Techno-Societal 2020

The proposed model represents the optimal time, EQO and optimal total cost, for two different time intervals as components of first run time under-considered constant demand, inventory is non-contact within the first component-time runs, constant within a second, purchasing cost is more than holding, the finite horizon planning, without shortage cost, replenishment required after the second component which is equal the first leading time of first run time. The inventory level is non-zero within a lengthier time on the horizon. Sensitivity analysis for the proposed model has represented the many values for varying demand; the deterioration rate lies in an assumed range. The represented figures explained the performance of optimal quantity and optimal total cost within the components of the first runtime (required time), the difference between the optimal total cost and the actual total cost was proposed.

The present study focuses on greenery in an urban environment. Nowadays the concept of smart cities is a hot topic in the development of green space environment which helps to reduce the pollution level in the environment. Unsupervised K-means cluster analysis operation was performed to recognize the natural groups of instances of known soil dataset. Also, apriori algorithm applied on each individual cluster to find out the best possible combination of tree species in each respective cluster. The tree species were grouped with respective cluster based on the ideal soil pH. The result of this study will be helpful in designing green infrastructure policies. Furthermore, new planning strategies can be implemented for ecosystem services for the urban environment to target the green infrastructure at local as well as national level.

The paper presents the characteristics behavior of Ammonia Borane (NH3BH3), which is an encouraging solid-state hydrogen storage material having theoretical 19.6 weight % hydrogen content. Ammonia Borane decomposes thermally between 373 to 473 K temperatures, and the limitations associated with the decomposition is slow kinetics with a warm-up period of 20 min. With the addition of the Silicon nanoparticle approach, the ball milling process was used to enhance the kinetics and suppress the warm-up period during the isothermal decomposition. The isothermal decomposition curve for silicon added ball-milled Ammonia Borane represents an enhancement in hydrogen uptake of about 9 wt % compared to the pure crystalline powder sample of Ammonia Borane. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) spectroscopy techniques validated the hydrogen released characteristics from the Ammonia Borane.

Present study is focusing on morphometric analysis of Lendi river a tributary stream of Manjra river in central Maharashtra. The main aims of this study are to understand the hydrological and morphological characteristics of Lendi river. For this, Remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques are used. Geologically, nearly 81.68% area of the basin is covered by Deccan Volcanic Basaltic (DVB) of late Cretaceous to early Eocene age and remaining 18.31% area covered by Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC) of Precambrian age. For present research, linear, areal and relief morphometric parameters are used. Based on these, found that basin is moderately elongated in shape. High drainage density and stream frequency indicates an area is impermeable in nature of lithology. Similarly, bifurcation ratio also shows drainages are geologically stable condition. The relief of the area is pointing towards moderate to gentle sloping surface in the basin.

The use of spinodal decomposition including homogenization, solution heat treatment, aging heat treatment in Aragon atmosphere on Cu-Ni-Cr ternary alloy is proven and valuable new engineering method for corrosion resistant of Marine alloy. The present research proves the excellent performance of spinodal Cu-Ni-Cr alloy (Naval Alloy) in terms of corrosion resistance in marine (sea) environments. This also suggests ‘Naval alloy’ for offshore structure and ship hulls. This paper also reviews the different alloying combinations in sea environment and compares the present alloy used with ‘Naval alloy’.

