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2015 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

12. Technical Aspects of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

verfasst von : Bert Voigtländer

Erschienen in: Scanning Probe Microscopy

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

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Abstract

The design of AFM instruments is in most aspects similar to that used in STM, as discussed in chapter

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Fußnoten
1
If the cantilever is tilted with respect to the surface by an angle \(\alpha \), the relation between the force perpendicular to the surface and the deflection perpendicular to the surface is modified [19] to \(F = k \Delta z/ \cos ^2 \alpha \). Since \(\alpha \) is usually small (in the range between \(10^{\circ }\) and \(15^{\circ }\)), this correction is small and will be neglected it in the following.
 
2
Specific effects occurring at the kink between the two regions are discussed in Chap. 13.
 
3
The parameters \(\omega _0\) and \(Q\) can be obtained by measuring a resonance curve of the cantilever in response to an external excitation (frequency sweep over the first resonance). Alternatively, the thermal noise spectrum can be measured, as described in the next section.
 
4
The density and viscosity for the most frequently used fluids (air and water) are: \(\rho _{\mathrm {air}} = 1.2\,\)kg/m\(^3\), \(\eta _{\mathrm {air}} = 1.85\times 10^{-5}\) kg/(m s), and \(\rho _{\mathrm {water}} = 1\times 10^3\) kg/m\(^3\), \(\eta _{\mathrm {water}} = 8.9\times 10^{-4}\) kg/(m s), respectively, under ambient conditions and at sea level [24].
 
5
It might be feared that this infinite sum might lead to an infinite total amplitude. However, the spring constants of the higher modes turn out to be very large. Thus the corresponding thermal oscillation amplitudes become very low and it is generally well known that an monotonously increasing series can have a finite limit.
 
6
Details of how to extract the noise power spectral density from the time signal without using a spectrum analyzer are given in [23].
 
7
The sensitivity factor which we term \(S\) is called InvOLS in [26].
 
8
We keep the separate factor \(2 \pi \) in order to facilitate the conversion from the angular frequency \(\omega \) to the natural frequency \(f\), as \(\omega = 2 \pi f.\)
 
Metadaten
Titel
Technical Aspects of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
verfasst von
Bert Voigtländer
Copyright-Jahr
2015
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45240-0_12

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