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2011 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

System Dynamics and Organizational Learning

verfasst von : Kambiz Maani

Erschienen in: Complex Systems in Finance and Econometrics

Verlag: Springer New York

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Article Outline

Glossary

Definition of the Subject

Introduction

Systems Thinking and Modeling Methodology

Organizational Learning

Modeling for Organizational Learning

Future Directions

Bibliography

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Vorheriges Kapitel System Dynamics and Its Contribution to Economics and Economic Modeling

Nächstes Kapitel System Dynamics in the Evolution of the Systems Approach

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Sterman JD (2000) Business dynamics, systems thinking and modeling for a complex world. McGraw‐Hill, Irwin

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Vennix JAM (1996) Group model‐building: Facilitating team learning using system dynamics. Wiley, Chichester, chapt 5

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notated Survey of the Essential System Dynamics Literature System

41.

Dynamics Group”, Sloan School of Management, MIT)

42.

Industrial and Economic Dynamics: The Foundations

43.

Forrester JW (1961) Industrial dynamics. Productivity Press, Cambridge (Presents dynamic analysis of a business problem through a model of a production‐distribution system that shows oscillatory behavior. Policies to improve system performance are discussed, and numerous policy experiments are demonstrated. Includes full equation listing.)

44.

Forrester JW (1968) Principles of systems. Productivity Press, Cambridge (System structure and behavior are differentiated, with examples showing how structure determines behavior. Rates and levels are described. Inventory model shows effects of delivery delay and resulting production cycles.)

45.

Forrester JW (1975) Collected papers of Jay W. Forrester. Productivity Press, Cambridge (Includes many seminal papers, such as Industrial Dynamics: A Major Breakthrough for Decision Makers; Common Foundations Underlying Engineering and Management; A New Corporate Design; Market Growth as Influenced by Capital Investment; and Counterintuitive Behavior of Social Systems.)

46.

Forrester JW (1989) The beginnings of system dynamics (Working Paper No. D-4165). System Dynamics Group, Sloan School of Management, MIT, Cambridge (A personal history beginning on the high plains of western Nebraska. Describes the early projects that shaped the field.)

47.

Mass NJ (1975) Economic cycles: An analysis of underlying causes. Productivity Press, Cambridge (Shows how production scheduling and work force management policies generate the 3–5 year business cycle. Economic cycles, in turn, are caused by capital investment policies that fail to account for delays in acquiring long-lead time plant and equipment.)

48.

Meadows DL (1970) Dynamics of commodity production cycles. Productivity Press, Cambridge (Develops a simple generic model of commodity supply and demand with explicit production capacity and delays, prices and markets. Applies the model to hogs, chicken and cattle.)

49.

Urban and Public Policy Dynamics

50.

Alfeld LE, Graham AK (1976) Introduction to urban dynamics. Productivity Press, Cambridge (A very readable introductory text. Uses the urban system as an example to teach general points about modeling methods, formulation and analysis.)

51.

Forrester JW (1969) Urban dynamics. Productivity Press, Cambridge (Seminal model of urban growth and decay, controversial then and vindicated now. Chapter 6 describes general characteristics of complex systems such as compensating feedback and shifting the burden to the intervener.)

52.

Mass NJ (ed) (1974) Readings in urban dynamics, vol I. Productivity Press, Cambridge (Extensions, modification, and responses to criticisms of the Urban Dynamics model.)

53.

Schroeder WW, III, Sweeney RE, Alfeld LE (eds) (1975) Readings in urban dynamics, vol II. Productivity Press, Cambridge (Further extends and explores the Urban Dynamics model.)

54.

Limits to Growth and Other Global Models

55.

Forrester JW (1973) World Dynamics, 2nd edn. Productivity Press, Cambridge (The first global model, on which Limits to Growth was based. The extreme simplicity of the model allowed it to be presented to a wide audience.)

56.

Meadows DL, Meadows DH (eds) (1974) Toward global equilibrium: Collected papers. Productivity Press, Cambridge (Describes and explores, through system dynamics models, policies for sustainability designed to avoid the collapse shown in the ‘business as usual’ WORLD3 scenarios.)

57.

Meadows DH, Meadows DL, Randers J, Behrens WW III (1972) The limits to growth: A report for the club of Rome's project on the predicament of mankind. Universe Books, New York (Classic controversial study of the human future. Nontechnical presentation of structure, assumptions, and results of the WORLD3 model. Concluded that present policies were unsustainable; shows how alternate policies could stabilize population at a high standard of living.)

