prapunkarn K (2013) Study of factors affecting the ablation rate of phenolic resin / Fiber glass. Int J Chem Eng Appl 4:234–237
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Soutis C (2005) Carbon fiber reinforced plastics in aircraft construction. Mater Sci Eng A 412:171–176CrossRef Soutis C (2005) Carbon fiber reinforced plastics in aircraft construction. Mater Sci Eng A 412:171–176CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Pilato L (2010) Phenolic resins: a century of progress. Springer-Velag Berlin Heidelberg, New JerseyCrossRef Pilato L (2010) Phenolic resins: a century of progress. Springer-Velag Berlin Heidelberg, New JerseyCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Binner J, Hogg PJ, Sweeney J (1993) Advanced materials sourcebook. Elvesier Advanced Technology, Oxford Binner J, Hogg PJ, Sweeney J (1993) Advanced materials sourcebook. Elvesier Advanced Technology, Oxford
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Lei S, Guo Q, Zhang D, Shi J, Liu L, Wei X (2010) Preparation and properties of the phenolic foams with controllable nanometer pore structure. J Appl Polym Sci 117:3345–3550 Lei S, Guo Q, Zhang D, Shi J, Liu L, Wei X (2010) Preparation and properties of the phenolic foams with controllable nanometer pore structure. J Appl Polym Sci 117:3345–3550
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Shen H, Lavoie AJ, Nutt SR (2003) Enhanced peel resistance of fiber reinforced phenolic foams. Compos Part A 34:941–948CrossRef Shen H, Lavoie AJ, Nutt SR (2003) Enhanced peel resistance of fiber reinforced phenolic foams. Compos Part A 34:941–948CrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang Y, Chen L, Xu T, Yan Y, Gu J, Yun J, Feng J (2017) High char yield novolac modified by Si-B-N-C precursor: thermal stability and structural evolution. Polym Degrad Stab 137:184–196CrossRef Wang Y, Chen L, Xu T, Yan Y, Gu J, Yun J, Feng J (2017) High char yield novolac modified by Si-B-N-C precursor: thermal stability and structural evolution. Polym Degrad Stab 137:184–196CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Bitencourt CS, Pandolfelli VC (2013) Resinas termofixas e a produção de refratários contendo carbono: base teórica e insights para futuros desenvolvimentos. Cerâmica 59:1–26CrossRef Bitencourt CS, Pandolfelli VC (2013) Resinas termofixas e a produção de refratários contendo carbono: base teórica e insights para futuros desenvolvimentos. Cerâmica 59:1–26CrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Mano EB (1991) Polímeros como Materiais de Engenharia, São Paulo Mano EB (1991) Polímeros como Materiais de Engenharia, São Paulo
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang J, Mei G, Xie Z, Zhao S (2016) Curing mechanism of phenolic resin binder for oxide-carbon refractories. ISIJ Int 56:44–49CrossRef Zhang J, Mei G, Xie Z, Zhao S (2016) Curing mechanism of phenolic resin binder for oxide-carbon refractories. ISIJ Int 56:44–49CrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Gardziella A, Pilato LA, Knop A (2000) Phenolic resins: chemistry, applications, standardization, safety and ecology2nd edn. Springer-Verlag, Berlin HeidelbergCrossRef Gardziella A, Pilato LA, Knop A (2000) Phenolic resins: chemistry, applications, standardization, safety and ecology2nd edn. Springer-Verlag, Berlin HeidelbergCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen H, Zhou M, Wang Z, Zhao S, Guan S (2014) Rich nitrogen-doped ordered mesoporous phenolic resin-based carbon for supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 148:187–194CrossRef Chen H, Zhou M, Wang Z, Zhao S, Guan S (2014) Rich nitrogen-doped ordered mesoporous phenolic resin-based carbon for supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 148:187–194CrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang M, Fan L (2013) Silicon/carbon nanocomposite pyrolyzed from phenolic resin as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. J Power Sources 244:570–574CrossRef Wang M, Fan