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2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

18. Synthesis

verfasst von : Jérôme Sueur

Erschienen in: Sound Analysis and Synthesis with R

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Synthesis of sound is possible thanks to a few functions that can generate noises, pulses, square signals, sawtooth signals, triangle signals, pure tones, chirps, harmonic series, amplitude and/or frequency modulated sounds. Additive synthesis, modulation synthesis, tonal synthesis and speech synthesis are reviewed.
Audio files:tico.​wavpeewit.​wavpellucens.​wavEleutherodactylu​s_​martinicensis.​wavsynth-am-fm-1.​wavsynth-am-fm-2.​wavsynth-am-fm-3.​wavsynth-am-fm-4.​wavsynth-am-fm-5.​wavsynth-am-fm-6.​wavsynth-am-fm-7.​wavsynth-am-fm-8.​wavsynth-am-fm-9.​wavsynth-AM-sidebands-1.​wavsynth-AM-sidebands-2.​wavsynth-AM-sidebands-3.​wavsynth-AM-sidebands-4.​wavsynth-chirp-combination.​wavsynth-chirp-harmonics.​wavsynth-chirp-linear.​wavsynth-chirp-logarithmic.​wavsynth-chirp-quadratic.​wavsynth-C-major-scale.​wavsynth-eleutherodactylu​s_​martinicensis.​wavsynth-face.​wavsynth-FM-sidebands-1.​wavsynth-FM-sidebands-2.​wavsynth-FM-sidebands-3.​wavsynth-FM-sidebands-4.​wavsynth-noise-pink.​wavsynth-noise-power.​wavsynth-noise-red.​wavsynth-noise-white.​wavsynth-numsound-euler.​wavsynth-numsound-golden-ratio.​wavsynth-numsound-pi.​wavsynth-numsound-rational.​wavsynth-numsound-test.​wavsynth-oecanthus-pellucens.​wavsynth-peewit.​wavsynth-pulse-1.​wavsynth-pulse-2.​wavsynth-pulse-3.​wavsynth-pulse-4.​wavsynth-risset-glissando.​wavsynth-saw-1.​wavsynth-saw-2.​wavsynth-saw-3.​wavsynth-shepard-scale.​wavsynth-silence.​wavsynth-sine-440-1.​wavsynth-sine-440-2.​wavsynth-sine-440-3.​wavsynth-sine-440-880-stereo.​wavsynth-sine-exponential-amplitude.​wavsynth-sine-harmonics-1.​wavsynth-sine-harmonics-2.​wavsynth-sine-harmonics-3.​wavsynth-sine-harmonics-4.​wavsynth-sine-harmonics-5.​wavsynth-sine-harmonics-6.​wavsynth-sine-harmonics-7.​wavsynth-sine-linear-amplitude.​wavsynth-sine-sinusoidal-amplitude.​wavsynth-square-1.​wavsynth-square-2.​wavsynth-square-3.​wavsynth-square-4.​wavsynth-tico-silence.​wavsynth-tonal-1.​wavsynth-tonal-2.​wavsynth-tonal-3.​wavsynth-tonal-4.​wavsynth-tonal-5.​wavsynth-tonal-6.​wavsynth-triangle.​wavsynth-vowels-phontools.​wavsynth-vowels-soundgen.​wav

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Fußnoten
1
We will not consider sonification that is the process of converting data into sound (Hermann et al. 2011). See the packages playitibyr and audiolyzR.
 
2
synth-silence.wav.
 
3
synth-tico-silence.wav.
 
4
synth-noise-white.wav, synth-noise-pink.wav, synth-noise-red.wav, synth-noise-power.wav.
 
5
synth-pulse-1.wav.
 
6
synth-pulse-2.wav, synth-pulse-3.wav, synth-pulse-4.wav.
 
7
synth-square-1.wav, synth-square-2.wav, synth-square-3.wav, synth-square-4.wav.
 
8
synth-triangle.wav.
 
9
synth-saw-1.wav, synth-saw-2.wav, synth-saw-3.wav.
 
10
synth-sine-440-1.wav.
 
11
synth-sine-440-2.wav.
 
12
synth-sine-440-880-stereo.wav.
 