58.

Meadows DL, Behrens WW III, Meadows DH, Naill RF, Randers J, Zahn EKO (1974) Dynamics of growth in a finite world. Productivity Press, Cambridge (Full documentation and data for the WORLD3 model used in the Limits to Growth. Describes the structure and assumptions; includes all data needed for complete replication of all runs in the popular book. Formulations described here may be useful to all system dynamics modelers.)

59.

Meadows D, Richardson J, Bruckmann G (1982) Groping in the dark. Wiley, New York (Describes a range of global models built under different approaches and discusses the strengths, weaknesses, and implications of each. Presented in an engaging, personal style.)

60.

Meadows DH, Meadows DL Randers J (1992) Beyond the limits: Confronting global collapse, envisioning a sustainable future. Chelsea Green, Post Mills (Follows up on Limits to Growth. Shows that many problems described in 1972 have worsened, as predicted by the model. Argues for a shift in values necessary to create a sustainable and equitable future.)

61.

SD for Management: Firm and Market Models

62.

Coyle RG (1977) Management System Dynamics. Wiley, New York (Text emphasizing managerial modeling, with a focus on operations and examples including discrete elements.)

63.

Hall RI (1976) A system pathology of an organization: The rise and fall of the Old Saturday Evening Post. Adm Sci Q 21(2):185–211 (A case-study using a system dynamics model to explain how failure to understand the feedbacks among policies governing ad rates, ad and editorial pages, marketing, and pricing lead to the failure of the Post just as circulation reached an all-time high.)CrossRef

64.

Lyneis JM (1980) Corporate planning and policy design. Productivity Press, Cambridge (Begins with a simple model of inventory management in a manufacturing firm and gradually extends the model to one of the entire firm.)

65.

Merten PP (1991) Loop-based strategic decision support systems. Strat Manag J 12:371–382 (Describes a model of a multinational firm establishing new markets in less‐developed countries. Captures qualitative shifts in firm structure and organization endogenously as the firm evolves.)CrossRef

66.

Morecroft JDW (1984) Strategy support models. Strat Manag J 5(3):215–229 (Describes the use of models as participants in the ongoing dialogue among managers regarding strategy formation and evaluation. Emphasizes the processes for model development and use that enhance the utility of modeling in design of high-level corporate strategy.)CrossRef

67.

Morecroft JDW, Lane DC, Viita PS (1991) Modelling growth strategy in a biotechnology startup firm. Syst Dyn Rev 7(2):93–116 (Describes a case-study of a start-up in which system dynamics modeling helps to define a desirable growth strategy for the firm. The integrated model generated strategies that allowed different parts of the firm to choose consistent approaches.)CrossRef

68.

Roberts EB (ed) (1978) Managerial applications of system dynamics. Productivity Press, Cambridge (Extensive collection of early corporate models, including history and commentary by practitioners. Covers R&D management, production and operations, human resources, and other applications areas.)

69.

Economic Models

70.

Forrester JW (1989) The system dynamics national model: Macrobehavior from microstructure. In: Milling PM, Zahn EOK (eds) Computer‐based management of complex systems: International System Dynamics Conference. Springer, Berlin (Provides an overview of the national modeling project in which both micro- and macro‐economic factors are included. Model generates business cycles, inflation, stagflation, the economic long wave, and growth.)

71.

Saeed K (1986) The dynamics of economic growth and political instability in the developing countries. Syst Dyn Rev 2(1):20–35 (Shows how rapid economic development can generate social and political instability through a model that links socio‐political factors to economic development.)CrossRef

72.

Sterman JD (1985) A behavioral model of the economic long wave. J Econ Behav Organ 6(1):17–53 (Proposes and tests a simple model of the long wave. The intended rationality of each decision rule is tested and the long wave is explained as the unintended result of the interaction of locally rational decision processes. The model is the basis for the STRATAGEM-2 game, and can exhibit chaos.)CrossRef

73.

Sterman JD (1989) Deterministic chaos in an experimental economic system. J Econ Behav Organ 12:1–28 (Sterman's 1985 model of the long wave is converted into a management flight simulator and used as an experiment in which subjects make the capital investment decision. Simple decision rules capturing subject's policies are estimated and explain their behavior well. Simulation of these rules yields deterministic chaos for about 25% of the subjects.)CrossRef

74.