L (2013) Silicon/carbon nanocomposite pyrolyzed from phenolic resin as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. J Power Sources 244:570–574CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Haddadi SA, Mahdavian-Ahadi M, Abbasi F (2014) Effect of Nanosilica and boron carbide on adhesion strength of high temperature adhesive based on phenolic resin for graphite bonding. Ind Eng Chem Res 53:11747–11754CrossRef Haddadi SA, Mahdavian-Ahadi M, Abbasi F (2014) Effect of Nanosilica and boron carbide on adhesion strength of high temperature adhesive based on phenolic resin for graphite bonding. Ind Eng Chem Res 53:11747–11754CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Huang G, Liu H, Yang L, He Y, Xia X, Chen H (2016) Pyrolysis behavior of graphene/phenolic resin composites. Carbon NY 98:733–736 Huang G, Liu H, Yang L, He Y, Xia X, Chen H (2016) Pyrolysis behavior of graphene/phenolic resin composites. Carbon NY 98:733–736
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Lin C, Lee H, Chen J (2013) Synthesis and characterization of molybdenum/phenolic resin composites binding with aluminum nitride particles for diamond cutters. Appl Surf Sci 284:297–307CrossRef Lin C, Lee H, Chen J (2013) Synthesis and characterization of molybdenum/phenolic resin composites binding with aluminum nitride particles for diamond cutters. Appl Surf Sci 284:297–307CrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Pérez JM, Oliet M, Alonso MV, Rodríguez F (2009) Cure kinetics of lignin-novolac resins studied by isoconversional methods. Thermochim Acta 487:39–42CrossRef Pérez JM, Oliet M, Alonso MV, Rodríguez F (2009) Cure kinetics of lignin-novolac resins studied by isoconversional methods. Thermochim Acta 487:39–42CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhou J, Yao Z, Chen Y, Wei D, Wu Y, Xu T (2013) Mechanical and thermal properties of graphene oxide/phenolic resin composite. Polym Compos 34:1245–1249CrossRef Zhou J, Yao Z, Chen Y, Wei D, Wu Y, Xu T (2013) Mechanical and thermal properties of graphene oxide/phenolic resin composite. Polym Compos 34:1245–1249CrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Kapadia M, Patel M, Patel G, Joshi J (2008) La (III) polychelates of phenolic resin: synthesis, characterization and ion-exchange study. J Polym Res 15:285–293CrossRef Kapadia M, Patel M, Patel G, Joshi J (2008) La (III) polychelates of phenolic resin: synthesis, characterization and ion-exchange study. J Polym Res 15:285–293CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Patel M, Kapadia M, Joshi J (2009) Polymer-metal complexes of phenolic resin with ln (III): thermal, catalytic and antimicrobial aspects. J Polym Res 16:755–765CrossRef Patel M, Kapadia M, Joshi J (2009) Polymer-metal complexes of phenolic resin with ln (III): thermal, catalytic and antimicrobial aspects. J Polym Res 16:755–765CrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Feng J, Chen L, Gu J, He Z, Yun J, Wang X (2016) Synthesis and characterization of aryl boron-containing thermoplastic phenolic resin with high thermal decomposition temperature and char yield. J Polym Res 23(97):1–7 Feng J, Chen L, Gu J, He Z, Yun J, Wang X (2016) Synthesis and characterization of aryl boron-containing thermoplastic phenolic resin with high thermal decomposition temperature and char yield. J Polym Res 23(97):1–7
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Desai TG, Lawson JW, Keblinski P (2011) Modeling initial stage of phenolic pyrolysis: graphitic precursor formation and interfacial effects. Polymer (Guildf) 52:577–585CrossRef Desai TG, Lawson JW, Keblinski P (2011) Modeling initial stage of phenolic pyrolysis: graphitic precursor formation and interfacial effects. Polymer (Guildf) 52:577–585CrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Chu L, Wang J (2011) Nitrogen removal using biodegradable polymers as carbon source and biofilm carriers in a moving bed biofilm reactor. Chem Eng J 170:220–225CrossRef Chu L, Wang J (2011) Nitrogen