In this research, we described the enhanced PCE (power conversion efficiency) of the hybrid nanocomposites synthesized by co precipitation and ultrasonic assisted synthesis (UAS). The hybrid nanocomposites fabricated by varying the P3BT (poly-3-butyl thiophene) (5–10% wt ratio)/ Gd-TiO3. Their characteristics features were understood by SEM–EDS and HR-TEM, compositional analysis by XRD and band gap calculations by UV–visible and cyclic voltammetry. The hybrid NCs were fabricated either by RF Spluttering with the top contact of Cu/Ag thin deposition, and in the present investigation it is made in the form of a pellet with varying concentrations of P3BT/Gd-TiO3 which were (pelletized) made as layer of conducting surface with different thickness (100 nm, 250 nm and 550 nm). Photovoltaic (PV) current–voltage characteristics measured by Hg excitation method using Hg probe controller. The fabricated hybrid nanocomposites were studied their effect on the power conversion efficiency of the P3BT doped Gd-TiO3 in dark and in light illumination. The photovoltaic and current–voltage characteristics is done using Hg-MDC probe controller with The PCE of the (10% wt ratio) of the P3BT doped with Gd-TiO3 hybrid nanocomposites were 4.18% higher than inorganic Gd-TiO3 nanocomposites as compared with the other working electrodes. The hybrid NCs showed excellent PV characteristics as compared with the existing inorganic/organic hybrid nanocomposites.

The present research was carried out in understanding the enhanced efficiency of the I-V (current-voltage) properties of the novel inorganic nanocomposites (NCs) of Gd-TiO3. Nanocomposites of Gd-TiO3 synthesized by precipitation technique incorporating CTAB (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) as capping agent characterized by XRD (X-ray diffraction), UV Visible, CV (cyclic voltammetry) SEM (scanning electron microscopy) analytical techniques. Tetragonal close packing of Gd-TiO3 NPs observed in XRD with particle overlay of Gd is 40 nm. Current-voltage properties studied with different concentration of Gd (10–40%) doped NS. The FF (fill factor) increases as the doping of Gd increases which indicates the increased charge dislocation inside the NCs of Gd-TiO3. The open circuit current (Voc) and power maximum also increases as the gadolinium concentration increases. The effect of the loading of the Gd on the conductivity of the NCs was investigated. The filler loading up to 30% I-V characteristics was linear and the 40% it shows non linearity in the I-V characteristics which shows the ohmic nature of the NCs and the electrodes. Impedance value decreases with increase in applied voltage. Current-voltage behavior of NCs depends largely on the Gd content and 40% filler loaded TiO3 showed better efficiency than the rest other NCs.

Nowadays leakage current is the challenge for the inverter circuit. Elimination of this current is necessary to prevent damage to such devices. Hence, in this article elimination of leakage current is presented where the charge pump circuit concept has been implemented with a fuzzy logic control strategy. At the time of the negative cycle, the charge pump circuit creates a negative output voltage for a proposed system. There are many advantages of the proposed plan: its compact size, minimum cost; the generated dc voltage of the proposed method is similar to the full-bridge inverter. The capability of grounding combination is fair, flexible, reactive power flow and better efficiency. Simulation results have been discussed for the proposed inverter, eliminating and also its real-time application in a grid-tied photovoltaic system is described. With the help of a fast Fourier transform, THD is measured and explained in the article.

This paper mainly focuses on the fabrication and characterization of connecting rods made by composite material. This composite material is obtained by using E Glass fibre, Epoxy Resin, Fly Ash and MWCNT. There are three types of compositions observed for different testing. These compositions are C1 (Epoxy—70%, E-Glass—21%, Fly Ash—8%, MWCNT—1%), Composition C2 (Epoxy 52%, E-Glass—32%, Fly Ash—15%, MWCNT—1%), & Composition C3 (Epoxy—42%, E-Glass—42%, Fly Ash—15%, MWCNT—1%).

In the present work, an attempt is made to study the effect of n-butanol as primary fuel along with diesel and thevetia peruviana methyl ester (TPME) as secondary fuels under reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) mode of combustion. Experiments have been conducted on single cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine runs at 1500 rpm at 50% load for RCCI mode of operation by varying percentage of n-butanol in injected fuels. The results show that RCCI engine operated with 10% of n-butanol mixed with diesel exhibits higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) as compared with other percentages of n-butanol in injected fuels. Nitric oxide (NOx) and smoke emissions were reduced significantly for RCCI combustion mode. Beyond 10% n-butanol in injected fuels there is penalty of lower BTE and higher emissions.