Sterman JD (1986) The economic long wave: Theory and evidence. Syst Dyn Rev 2(2):87–125 (Comprehensive overview of the theory of long waves arising from the System Dynamics National Model. Reviews the feedback structures responsible for the long wave and empirical evidence supporting the dynamic hypotheses. Discusses the role of innovation and political value change.)CrossRef

75.

Conceptualizing, Formulating and Validating Models

76.

Barlas Y (1989) Multiple tests for validation of system dynamics type of simulation models. Europ J Operat Res 42(1):59–87 (Discusses a variety of tests to validate SD models, including structural and statistical tests.)CrossRef

77.

Barlas Y, Carpenter S (1990) Philosophical roots of model validation: Two paradigms. Syst Dyn Rev 6(2):148–166 (Contrasts the system dynamics approach to validity with the traditional, logical empiricist view of science. Finds that the relativist philosophy is consistent with SD and discusses the practical implications for modelers and their critics.)CrossRef

78.

Forrester JW (1980) Information sources for modeling the national economy. J Am Stat Assoc 75(371):555–574 (Argues that modeling the dynamics of firms, industries, or the economy requires use of multiple data sources, not just numerical data and statistical techniques. Stresses the role of the mental and descriptive data base; emphasizes the need for first-hand field study of decision making.)CrossRef

79.

Forrester JW (1985) The model versus a modeling process. Syst Dyn Rev 1(1):133–134 (The value of a model lies not in its predictive ability alone but primarily in the learning generated during the modeling process.)CrossRef

80.

Forrester JW (1987) Fourteen ‘Obvious Truths’. Syst Dyn Rev 3(2):156–159 (The core of the system dynamics paradigm, as seen by the founder of the field.)CrossRef

81.

Forrester JW (1987) Nonlinearity in high-order models of social systems. Europ J Operat Res 30(2):104–109 (Nonlinearity is pervasive, unavoidable, and essential to the functioning of natural and human systems. Modeling methods must embrace nonlinearity to yield realistic and useful models. Linear and nearly‐linear methods are likely to obscure understanding or lead to erroneous conclusions.)CrossRef

82.

Homer JB (1983) Partial‐model testing as a validation tool for system dynamics. In: International System Dynamics Conference, pp 920–932 (How model validity can be improved through partial model testing when data for the full model are lacking.)

83.

Legasto AA Jr, Forrester JW, Lyneis JM (eds) (1980) System dynamics. In: TIMS studies in the management sciences, vol 14. North‐Holland, Amsterdam (Collection of papers focused on methodology. Includes Forrester and Senge on Tests for Building Confidence in System Dynamics Models and Gardiner & Ford's discussion on Which Policy Run is Best, and Who Says So?)

84.

Mass N (1991) Diagnosing surprise model behavior: A tool for evolving behavioral and policy insights. Syst Dyn Rev 7(1):68–86 (Guidelines for learning from surprise model behavior with tests to resolve anomalous behavior.)CrossRef

85.

Morecroft JDW (1982) A critical review of diagramming tools for conceptualizing feedback system models. Dynamica 8(1):20–29 (Critiques causal‐loop diagrams and proposes subsystem and policy structure diagrams as superior tools for representing the structure of decisions in feedback models.)

86.

Randers J (ed) (1980) Elements of the system dynamics method. Productivity Press, Cambridge (Includes Mass on Stock and Flow Variables and the Dynamics of Supply and Demand; Mass & Senge on Alternative Tests for Selecting Model Variables; and Randers' very useful Guidelines for Model Conceptualization.)

87.

Richardson GP (1986) Problems with causal‐loop diagrams. Syst Dyn Rev 2(2):158–170 (Causal‐loop diagrams cannot show stock-and-flow structure explicitly and can obscure important dynamics. Offers guidelines for proper use and interpretation of CLDs.)CrossRef

88.

Richardson GP, Pugh AL III (1981) Introduction to system dynamics modeling with DYNAMO. Productivity Press, Cambridge (Introductory text with excellent treatment of conceptualization, stocks and flows, formulation, and analysis. A good way to learn the DYNAMO simulation language as well.)

89.

Roberts N, Andersen DF, Deal RM, Grant MS, Shaffer WA (1983) Introduction to computer simulation: A system dynamics modeling approach. Addison‐Wesley, Reading (Easy-to‐understand introductory text, complete with exercises.)

90.