13
synth-sine-harmonics-1.wav.
 
14
synth-sine-harmonics-2.wav.
 
15
synth-sine-linear-amplitude.wav, synth-sine-exponential-amplitude.wav, synth-sine-sinusoidal-amplitude.wav.
 
16
synth-sine-440-3.wav.
 
17
synth-sine-harmonics-3.wav.
 
18
synth-sine-harmonics-4.wav.
 
19
synth-sine-harmonics-5.wav.
 
20
synth-sine-harmonics-6.wav.
 
21
synth-sine-harmonics-7.wav.
 
22
synth-chirp-linear.wav, synth-chirp-quadratic.wav, synth-chirp-logarithmic.wav.
 
23
synth-am-fm-1.wav.
 
24
synth-am-fm-2.wav, synth-am-fm-3.wav, synth-am-fm-4.wav, synth-am-fm-5.wav, synth-am-fm-6.wav, synth-am-fm-7.wav.
 
25
synth-am-fm-8.wav.
 
26
synth-am-fm-9.wav.
 
27
synth-chirp-harmonics.wav.
 
28
synth-chirp-combination.wav.
 
29
synth-AM-sidebands-1.wav, synth-AM-sidebands-2.wav, synth-AM-sidebands-3.wav, synth-AM-sidebands-4.wav.
 
30
synth-FM-sidebands-1.wav, synth-FM-sidebands-2.wav, synth-FM-sidebands-3.wav, synth-FM-sidebands-4.wav.
 
31
synth-numsound-test.wav.
 
32
synth-numsound-pi.wav, synth-numsound-golden-ratio.wav, synth-numsound-euler.wav, synth-numsound-rational.wav.
 
33
synth-C-major-sale.wav.
 
35
This example was kindly provided by Laurent Lellouch.
 
36
synth-shepard-scale.wav.
 
37
This example was kindly provided by Laurent Lellouch.
 
38
synth-risset-glissando.wav.
 
39
synth-oecanthus-pellucens.wav.
 
40
synth-eleutherodactylus_martinicensis.wav.
 
41
synth-tonal-1.wav, synth-tonal-2.wav, synth-tonal-3.wav.
 
42
synth-tonal-4.wav, synth-tonal-5.wav.
 
43
synth-tonal-6.wav.
 
44
synth-peewit.wav.
 
45
synth-face.wav.
 
46
Concatenative synthesis or diphone synthesis, which consists in concatenating diphones, is not strictly speaking a synthesis method as it relies on real speech recordings. A diphone is a unit of speech that makes the transition between two simple speech sounds known as phones.
 
47
synth-vowels-phontools.wav.
 
48
synth-vowels-soundgen.wav.
 
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Beeman K (1998) Digital signal analysis, editing, and synthesis. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 59–103 Beeman K (1998) Digital signal analysis, editing, and synthesis. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 59–103
Zurück zum Zitat Deutsch D (2010) The paradox of pitch circularity. Acoust Today 6:8–15CrossRef Deutsch D (2010) The paradox of pitch circularity. Acoust Today 6:8–15CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hermann T, Hunt A, Neuhoff JG (eds) (2011) The sonification handbook. Logos Verlag, Berlin Hermann T, Hunt A, Neuhoff JG (eds) (2011) The sonification handbook. Logos Verlag, Berlin
Zurück zum Zitat Klatt DH (1980) Software for a cascade/parallel formant synthesizer. J Acoust Soc Am 67:971–995CrossRef Klatt DH (1980) Software for a cascade/parallel formant synthesizer. J Acoust Soc Am 67:971–995CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Risset JC (1978) Paradoxes de hauteur. Tech. rep., IRCAM - Centre Georges Pompidou Risset JC (1978) Paradoxes de hauteur. Tech. rep., IRCAM - Centre Georges Pompidou
Zurück zum Zitat Shepard RN (1964) Circularity in judgments of relative pitch. J Acoust Soc Am 36:2346–2353CrossRef Shepard RN (1964) Circularity in judgments of relative pitch. J Acoust Soc Am 36:2346–2353CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Synthesis
verfasst von
Jérôme Sueur
Copyright-Jahr
2018
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77647-7_18