removal using biodegradable polymers as carbon source and biofilm carriers in a moving bed biofilm reactor. Chem Eng J 170:220–225CrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Takami T, Seino R, Yamazaki K, Ogino T (2014) Graphene film formation on insulating substrates using polymer films as carbon source. J Phys D Appl Phys 47:94015CrossRef Takami T, Seino R, Yamazaki K, Ogino T (2014) Graphene film formation on insulating substrates using polymer films as carbon source. J Phys D Appl Phys 47:94015CrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Fitzer E, Schaefer W, Yamada S (1969) The formation of glasslike carbon by pyrolysis of polyfurfuryl alcohol and phenolic resin. Carbon NY 7:643–648CrossRef Fitzer E, Schaefer W, Yamada S (1969) The formation of glasslike carbon by pyrolysis of polyfurfuryl alcohol and phenolic resin. Carbon NY 7:643–648CrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Rand B, McEnaney B (1985) Carbon binders from polymeric resins and pitch, part I - pyrolysis behaviour and structure of the carbons. Br Ceram Trans J 84:157–165 Rand B, McEnaney B (1985) Carbon binders from polymeric resins and pitch, part I - pyrolysis behaviour and structure of the carbons. Br Ceram Trans J 84:157–165
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Borges SG (2004) Síntese e Caracterização de Resinas Fenólicas Líquidas do Tipo Novolaca Aplicáveis no Processo de Pultrusão Síntese e Caracterização de Resinas Fenólicas Líquidas do Tipo Novolaca Aplicáveis no Processo de Pultrusão. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre Borges SG (2004) Síntese e Caracterização de Resinas Fenólicas Líquidas do Tipo Novolaca Aplicáveis no Processo de Pultrusão Síntese e Caracterização de Resinas Fenólicas Líquidas do Tipo Novolaca Aplicáveis no Processo de Pultrusão. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Grenier-Loustalot MF, Larroque S, Grenier P, Leca JP, Bedel D (1994) Phenolic resins: 1. Mechanisms and kinetics of phenol and of the first polycondensates towards formaldehyde in solution. Polymer (Guildf) 35:3046–3054CrossRef Grenier-Loustalot MF, Larroque S, Grenier P, Leca JP, Bedel D (1994) Phenolic resins: 1. Mechanisms and kinetics of phenol and of the first polycondensates towards formaldehyde in solution. Polymer (Guildf) 35:3046–3054CrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Grenier-Loustalot MF, Larroque S, Grande D, Grenier P, Bedel D (1996) Phenolic resins: 2. Influence of catalyst type on reaction mechanisms and kinetics. Polymer (Guildf) 37:1363–1369CrossRef Grenier-Loustalot MF, Larroque S, Grande D, Grenier P, Bedel D (1996) Phenolic resins: 2. Influence of catalyst type on reaction mechanisms and kinetics. Polymer (Guildf) 37:1363–1369CrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Grenier-Loustalot MF, Larroque S, Grenier P, Bedel D (1996) Phenolic resins: 3. Study of the reactivity of the initial monomers towards formaldehyde at constant pH, temperature and catalyst type. Polymer (Guildf) 37:939–953CrossRef Grenier-Loustalot MF, Larroque S, Grenier P, Bedel D (1996) Phenolic resins: 3. Study of the reactivity of the initial monomers towards formaldehyde at constant pH, temperature and catalyst type. Polymer (Guildf) 37:939–953CrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Grenier-Loustalot MF, Larroque S, Grenier P, Bedel D (1996) Phenolic resins: 4. Self-condensation of methylolphenols in formaldehyde-free media. Polymer (Guildf) 37:955–964CrossRef Grenier-Loustalot MF, Larroque S, Grenier P, Bedel D (1996) Phenolic resins: 4. Self-condensation of methylolphenols in formaldehyde-free media. Polymer (Guildf) 37:955–964CrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Sojka SA, Wolfe RA, Guenther GD (1981) Formation of phenolic resins: mechanism and time dependence of the reaction of phenol and hexamethylenetetramine as studied by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Macromolecules 14:1539–1543CrossRef Sojka SA, Wolfe RA, Guenther GD (1981) Formation of phenolic resins: mechanism and time dependence of the reaction of phenol and hexamethylenetetramine as studied by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Macromolecules 14:1539–1543CrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Crompton TR (2012) Thermal stability of polymers, Smithers Rapra technology ltd, Shawbyry, Shewsbury, Shrosphire. SY4 4NR, UK Crompton TR (2012) Thermal stability of polymers, Smithers Rapra technology ltd, Shawbyry, Shewsbury, Shrosphire. SY4 4NR, UK