Sterman JD (1984) Appropriate Summary Statistics for Evaluating the Historical Fit of System Dynamics Models. Dynamica 10(2):51–66 (Describes the use of rigorous statistical tools for establishing model validity. Shows how Theil statistics can be used to assess goodness-of-fit in dynamic models.)

91.

Wolstenholme EF (1990) System enquiry – A system dynamics approach. Wiley, Chichester (Describes a research methodology for building a system dynamics analysis. Emphasizes causal‐loop diagramming, mapping of mental models, and other tools for qualitative system dynamics.)

92.

Modeling for Learning: Systems Thinking and Organizational Learning

93.

Kim D (1989) Learning laboratories: Designing a reflective learning environment. In: Milling PM, Zahn EOK (eds) Computer‐based management of complex systems: International system dynamics conference. Springer, Berlin (A case-study of a process designed to convey dynamic insights to participants in a workshop setting designed around a management flight simulator game.)

94.

Morecroft JDW (1988) System dynamics and microworlds for policymakers. Europ J Operat Res 35(3):301–320 (Describes the model‐building tools available to managers and policymakers.)CrossRef

95.

Morecroft JDW, Sterman JD (eds) (1992) Modelling for Learning. Eur J Operat Res Special Issue 59(1) (17 papers describing models and methods to enhance learning, both for individuals and organizations. Covers elicitation and group process techniques, management flight simulators, and tools for capturing, representing, and simulating mental and formal models.)

96.

Richmond B (1990) Systems thinking: A critical set of critical thinking skills for the 90's and beyond. In: Andersen DF, Richardson GP, Sterman JD (eds) International System Dynamics Conference, 1990 (Proposes a process and skill set to teach systems thinking. The process relies on learner‐directed learning. The skill set includes general scientific reasoning and SD, supported by simulation.)

97.

Senge PM (1990) Catalyzing systems thinking within organizations. In: Masarik F (ed) Advances in organization development. Ablex, Norwood (Presents a case study in which the use of system dynamics generated insights into a chronic business problem. Steps in generating, testing and disseminating a system dynamics model are described.)

98.

Senge PM (1990) The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. Doubleday Currency, New York (Introduces systems thinking as part of a wider approach to organizational learning. Conveys basic system structures to a non‐technical business audience by means of anecdotes and archetypes.)

99.

Decision Making

100.

Morecroft JDW (1983) System dynamics: Portraying bounded rationality. Omega 11(2):131–142 (SD models represent decision making as boundedly rational. Reviews and contrasts the concept of bounded rationality as developed by Herbert Simon. Uses Forrester's Market Growth model to show how locally rational decision rules can interact to yield globally dysfunctional outcomes.)CrossRef

101.

Morecroft JDW (1985) Rationality in the Analysis of Behavioral Simulation Models. Manag Sci 31(7):900–916 (Shows how the intended rationality of decision rules in SD models can be assessed, and how one analyzes a simulation model and output to understand the assumed bounds on rationality in dynamic models. A model of salesforce effort allocation is used to illustrate.)CrossRef

102.

Sterman JD (1987) Expectation formation in behavioral simulation models. Behav Sci 32:190–211 (Proposes and tests a simple dynamic model of expectation formation in dynamic models (the TREND function). Shows how the TREND function explains a forty year history of inflation forecasts and several different types of long-term energy demand forecasts.)CrossRef

103.

Sterman JD (1989) Misperceptions of feedback in dynamic decision making. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 43(3):301–335 (Describes an experiment with a simple economic system in which subjects systematically generate costly oscillations. Estimates decision rules to characterize subject behavior. Finds that people systematically ignore feedbacks, time delays, accumulations, and nonlinearities. These misperceptions of feedback lead to poor quality decisions when dynamic complexity is high.)CrossRef

104.

Sterman JD (1989) Modeling managerial behavior: Misperceptions of feedback in a dynamic decision making experiment. Manag Sci 35(3):321–339 (Analyzes the results of the Beer Distribution Game. Misperceptions of feedback are found to cause poor performance in the beer game, as in other experiments. Estimates of the subjects' decision rules show they ignore time delays, accumulations, feedbacks, and nonlinearities.)CrossRef

105.

Selected Applications of SD

106.

Abdel-Hamid TK, Madnick SE (1991) Software project dynamics: An integrated approach. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs (Integrated SD model of the software development process. The model covers design, coding, reviewing, and quality assurance; these are integrated with resource planning, scheduling, and management of software projects. Includes full documentation, validation, and policy tests.)