Magneto Rheological Brake was designed with magneto rheological fluid based on silicon oil and hybrid of silica fumes with graphite oxide to give dispersion. This is original attempt made in order to investigate braking distance and stopping time for two wheelers with designed Magneto Rheological Brake. Magneto rheological fluid is prepared using Silicon oil as carrier fluid with silica fumes as surfactant and GO2 as additive. When magnetic field is applied, it is assumed that particle forms single chain in direction of magnetic field. This hybrid mixture of suspension gives improved yield stress of magneto rheological fluid due to stronger chain formation process, which gives maximum braking torque. Volume of brake was investigated in order to estimate size of brake. Then maximum torque to volume ratio for Magneto Rheological Brake was calculated. In this way, brake was made compact and powerful by selecting proper torque to volume ratio. Torque to volume ratio is compared with other brake configurations in literature in order to estimate performance of Magneto Rheological Brake. Performance of Magneto Rheological Brake was decided based on Braking distance and Stopping time. Higher torque to volume ratio is expected to give better performance of Magneto Rheological Brake on Two-wheeler.

The abstract This research paper presents the use of SCADA to control the Two-wheeler Chassis dynamometer parameters using PLC. A Two-wheeler chassis dynamometer is used to test two-wheelers performance where parameters like acceleration between two Speed points, maximum speed test, different gears speed test, load test, and fuel consumption tests. The focus of this is to simulate the working of the Dynamometer. The two-wheeler Chassis dynamometer consists of PLC from Mitsubishi which will be used to communicate with the sensors and this processed by the PLC microcontroller then this data is sent to the SCADA which monitors it and triggers an alarm if any parameter is out of limit. SCADA can simulate all the working conditions of the Dynamometer without having the real Dynamometer Built.

For Sustainable development of any country, electricity is the basic need for current civilization. Without hampering the environment, generation of electricity is very essential. Solar energy is completely natural, it is considered as clean energy source. In this work, an automatic system for solar panel cooling is proposed on the use of a commercial sensor with RISC based micro-controller. An electro-mechanism was designed and developed to enhance solar panel life time under different Sunlight Peak hours to evaluate its voltage efficiency. The impact on the overall performance of solar PV panel caused by different temperatures at Sunlight Peak hours is analyzed. The developed cooling system is innovative in relation to the unusual cooling system already existing in commercial units. A mini prototype model was designed and experimented, field results have proven good enhancement. With this automatic cooling technique, voltage efficiency is improved from 3% to 5%.

Today, as we knew that crude oil storage would vanish from the world due to the excessive use of various applications, the alternative energy source in multiple applications is becoming a must. The use of electric vehicles is the most prominent solution over conventional vehicles running on petrol, diesel etc. as they consume a substantial amount of crude oil. The most crucial factor in an electric vehicle is the design of a battery charging system. The battery charging system is an essential part of the electric vehicle. Therefore, the charger design by utilizing traction motor winding as an inductor filter reduces disturbance in input and keeps the vehicle as light as possible and cost-effective. The input filter in high power rectifier keeps line current distortion within the allowable limit. Simulation results for the proposed concept have been provided for comparing AC to DC converter with and without filter inductor and charging of the battery from the AC grid with the inductive input filter’s effect across the battery.

Increasing photovoltaic (PV) cell temperature reduces the efficiency also PV cell durability. When the PV cell temperature is higher than its working condition, the PV cell efficiency decreases. The fundamental reason for this investigation is to moderate the PV panel temperature and keep it limited. The results of the overall study showed that when PCM and fin were used in conjunction with the PV panel, it was effective in keeping the PV panel temperature below 50 °C. Also, the use of fin and PCM has reduced the PV panel average temperature by 7–10 °C and this has increased the PV panel efficiency. The cooling system of fin and PCM has increased the PV panel efficiency by 1.4 to 4.6%.

