1 Introduction
1.1 Resting state EEG
1.2 Event-stimulated EEG
1.3 Mental imagery EEG
2 EEG biometric system
Decomposition | Wavelet frequency bands | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Level 0 | 0–80 Hz | |||||||
Level 1 | 0–40 Hz | 40 Hz–80 Hz | ||||||
Level 2 | 0–20 Hz | 20 Hz–40 Hz | 40 Hz–60 Hz | 60 Hz–80 Hz | ||||
Level 3 | 0–10 Hz | 10 Hz–20 Hz | 20 Hz–30 Hz | 30 Hz–40 Hz | 40 Hz–50 Hz | 50 Hz–60 Hz | 60 Hz–70 Hz | 70 Hz–80 Hz |
3 Experimental protocols
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Task 1 (T1)–“open and close left or right fist”;
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Task 2 (T2)–“imagine opening and closing left or right fist”;
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Task 3 (T3)–“open and close both fists and both feet”;
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Task 4 (T4)–“imagine opening and closing both fists and both feet.”
3.1 Protocol P1: region/task pairing
Experiments | Training set | Test set |
---|---|---|
P1.1 | T1R1F + T1R3F | T1R2F |
P1.2 | T1R1M + T1R3M | T1R2M |
P1.3 | T1R1O + T1R3O | T1R2O |
P1.4 | T1R1 + T1R3 | T1R2 |
P1.5 | T2R1F + T2R3F | T2R2F |
P1.6 | T2R1M + T2R3M | T2R2M |
P1.7 | T2R1O + T2R3O | T2R2O |
P1.8 | T2R1 + T2R3 | T2R2 |
P1.9 | T3R1F + T3R3F | T3R2F |
P1.10 | T3R1M + T3R3M | T3R2M |
P1.11 | T3R1O + T3R3O | T3R2O |
P1.12 | T3R1 + T3R3 | T3R2 |
P1.13 | T4R1F + T4R3F | T4R2F |
P1.14 | T4R1M + T4R3M | T4R2M |
P1.15 | T4R1O + T4R3O | T4R2O |
P1.16 | T4R1 + T4R3 | T4R2 |
3.2 Protocol P2: mismatched training/testing tasks
3.3 Protocol P3: heterogeneous training
Experiments | Training set | Test set |
---|---|---|
P3.1 | T1R1 | T1R2 |
P3.2 | T1R3 | T1R2 |
P3.3 | T1R1 + T1R3 | T1R2 |
P3.4 | T2R1 + T2R2 + T2R3 | T1R2 |
P3.5 | T1R1 + T1R3 + T2R1 | T1R2 |
P3.6 | T1R1 + T2R1 + T2R2 + T2R3 | T1R2 |
P3.7 | T1R1 + T1R3 + T2R1 + T2R2 | T1R2 |
P3.8 | T1R1 + T1R3 + T2R1 + T2R2 + T2R3 | T1R2 |
P3.9 | T1R1 + T1R3 + T2R1 + T2R2 + T2R3 + T3R1 | T1R2 |
P3.10 | T1R1 + T1R3 + T2R1 + T2R2 + T2R3 + T3R1 + T4R1 | T1R2 |
P3.11 | T1R1 + T1R3 + T2R1 + T2R2 + T2R3 + T3R1 + T4R1 + T4R2 | T1R2 |
4 Experimental analysis
4.1 Identification scenario
4.1.1 Test results for P1
4.1.2 Test results from protocol P2
Test set | Training set | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
T1R1 + T1R3 (%) | T2R1 + T2R3 (%) | T3R1 + T3R3 (%) | T4R1 + T4R3 (%) | |
T1R2 | 96.15 | 91.22 | 89.73 | 89.49 |
T2R2 | 96.44 | 94.72 | 86.48 | 91.45 |
T3R2 | 92.78 | 90.13 | 95.50 | 88.42 |
T4R2 | 95.01 | 94.91 | 87.12 | 93.10 |
TbEO | 1.92 | 1.43 | 2.32 | 2.08 |
TbEC | 3.45 | 1.45 | 1.92 | 2.44 |
4.1.3 Test according to P3
4.2 Verification scenario
4.2.1 Protocol P1: analysing the impacts of different electrode positioning
4.2.2 Protocol P2: the impact of nonmatching tasks
4.2.3 Protocol P3: concatenating different task data for training
4.3 Comparative analysis
Reports | Features | Task(s) | Electrode(s) | Run(s) | Subjects | Performance (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Motor movement/imagery data set (MM/I data set) | ||||||
Rocca et al. [9] | PSD & spectral coherence | EO & EC | 56 | 1 | 108 | CRR: 100 |
Fraschini et al. [39] | Eigenvector centrality | EO & EC | 64 | 1 | 109 | EER: 4.4 |
Proposed work | Wavelet coefficients | T1–T4 | 9 | 3 | 108 | CRR: 99 EER: 4.5 |
UCI EEG database data set (VEP data set) | ||||||
Su and Farzin [40] | EEMD-based InsAmp | Visual | 1 | 1 | 118 | CRR: 95.9 |
Yazdani et al. [41] | AR coefficients & PSD | Visual | 64 | 1 | 20 | CRR: 100 |
Brigham et al. [42] | AR coefficients | Visual | 64 | 1 | 120 | CRR: 98.96 |
Huang et al. [43] | Root-mean-square values | Visual | 64 | 1 | 116 | CRR: 95.1 |