107.

Cooper KG (1980) Naval ship production: A claim settled and a framework built. Interfaces 10(6) (An SD model was used to quantify the causes of cost overruns in a large military shipbuilding project. One of the first and most successful applications of system dynamics to large-scale project management; initiated a long line of related project modeling work.)

108.

Ford A, Bull M (1989) Using system dynamics for conservation policy analysis in the pacific northwest. Syst Dyn Rev 5(1):1–15 (Describes the use of an extensive SD model of electric power generation with endogenous demand. The model is used to evaluate strategies for conservation and new generation capacity. Includes discussion of implementation and integration of the SD model with other existing planning tools.)CrossRef

109.

Gardiner LK, Shreckengost RC (1987) A system dynamics model for estimating heroin imports into the United States. Syst Dyn Rev 3(1):8–27 (Describes how the CIA used SD to estimate the illegal importation of drugs to the US.)CrossRef

110.

Homer JB (1985) Worker burnout: A dynamic model with implications for prevention and control. Syst Dyn Rev 1(1):42–62 (Explains how knowledge workers can experience cycles of burnout through a simple system dynamics model. Avoiding burnout requires that one work at less than maximum capacity.)CrossRef

111.

Homer JB (1987) A diffusion model with application to evolving medical technologies. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 31(3):197–218 (Presents a generic model of the diffusion of new medical technologies. Case studies of the cardiac pacemaker and an antibiotic illustrate how the same model can explain the different diffusion dynamics of successful and unsuccessful technologies.)CrossRef

112.

Homer JB (1993) A system dynamics model of national cocaine prevalence. Syst Dyn Rev 9(1):49–78 (An excellent model of the interacting dynamics of addiction, policy‐setting, and enforcement.)CrossRef

113.

Jensen KS, Mosekilde E, Holstein‐Rathlou N (1985) Self‐sustained oscillations and chaotic behaviour in kidney pressure regulation. In: Prigogine I, Sanglier M (eds) Laws of nature and human conduct. Taskforce of Research Information and Study on Science, Brussels (Presents a system dynamics model of the dynamics of rat kidneys. Experimental data show previously unexplained oscillations, sometimes chaotic. The model explains how these fluctuations arise. Excellent example of SD applied to physiology.)

114.

Levin G, Hirsch GB, Roberts EB (1975) The persistent poppy: A computer‐aided search for heroin policy. Ballinger, Cambridge (Examines the interactions within a community among drug users, the police and justice system, treatment agencies, and the citizens. Analyzes policies designed to restore the community's health.)

115.

Levin G, Roberts EB, Hirsch GB, Kligler DS, Roberts N, Wilder JF (1976) The Dynamics of Human Service Delivery. Ballinger, Cambridge (Presents a generic theory of human service delivery, with case studies and examples drawn from mental health care, dental planning, elementary education, and outpatient care.)

116.

Naill RF (1992) A system dynamics model for national energy policy planning. Syst Dyn Rev 8(1):1–19CrossRef

117.

Naill RF, Belanger S, Klinger A, Peterson E (1992) An analysis of the cost effectiveness of US energy policies to mitigate global warming. Syst Dyn Rev 8(2):111–128 (Reviews the 20 year history of the SD energy models used by the US Dept. of Energy to forecast and analyze policy options for national energy security, including the impact of US policies on global climate change.)CrossRef

118.

Sklar Reichelt K (1990) Halter marine: A case study of the dangers of litigation. (Working Paper No. D-4179). System Dynamics Group, Sloan School of Management, MIT, Cambridge (A case-study illustrating the use of system dynamics in litigation. Suitable for classroom teaching.)

119.

Sturis J, Polonsky KS, Mosekilde E, Van Cauter E (1991) Computer model for mechanisms underlying ultradian oscillations of insulin and glucose. Am J Physiol 260(Endocrinol. Metab. 23):E801–E809 (New experimental data show that the human glucose/insulin system is inherently oscillatory. An SD model explains these dynamics. The model is validated against detailed physiological data.)

120.

Cross-Fertilization and Comparative Methodology

121.

Allen PM (1988) Dynamic models of evolving systems. Syst Dyn Rev 4(1–2):109–130 (Reviews approaches to nonlinear dynamics, self‐organization, and evolution developed in the Brussels school by Prigogine, Allen, and others. Provides illustrations and examples.)CrossRef

122.

