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Erschienen in:
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2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

10. Syria: Khalas, Enough

verfasst von : Marcel Jesenský

Erschienen in: The United Nations under Ban Ki-moon

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The anti-Government demonstrations and violence in Syria started in March 2011 during the Arab Awakening/Arab Spring. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon’s action on Syria remained under a shadow of the regime change in Libya, he remained cautious of going down the same road. Kofi Annan’s six-point peace plan left President Assad’s future for to the Syrians, making the plan unacceptable to the opposition. Syria was caught in a regional proxy war; Al-Qaida was fighting alongside the opposition in Syria. The reports of the alleged use of chemical weapons shocked, but the hopes for a political solution failed. In December 2016, the Syrian forces took back eastern Aleppo from Al-Nusra Front and the Security Council unanimously endorsed a countrywide ceasefire and launching negotiations.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Libya: What Went Wrong in 2011?
Nächstes Kapitel Kosovo: Obviously a Delicate Matter
Fußnoten
1
Press conference by UN Special Envoy for Syria, Staffan de Mistura and UN Senior Adviser, Jan Egeland, Geneva, 6 October 2016; DPB, 6 October 2016.
 
2
Press Conference by United Nations Special Coordinator for Lebanon, Michael Williams, 29 March 2011; B. Lynn Pascoe, Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, SC/10235, 6524th Meeting (PM), 27 April 2011.
 
3
SC/10235, 6524th Meeting (PM), 27 April 2011.
 
4
DPB, 11 April 2011; SG/SM/13622, Press Conference by Secretary-General, 6 June 2011; DPB, 18 August 2011; Press Conference by Security Council President, Hardeep Singh Puri (India), on Work Programme, 2 August 2011.
 
5
SC/10403, 6627th Meeting (Night), 4 October 2011.
 
6
GA/11206, Sixty-sixth General Assembly Plenary, 95th & 96th Meeting (AM & PM), 13 February 2012; SC/10534, 6710th Meeting (PM), 31 January 2012; SG/SM/14093-SC/10537, 4 February 2012; SC/10536, Security Council 6711th Meeting (AM), 4 February 2012. For the LAS plan, see the UN document S/2012/71, 30 January 2012.
 
7
SG/SM/13699, 12 July 2011; SC/10506, 23 December 2011; GA/11206, Sixty-sixth General Assembly, Plenary, 95th & 96th Meeting (AM & PM), 13 February 2012.
 
8
SG/SM/14124, 23 February 2012; DPB, 29 March 2012.
 
9
GA/11210, Sixty-sixth General Assembly, Plenary, 99th Meeting (PM), 2 March 2012; SC/10575, 6734th Meeting (AM), 12 March 2012.
 
10
SC/10583, 21 March 2012, 6736th Meeting (AM); SG/SM/14179-SC/10587, 21 March 2012; SC/10601, 6746th Meeting (AM), 5 April 2012; SC/10618, 6756th Meeting (AM), 21 April 2012; DPB, 4 May 2012; SG/SM/14277-GA/11231, 9 May 2012.
 
11
SG/SM/14275, 9 May 2012; DPB, 9 May 2012; DPB, 14–15 May 2012; DPB, 18 May 2012; DPB, 12 June 2012.
 
12
DPB, 10 May 2012; DPB, 18 May 2012; DPB, 25 May 2012; DPB, 29 May 2012; Li Baodong, Press Conference by Security Council President on Work Programme for June, 4 June 2012.
 
13
DPB, 7 June 2012; GA/11250, Sixty-fifth General Assembly Informal Plenary AM Meeting, 7 June 2012; DPB, 18 June 2012; DPB, 20 June 2012.
 
14
DPB, 26 June 2012; SG/SM/14392, 2 July 2012; DPB, 10 July 2012; SC/10714, 6810th Meeting (AM), 19 July 2012; SC/10718, 6812th Meeting (AM), 20 July 2012.
 
15
SG/SM/14441, 2 August 2012; GA/11266/Rev.1, Sixty-sixth General Assembly, Plenary, 124th & 125th Meetings (AM & PM), 3 August 2012; SC/10752, 6826th Meeting (PM), 30 August 2012; GA/11268, Sixty-sixth General Assembly, Plenary, 126th Meeting (PM), 4 September 2012.
 
