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2013 | Buch

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Sustainable Automotive Energy System in China

verfasst von: CAERC, Tsinghua University

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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Über dieses Buch

Sustainable Automotive Energy System in China aims at identifying and addressing the key issues of automotive energy in China in a systematic way, covering demography, economics, technology and policy, based on systematic and in-depth, multidisciplinary and comprehensive studies. Five scenarios of China’s automotive energy development are created to analyze the possible contributions in the fields of automotive energy, vehicle fuel economy improvement, electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles and the 2nd generation biofuel development. Thanks to this book, readers can gain a better understanding of the nature of China’s automotive energy development and be informed about: 1) the current status of automotive energy consumption, vehicle technology development, automotive energy technology development and policy; 2) the future of automotive energy development, fuel consumption, propulsion technology penetration and automotive energy technology development, and 3) the pathways of sustainable automotive energy transformation in China, in particular, the technological and the policy-related options.

This book is intended for researchers, engineers and graduates students in the low-carbon transportation and environmental protection field.

China Automotive Energy Research Center (CAERC), Tsinghua University, established in 2008, is a university-wide interdisciplinary automotive energy research institution affiliated to Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy (LCE), Tsinghua University. More than 30 researchers are working at CAERC, including six full professors. CAERC’s mission is to create and disseminate sustainable automotive energy knowledge, research and development of integrated automotive energy system assessment methodologies and models, and provide technological and policy options for sustainable automotive energy system transformation in China and the world.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Introduction

Abstract

In the process of modernization, China will have to face the challenges of ensuring energy security and of mitigating climate change over the long term. China is currently one of the fastest growing regions in the global automotive market and has become the world’s largest nation of automobile consumers and producers. Automotive energy has therefore become a core energy and environmental issue for the country. China intends to establish a sustainable automotive energy system. However, there is as of yet no currently recognized standard definition of such a system anywhere in the world. The resource endowment, population and geography, economic and social development levels, infrastructure characteristics of energy and transportation, and technological innovation capability of energy and transportation vary by country. We believe there are six basic standards for estimating the sustainability of China’s automotive energy system: the transportation economy, energy efficiency, greenhouse gas emissions, security of energy supply, supply and demand matching of fuel types, and automotive industry leadership.

Zhang Xiliang

Chapter 2. Motor Vehicle Development and Air Pollution Control

Abstract

This chapter first introduces the general ambient environmental issues caused by vehicles in China and then simulates CO, HC, NO_x, and particulate matter (PM) emissions from vehicles in 12 selected typical Chinese cities during 1990–2009. The results show a decreasing trend in CO and HC emissions but an increasing trend in NO_x and PM emissions in the examined cities. Megacities (e.g., Beijing and Shanghai) have stricter emission standards than the national level, so their vehicle emissions decrease faster than those of other cities. Also, the ambient SO₂, NO₂, and PM₁₀ concentrations in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou show a decreasing trend during the past decade. However, in cities where the emission measures are relatively lenient (e.g., Jinan, Ningbo, and Chongqing), the NO_x and PM emissions increased significantly. Therefore, vehicle pollution is no longer a problem that exists only in large cities. Local governments need to pay great attention to the fact that vehicle pollution is rapidly rising in provincial capitals and prefecture-level cities. This chapter finally discusses the measures implemented during recent 10 years to control vehicle emissions in China.

The rapid vehicle growth in China has caused various environmental issues, especially urban air pollution. Fortunately, the national government and local governments have implemented many measures to control vehicle emissions. It is important to emphasize that vehicle emission-control measures must be in accord with vehicle development in order to protect the urban ambient environment.

Huo Hong, Yao Zhiliang, He Kebin

Chapter 3. Scenario Analyses of China’s Vehicle Ownership and Vehicle Traffic Services

Abstract

A hybrid vehicle ownership model, which comprises three sub-models (private passenger vehicle population model, public traffic vehicle population model, and other vehicle population model), was established to simulate the growth of China’s vehicle population.

The passenger vehicle population model links the vehicle population and residents’ income distribution to forecast the growth of the private passenger vehicle population. The public traffic vehicle population model links the vehicle population, human population, and urbanization rate to forecast the growth of the vehicle population of urban public buses and taxis. The other vehicle population model links vehicle population growth and GDP growth to forecast the population of all other vehicles, including passenger vehicles for public affairs, other buses, and trucks. Passenger and freight traffic volume were projected based on the forecast results for the vehicle population.

The vehicle population and traffic volume were projected under two scenarios of reference scenario and comprehensive policy scenario. The reference scenarios and comprehensive policy scenarios employed in this section are the same as those in Chap. 12 for the vehicle energy development scenario. Chapter 12 presents the scenario definitions in detail, and the present section describes only the content related to vehicle population and vehicle traffic volume.