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee Y, Kim D, Kim H, Hwang T, Rafailovich M, Sokolov J (2003) Activation energy and curing behavior of Resol- and Novolac-type phenolic resins by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. J Appl Polym Sci 89:2589–2596CrossRef Lee Y, Kim D, Kim H, Hwang T, Rafailovich M, Sokolov J (2003) Activation energy and curing behavior of Resol- and Novolac-type phenolic resins by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. J Appl Polym Sci 89:2589–2596CrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Markovic S, Dunjic B, Zlatanic A, Djonlagic J (2001) Dynamic mechanical analysis study of the curing of phenol-formaldehyde novolac resins. J Appl Polym Sci 81:1902–1913CrossRef Markovic S, Dunjic B, Zlatanic A, Djonlagic J (2001) Dynamic mechanical analysis study of the curing of phenol-formaldehyde novolac resins. J Appl Polym Sci 81:1902–1913CrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Carotenuto G, Nicolais L (1999) Kinetic study of phenolic resin cure by IR spectroscopy. J Appl Polym Sci 74:2703–2715CrossRef Carotenuto G, Nicolais L (1999) Kinetic study of phenolic resin cure by IR spectroscopy. J Appl Polym Sci 74:2703–2715CrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Wan J, Wang S, Li C, Zhou D, Chen J, Liu Z, Yu L, Fan H, Li BG (2012) Effect of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution on cure reaction of novolac with hexamethylenetetramine and properties of related composites. Thermochim Acta 530:32–41CrossRef Wan J, Wang S, Li C, Zhou D, Chen J, Liu Z, Yu L, Fan H, Li BG (2012) Effect of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution on cure reaction of novolac with hexamethylenetetramine and properties of related composites. Thermochim Acta 530:32–41CrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Kumar A, Gupta SK, Kumar B, Sumo N (1983) Molecular weight distributions in novolac type phenol-formaldehyde polymerizations. Polymer (Guildf) 24:1180–1187CrossRef Kumar A, Gupta SK, Kumar B, Sumo N (1983) Molecular weight distributions in novolac type phenol-formaldehyde polymerizations. Polymer (Guildf) 24:1180–1187CrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Silverstein R, Webster FX, Kiemle DJ (2006) Identificação Espectrométrica de Compostos Orgânicos7.ed edn. Editora LTC, Rio de Janeiro Silverstein R, Webster FX, Kiemle DJ (2006) Identificação Espectrométrica de Compostos Orgânicos7.ed edn. Editora LTC, Rio de Janeiro
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Adabbo HE, Williams RJJ (1982) Curing of Novolacs with paraformaldehyde. J Appl Polym Sci 27:893–901CrossRef Adabbo HE, Williams RJJ (1982) Curing of Novolacs with paraformaldehyde. J Appl Polym Sci 27:893–901CrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Hatfield GR, Maciel GE (1987) Solid-state NMR study of the hexamethylenetetramine curing of phenolic resins. Macromolecules 20:608–615CrossRef Hatfield GR, Maciel GE (1987) Solid-state NMR study of the hexamethylenetetramine curing of phenolic resins. Macromolecules 20:608–615CrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Lenghaus K, Qiao GGH, Solomon DH (2001) 3,5-Dimethylphenol resole resins: their structure and mechanism of thermal decomposition leading to graphitisation. Polymer (Guildf) 42:7523–7529CrossRef Lenghaus K, Qiao GGH, Solomon DH (2001) 3,5-Dimethylphenol resole resins: their structure and mechanism of thermal decomposition leading to