16
DPB, 4 September 2012; SC/10981, 6949th Meeting (AM), 18 April 2013.
 
17
Press Conference on Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Syria, 16 October 2012; DPB, 9 November 2012; SC/10933-PKO/330, 6 March 2013; SC/10962-PKO/334, 27 March 2013; DPB, 8 May 2013; DPB, 13 May 2013; SG/SM/15017-PKO/344, 13 May 2013; SG/SM/15084-PKO/353, 6 June 2013; DPB, 7 June 2013.
 
18
DPB, 21–22 March 2013; DPB, 26 March 2013; Press Conference by Permanent Representative of Syria, 30 April 2013; DPB, 6–7 May 2013.
 
19
SG/SM/15013, 8 May 2013; DPB, 17 May 2013; SG/SM/15058, 28 May 2013.
 
20
SG/SM/15227, 21 August 2013; SG/SM/15228, 22 August 2013; DPB, 23 August 2013; SG/SM/15237, 25 August 2013; DPB, 28 August 2013; SG/SM/15240, 28 August 2013; DPB, 30 August 2013.
 
21
DPB, 1 September 2013; SG/SM/15251, Press Encounter by Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon at United Nations Headquarters, 3 September 2013; DPB, 3 September 2013; DPB, 5–6 September 2013.
 
22
DPB, 13 December 2013; Press Conference on Mission to Investigate Alleged Chemical Weapons Use in Syria, 13 December 2013.
 
23
SG/SM/15278, 14 September 2013; SG/SM/15289-GA/11417, 17 September 2013; SC/11135, Security Council 7038th Meeting (PM), 27 September 2013. The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons-United Nations Joint Mission completed the destruction and removal of the declared chemical weapons in Syria on 23 June 2014. SG/SM/15968-DC/3510, 23 June 2014.
 
24
SG/SM/15289-GA/11417, 17 September 2013; SG/SM/15494, 25 November 2013; SG/SM/15571, 6 January 2014; SG/SM/15602, 22 January 2014; DPB, 18 February 2014.
 
25
DPB, 17 June 2014; SC/11397, 14 May 2014; SC/11407, 7180th Meeting (AM), 22 May 2014.
 
26
DPB, 20 June 2014; SG/SM/15965, 20 June 2014. The Secretary-General presented six main priorities for the way forward in Syria: to end the violence; for the international community to do its utmost to protect people and their human rights; to start a serious political process for a new Syria; to have accountability for serious crimes; and to finish the destruction of chemical weapons in Syria; and also, to address the regional dimensions of the conflict, including the extremist threat. Ban Ki-moon urged the Security Council to impose an arms embargo. Ibid.
 
27
SC/11539, 7252nd Meeting (AM), 28 August 2014; DPB, 28 August 2014; SC/11540-PKO/428, 28 August 2014; SC/11546-PKO/431, 30 August 2014; SG/SM/16109-PKO/430, 30 August 2014; DPB, September 2014; SG/SM/16139-PKO/435, 11 September 2014; SC/11570, 7270th Meeting (AM), 19 September 2014.
 
28
DPB, 5 September 2014; DPB, 9 September 2014; DPB, 11 September 2014; SG/SM/16150, 16 September 2014; SC/11580, 7272nd Meeting (PM), 24 September 2014; DPB, 8 October 2014.
 
29
DPB, 15 January 2015; DPB 13 February 2015; DPB, 5 and 11 May 2015; SG/SM/16977-SC/11989, 29 July 2015.
 
30
SC/12001, 7501st Meeting, 7 August 2015; DPB, 30 September 2015; DPB, 7 October 2015; DPB, 15 December 2015; SC/12176, 7592nd Meeting, 21 December 2015.
 
31
SC/12171, 7588th Meeting, 18 December 2015; SG/SM/17429-SC/12172, 18 December 2015.
 
32
SC/12261, 7634th SC Meeting, 26 February 2016; SC/12203, 7605th Meeting (PM), 15 January 2016; SC/12223, 7612th Meeting (AM), 27 January 2016.
 