Wang Hewu, Hao Han, Ouyang Minggao

Chapter 4. Vehicle Powertrain Technology

Abstract

In China, the internal-combustion engine accounts for over 99 % of vehicle power technology, and over 99 % passenger cars and 73 % commercial vehicles are powered by gasoline and diesel engines, respectively; the diesel-powered passenger cars are mainly SUVs and gasoline commercial vehicles mainly consist of mini-trucks, light trucks, and buses. The vehicle’s power system is in the initial stage of electrification, but over 50 % of two-wheeled motor are electrified.

There is an upward tendency in gasoline and diesel consumption from Chinese vehicles, but the increase in gasoline consumption is lower than with diesel; vehicles consumed 85 % gasoline and 40 % diesel. There is a bottleneck in the development of diesel-powered passenger car, that is, the poor diesel quality.

Start-stop and ISG technologies can make 5–12 % and 20 % reductions in fuel consumption, respectively, and meet regulations of Chinese phase III fuel economy level. HEV technology is more widely used in commercial vehicles than in passenger cars in China. PHEV vehicle and extended-range electric vehicle technology have been applied only in a few vehicle models, still at the stage of technical verification. Hydrogen fuel-cell technology has been technically verified for urban buses and other passenger cars.

Wang Hewu, Du Jiuyu, Ouyang Minggao

Chapter 5. Petroleum-Derived Liquid Fuels

Abstract

In this chapter, after a brief introduction, we examine the development status and historical trends of oil development in China. A Sankey diagram of the oil flow in China from crude oil supply to the final sectors of oil product consumption is mapped to indicate the physical patterns of oil supply and consumption. Following this, we review the current status and historical trends of oil reserves, oil imports, oil refining, oil demand, oil prices, and related policies to present the multidimensional status of oil development in China. Then, we review existing opinions on future oil demand, especially that by road vehicles, future oil production, and energy security issues, and we summarize the future challenges facing oil development in China. Based on a scenario analysis of Chinese oil consumption up to 2030, we discuss a coping strategy for energy security and emission reduction, and we conclude with several policy suggestions for the future development of petroleum-derived fuels for road vehicles.

Li Zheng, Fu Feng, Ma Linwei, Liu Pei, Zhou Zhai, Zhang Jianbing, Jiang Xiaolong

Chapter 6. Natural Gas

Abstract

In this chapter, after a brief introduction, we discuss the potential of natural gas as a form of automotive energy in China. The exploration, production, consumption, import, storage, transportation, and distribution of natural gas in China are comprehensively reviewed, and the development of coal-based synthetic natural gas is also discussed. Following this, we provide our perspectives on the supply and demand of natural gas and the potential for its use as a source of automotive energy in China. Then, we propose policy suggestions for developing the main technological pathways, including compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles, liquefied natural gas (LNG) vehicles, and gas to liquids, based on an analysis of their technical features, development status in China and abroad, technological performance, and supporting conditions.

Ma Linwei, Gao Dan, Li Weiqi, Li Zheng

Chapter 7. Coal-Derived Liquid Fuels

Abstract

In this chapter, after a brief introduction, we first suggest the potential of resource supplies for coal-derived fuels based on a review of coal production, utilization, and supply constraints in China. The technological development of coal-derived fuels is the main focus of this chapter. We first present the current status of the development of four technology pathways—direct and indirect coal liquefaction, coal-derived methanol, and coal-derived dimethyl ether—and compare the technical performance of their conversion processes based on published data. Then, we conduct a well-to-tank analysis of their technical performance considering three routes in the supply chain design, and we discuss the influence of carbon tax. A six-dimension method is also applied to compare the advantages and disadvantages of the four technology pathways. Finally, by identifying the barriers and future potential of these technology pathways, we propose policy suggestions for their future development.

Liu Pei, Ma Linwei, Liu Guangjian, Pan Lingyin, Li Zheng

Chapter 8. Liquid Biofuels

Abstract

Over the last 10 years, the development of biofuels in China has undergone three distinct stages. By the end of 2010, the utilization of fuel ethanol reached 1.86 million tonnes in China and that of biodiesel was about two million tonnes. This chapter analyzes the biomass resource potential in China and reviews conversion technologies and policies. A scenario-based analysis on projecting the use of biofuels by 2050 is carried out. The major conclusions include the following: (1) Biofuel production will continue to grow in China until 2050, and the actual supply capacity will be about 32.4–79.7 million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe) in 2050; (2) biodiesel will continue to rise, accounting for over 50 % of total biofuel production after 2030; and (3) second-generation biofuels will serve as important alternatives in the long term. Several suggestions regarding biofuels are also proposed.

Chang Shiyan, Zhao Lili, Zhang Ting, Zhang Xiliang

Chapter 9. Electrical Energy for Vehicles

Abstract

Current status of the power industry in China is presented, including the installed capacity and energy mix, power grid construction, and power consumption.

Based on historical data, the installed capacity and power consumption in China are forecasted up to 2050. It is evident that electricity demand for electric vehicles charging can certainly be supplied.

Thereafter, different charging modes and their corresponding power demand are analyzed and calculated. The power rush caused by rapid charging with DC voltage cannot be neglected; thus, orderly charging is required.