Kim DH (1990) Toward learning organizations: Integrating total quality control and systems thinking. (Working Paper No. D-4036). System Dynamics Group, Sloan School of Management, MIT, Cambridge (Argues that SD and Total Quality Management are complementary approaches to improvement and organizational learning. Systems thinking and modeling are needed to speed the improvement cycle for processes with long time delays.)

123.

Meadows DH, Robinson JM (1985) The electronic oracle: Computer models and social decisions. Wiley (Comparative assessment of the underlying assumptions, boundary, limitations, and uses of different models, including optimization, simulation, and econometrics. Offers guidelines for assessing model assumptions, including ways to recognize the implicit biases of each modeling paradigm.)

124.

Powers WT (1990) Control theory: A model of organisms. Syst Dyn Rev 6(1):1–20 (An explicit feedback control perspective on perception and decision making in living organisms. Argues the behaviorist and cognitive paradigms have fundamentally misunderstood the concept of feedback. For Powers, feedback allows organisms to control perceptions by altering behavior.)CrossRef

125.

Radzicki MJ (1990) Methodologia oeconomiae et systematis dynamis. Syst Dyn Rev 6(2):123–147 (Surveys the institutionalist paradigm in economics and argues that system dynamics is compatible with the institutionalist perspective. The SD approach offers a means by which institutional theories can be formalized and tested.)CrossRef

126.

Sterman JD (1985) The growth of knowledge: Testing a theory of scientific revolutions with a formal model. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 28(2):93–122 (Presents a formal dynamic model of TS Kuhn's theory of scientific revolutions.)CrossRef

127.

Sterman JD (1988) A skeptic's guide to computer models. In: Grant L, Lanham MD (eds) Foresight and national decisions. University Press of America (Reviews different modeling methods and their underlying assumptions in nontechnical language. Provides a list of questions model users should ask to assess whether a model or method are appropriate to the problem.)

128.

Other Themes: Pulling the Threads Together

129.

Cooper K, Steinhurst W (eds) (1992) The system dynamics society bibliography. System Dynamics Society. Available from Julie Pugh, 49 Bedford Rd., Lincoln MA, USA 01773. (Lists over 3,000 system dynamics journal articles, books, conference proceedings and working papers. Available in computer‐readable format and compatible with bibliographic software)

130.

Meadows DH (1989) System dynamics meets the press. Syst Dyn Rev 5(1):68–80 (Reviews the history of encounters between SD and the media. Offers guidelines for effective communication to the public at large. Stresses the importance of communicating even the simplest system concepts.)CrossRef

131.

Meadows DH (1991) The global citizen. Island Press, Washington (A collection of Dana's syndicated newspaper columns applying system dynamics principles to problems of everyday life, from organic farming to the fall of the Soviet Union. Emphasizes environmental issues.)

132.

Richardson GP (1991) Feedback thought in social science. University of Pennsylvania Press (Traces the history of the concept of feedback in the social sciences through two threads of thought – the cybernetic and feedback threads. System dynamics is placed in context in a readable and scholarly manner.)

133.

Software

134.

DYNAMO. Pugh‐Roberts Associates, Cambridge MA. (The first widely‐used computer language developed to simulate system dynamics models, DYNAMO is still in use, available for mainframes and PCs. Many of the models in the system dynamics literature were simulated in DYNAMO)

135.

DYSMAP. University of Salford, UK (PC-based simulation language with syntax similar to DYNAMO. Includes optimization capability based on hill‐climbing.)

136.

Microworld Creator and S^4. Microworlds Inc., Cambridge MA (Easy to use environment for simulation and gaming. S^4, the ‘industrial strength’ version, supports arrays and includes diagnostics for analyzing behavior. Both Creator and S^4 support user‐defined information displays and facilitate rapid development of management flight simulators.)

137.

STELLA and ithink. High Performance Systems, Hanover NH. (User‐friendly modeling software with full graphical interface. Models are entered graphically, at the level of the stock and flow diagram. Widely used in education from elementary school up; also used in research and practice.)

138.

Vensim. Ventana Systems, Harvard MA. (Powerful simulation environment for SD models. Runs on workstations and PCs. Includes array capability and a wide range of features for analyzing model behavior.)

Titel: System Dynamics and Organizational Learning
verfasst von: Kambiz Maani
Verlag: Springer New York
Buch: Complex Systems in Finance and Econometrics
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-7700-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4419-7701-4

Copyright-Jahr: 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7701-4_40

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