33
SC/12258, 7631st Meeting, 24 February 2016; SC/12261, 7634th SC Meeting, 26 February 2016; SG/SM/17564-SC/12262, 26 February 2016.
 
34
SC/12343, 7682nd Meeting, 28 April 2016; SG/SM/17724, 2 May 2016; SC/12351, 7687th Meeting, 4 May 2016.
 
35
DPB, 11 July 2016; SC/12458, 7744th Meeting, 25 July 2016; SC/12482, 7757th Meeting (AM), 22 August 2016.
 
36
DPB, 15 September 2016; SG/SM/18058, 14 September 2016; DPB, 15 July 2016; SC/12526, 7774th Meeting, 21 September 2016.
 
37
SG/SM/18106-SC/12527-REF/1242, 21 September 2016; SC/12533, 7777th Meeting (AM), 25 September 2016.
 
38
Press conference by UN Special Envoy for Syria, Mr. Staffan de Mistura and UN Senior Adviser, Mr. Jan Egeland, Geneva, 6 October 2016; DPB, 6 October 2016.
 
39
Security Council Press conference, 3 October 2016; SC/12545, 7785th meeting (PM), 8 October 2016. The French and Spanish text, demanding an immediate halt to all aerial bombardments and military flights over the city of Aleppo, received 11 affirmative votes, two abstentions (Angola and China), and two negative votes (Russia and Venezuela). The Russian text, which urged an immediate cessation of hostilities, particularly in Aleppo, received a vote of 4 in favour (China, Egypt, Russia, and Venezuela) to 9 against (France, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Senegal, Spain, Ukraine, United Kingdom, and United States), with 2 abstentions (Angola and Uruguay). Ibid.
 
40
SG/SM/18218-GA/11845, 20 October 2016; DPB, 20 October 2016; SC/12564, 7795th Meeting (PM), 26 October 2016; DPB, 11 November 2016.
 
41
SC/12605, 7822nd Meeting (AM), 30 November 2016; DPB, 1 December 2016; SC/12609, 7825th Meeting (PM), 5 December 2016. By 11 votes in favour of the draft resolution to 3 against (China, Russian Federation, and Venezuela), with 1 abstention (Angola), the Council rejected a text. Ibid.
 
42
GA/11871, GA Plenary, 71st Session, 58th & 59th Meetings, 9 December 2016. Several Member States supported the text; however, they did not support preambular paragraphs 5 through 20 for their politicization of the conflict and crisis. A few paragraphs were seen as selective, including pointing at the Syrian Government as the sole party responsible for the crisis which was neither accurate nor appropriate. South Africa abstained from the vote, expressing concern that some Member States would use the text to affect a regime change at a time when the Syrian people looked to the United Nations to save them. Kazakhstan welcomed the Canadian initiative to resolve the tragic humanitarian crisis in Syria but abstained from voting because it was not only the official Syrian authorities who were responsible for the situation, as stated in the resolution. Ibid.
 
43
DPB, 15 December 2016; SG/SM/18362-SC/12625, 13 December 2016; SC/12624, 7834th Meeting (PM), 13 December 2016.
 
44
John Ging, Operations Director at the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), SC/12655, 7852nd Meeting (AM) 23 December 2016.
 
45
SG/SM/18362-SC/12625, 13 December 2016; SC/12651, 7849th Meeting (AM), 21 December 2016.
 
46
SC/12663, 7855th Meeting (PM), 31 December 2016. The package outlined agreements on a mechanism to record ceasefire violations, and on negotiations in mid-January in Astana, Kazakhstan, on a comprehensive political resolution of the Syrian crisis. The Council, stressing the importance of all relevant resolutions, looked forward to the meeting in Astana between the Syrian Government and opposition representatives, viewing it as an important part of the Syrian-led political process, and a “step ahead” of the resumption of negotiations under United Nations auspices in Geneva on 8 February 2017.
 
47
DPB, 4 September 2012; SC/10981, Security Council 6949th Meeting (AM), 18 April 2013.
 
Metadaten
Titel
Syria: Khalas, Enough
verfasst von
Marcel Jesenský
Copyright-Jahr
2019
Buch
The United Nations under Ban Ki-moon

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-12219-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-12220-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2019

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12220-1_10