The interaction between electric vehicles and the power grid is examined in detail. Electric vehicles charging will inject harmonic currents into the grid; on the other hand, onboard batteries of electric vehicles can serve as a reserve capacity for power grid through vehicle-to-grid technology.

Brief introduction of national standards and policies related to electric vehicles is presented. Conclusions and comments are made about the development of electric vehicles in China.

Zhu Guiping, Lu Zongxiang, Wang Zanji

Chapter 10. Hydrogen and Fuel-Cell Vehicle Technology

Abstract

The hydrogen production and utilization and thus the flow chart are analyzed, and the fuel-cell vehicle technology and its demonstration activities are summarized; based on the analysis of government policies and vehicle development scenario, the hydrogen fuel-cell vehicle development pathway is suggested and recommended.

There is about 12 million tons of commercial hydrogen in China produced from fossil fuels and 6 million tons hydrogen as by-products, and these tons of hydrogen are consumed in large synthetic ammonia, oil refining, and methanol producing. The hydrogen directly used in fuel-cell vehicle demonstration activities is tiny.

The efficiency has improved from 2005 to 2010 by 49 and 62 % for pressured and normal fuel-cell systems, respectively; meanwhile, the specific power of the pressurized system has increased by 1.5 times. The fuel-cell buses and passenger cars have completed demonstrations in Beijing, Shanghai, and abroad during the last 5 years and achieved as low as 9.56 kg hydrogen consumption per 100 km for city bus.

China encourages the research and development of hydrogen production and fuel-cell vehicle technologies; the 6 million tons industrial by-product hydrogen capacity could satisfy the hydrogen supply demand for the fuel-cell vehicle development in recent 20 years.

Wang Hewu, Huang Haiyan, Deng Xue, Ouyang Minggao

Chapter 11. Life-Cycle Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Automotive Energy Pathways

Abstract

In this chapter, a life-cycle analysis (LCA) of vehicle-fuel pathways covering the stages of resource extraction, fuel production, and utilization is conducted to examine the macro impact of China’s road transport energy supply and related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

Original Chinese data on feedstock extraction and process efficiency, process fuel mix, transportation mode and average distance, fuel production efficiencies, process fuel mix with transport, storage and distribution (TSD) modes, and average distances for oil-, natural gas (NG)- and coal-based fuels, electricity, and H₂ pathways are all listed in the second part.

For different vehicle and fuel technology pathways, the fuel economy situation is presented by using gasoline spark ignition (SI) vehicles as the baseline.

By using a medium-size passenger car with an energy efficiency of 8 l of gasoline consumed per 100 km as the baseline model, the model calculates out the WTW fossil energy input and GHG emissions of the pathways for gas-based fuels, biofuels, coal-based fuels, electric vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles.

Ou Xunmin, Zhang Xiliang

Chapter 12. Scenario Analyses of Automotive Energy

Abstract

This chapter provides a further integrated analysis of these energy problems, introduces a comprehensive analytical framework and modeling tools, and focuses on an analysis and evaluation of several scenarios related to vehicle energy systems. The aim is to provide an understanding of the essential development of automotive energy in China as well as to offer a scientific, structured data basis for choice of technology and policy formulation regarding sustainable automotive energy.

This chapter presents five scenarios for the future development of China’s automotive energy: a reference scenario, a scenario for developing electric vehicles, a scenario for developing fuel-cell vehicles, a scenario for developing biofuels, and an integrated policy scenario. A systematic and in-depth analysis is made about the role of innovations in key vehicle energy technology, such as with pure electric vehicles, fuel-cell vehicles, biofuels, and energy-saving technologies, in creating a sustainable vehicle energy system in China; this will include assessing the contribution to improving energy security, reducing GHG emissions, reducing transport costs, and upgrading the automotive energy industry. At the same time, conditions toward achieve the various scenarios and attendant problems will be examined. In addition, the possible role of traffic demand management in establishing sustainable vehicle energy is investigated in the integrated policy scenario.

Zhang Xiliang, Ou Xunmin, Zhang Jihong, Chai Qimin, Hao Han, Huo Hong, He Jiankun

Chapter 13. Policy Recommendations Regarding Sustainable Development of China’s Automotive Energy

Abstract

The ultimate goal in developing China’s automotive energy is the establishment of a sustainable automotive energy system, which amounts to an ideal policy target scenario.

In this chapter, a method that can help China achieve sustainable automotive energy, involving a change from the reference scenario to the integrated policy scenario, will be summarized:

Promote Long-Term Automotive Energy Saving and Improve Fuel Economy
Promote Rapid Development of Electric Vehicles
Promote Second-Generation Biodiesel
Promote Fuel-Cell Vehicles
Promote Natural Gas
Optimize Transportation Modes
Support Key Technologies and Automotive Energy R&D
Give Fair, Effective Finance and Tax Policy for Automotive Energy

Zhang Xiliang, Ou Xunmin

Titel: Sustainable Automotive Energy System in China
verfasst von: CAERC, Tsinghua University
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-642-36847-9
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-36846-2
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36847-9