graphitisation. Polymer (Guildf) 42:7523–7529CrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang Y, Wang S, Bian C, Zhong Y, Jing X (2015) Effect of chemical structure and cross-link density on the heat resistance of phenolic resin. Polym Degrad Stab 111:239–246CrossRef Wang Y, Wang S, Bian C, Zhong Y, Jing X (2015) Effect of chemical structure and cross-link density on the heat resistance of phenolic resin. Polym Degrad Stab 111:239–246CrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones R, Jenkins GM (1976) 9.Volume changes in phenolic resin during carbonization. Carbon N Y 76:27.6–27.7 Jones R, Jenkins GM (1976) 9.Volume changes in phenolic resin during carbonization. Carbon N Y 76:27.6–27.7
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Ayadi S, Jedidi I, Rivallin M, Gillot F, Lacour S, Cerneaux S, Cretin M, Amar RB (2013) Elaboration and characterization of new conductive porous graphite membranes for electrochemical advanced oxidation processes. J Membr Sci 446:42–49CrossRef Ayadi S, Jedidi I, Rivallin M, Gillot F, Lacour S, Cerneaux S, Cretin M, Amar RB (2013) Elaboration and characterization of new conductive porous graphite membranes for electrochemical advanced oxidation processes. J Membr Sci 446:42–49CrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Mukhopadhyay P, Gupta RK (2013) 1.4 structural and mechanical characterization of graphite, in: graph. Graphene their Polym. Nanocomposites. CRC PRESS - Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, p 21 Mukhopadhyay P, Gupta RK (2013) 1.4 structural and mechanical characterization of graphite, in: graph. Graphene their Polym. Nanocomposites. CRC PRESS - Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, p 21
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Oya A, Yamashita R, Otani S (1979) Catalytic graphitization of carbons by borons. Fuel 58:495–500CrossRef Oya A, Yamashita R, Otani S (1979) Catalytic graphitization of carbons by borons. Fuel 58:495–500CrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu C, Li K, Li H, Zhang S, Zhang Y (2014) The effect of zirconium incorporation on the thermal stability and carbonized product of phenol-formaldehyde resin. Polym Degrad Stab 102:180–185CrossRef Liu C, Li K, Li H, Zhang S, Zhang Y (2014) The effect of zirconium incorporation on the thermal stability and carbonized product of phenol-formaldehyde resin. Polym Degrad Stab 102:180–185CrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Cuesta A, Dhamelincourt P, Laureyns J, Martínez-Alonso A, Tascón JMD (1994) Raman microprobe studies on carbon materials. Carbon NY 32:1523–1532CrossRef Cuesta A, Dhamelincourt P, Laureyns J, Martínez-Alonso A, Tascón JMD (1994) Raman microprobe studies on carbon materials. Carbon NY 32:1523–1532CrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Cuesta A, Dhamelincourt P, Laureyns J, Martínez-Alonso A, Tascón JMD (1998) Comparative performance of X-ray diffraction and Raman microprobe techniques for the study of carbon materials. J Mater Chem 8:2875–2879CrossRef Cuesta A, Dhamelincourt P, Laureyns J, Martínez-Alonso A, Tascón JMD (1998) Comparative performance of X-ray diffraction and Raman microprobe techniques for the study of carbon materials. J Mater Chem 8:2875–2879CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Study of phenolic resin and their tendency for carbon graphitization
verfasst von
Carmen Greice Renda
Roberto Bertholdo
Publikationsdatum
01.11.2018
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in
Journal of Polymer Research / Ausgabe 11/2018
Print ISSN: 1022-9760
Elektronische ISSN: 1572-8935
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-018-1635-y

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 11/2018

Journal of Polymer Research 11/2018 Zur Ausgabe

    Marktübersichten

    Die im Laufe eines Jahres in der „adhäsion“ veröffentlichten Marktübersichten helfen Anwendern verschiedenster Branchen, sich einen gezielten Überblick über Lieferantenangebote zu verschaffen.