The use of conventional fuel sources fulfils the energy requirements for all human activities and comfort. But the traditional fuel sources are limited and always have been a serious matter of concern. So it is essential to find an alternative source for energy generation to fulfil the energy requirements. Solar power is a non-traditional energy source, and it has great potential to be an alternative source of energy in the future. More solar radiation enters the atmosphere on earth than overall global energy consumption. So it is an abundantly and continuously available source of energy. Also, it is available free of cost. So it has good scope for energy production. Photovoltaic cells turn the solar irradiance into electric power. But they have very low conversion efficiencies. Generally, 0.45% reduction in the relative efficiency of PV panel with per degree rise in temperature. The rest of the energy is wasted as heat energy. Thus, it is essential to remove the PV system’s heat to retain its optimum performance. Identified cooling technologies are proposed in-detail in this review paper.

Gamification takes the best parts of games, such as competition, entertainment, and all the fun, and applies them to various real-world business processes, including learning and development. This paper emphasizes using serious games and the science of games to help young students figure out their interests, preferences, aptitude, and make significant career decisions. Subject matter experts, design engineers, instructional scientists, students can come together to develop a comprehensive game that facilitates career decision-making. It is proposed that an interactive, immersive, attractive, and thoroughly engaging game will help elucidate an optimistic and enthusiastic response from students. The use of games can significantly contribute to several aspects of career choice implementation, such as stress-free decision-making, good academic performance, commitment to the chosen study, and increased satisfaction and confidence. A detailed review of the literature is presented in this paper.

A Magneto rheological damper is one of the most advanced devices used in a semi-active control system to mitigate unwanted vibrations because the damping force can be controlled by changing the viscosity of the internal Magneto Rheological (MR) fluids. The most widely used configuration of MR Damper incorporates an annular gap through which the magnetically active MR Fluid is forced to flow. The numerical analysis was carried on a double slot piston rod of varying slot lengths. The analysis was done using COMSOL. The analysis showed that a double slot piston rod with equal slot dimensions was most feasible to be used for experimentation. The experimentation was carried on a typical double slot MR Damper with two coils in parallel connection. It has been experimentally seen that response of Magnetic Rheological fluid damper is better to 10 V (2 Hz) as compared to 5 V (1 Hz) frequency.

The Strength of permanent magnets was used to improving the combustion of gasoline fuel results better performance of IC Engine by reducing exhaust emission up to certain level. The strong magnetic field was applied on fuel inlet pipe and manifold of four stroke gasoline engine and fuel flow through the pipes is under the influence of permanent magnetic effect. These experiments were frequently conducted at the different RPM and loads on engine. It has been observed that very fine droplets of fuel gives more atomization and decreases viscosity of fuel before entering into combustion chamber. Incomplete combustion of fuel occurs because of rich air–fuel mixture supplied to the combustion chamber. Because of strong and stable structure of fuel proper amount of oxygen was not provided during combustion of fuels results in excess emission of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides through exhaust causes more pollution for the atmosphere. Strong permanent magnetic flux around the fuel pipe will changes the steady fuel structure to improve air–fuel mixture and completely combines with oxygen. Ortho state divided gasoline fuel into finely particle having less intermolecular forces results to enhance in atomization for maximum burning of fuel. By applying permanent magnetic field and non-magnetic field around the gasoline fuel pipe it has been observed and comparing the results of combustion shows SI Engine generates more energy per specific volume of gasoline fuel and minimizes the atmospheric pollution under the influence of magnetic effect on fuel. The overall observations gives magnetic effect treatment on gasoline fuel improved fuel burning efficiency, decreases fuel consumption (Habbo ARA, Khalil RA, Hammoodi HS (2011) Effect of magnetizing the fuel on the performance of s.i. engine, Al-Rafidain Engineering, 19(6):84–90) [6] and reduction in exhaust pollutants.

The present study numerically investigates the thermo-hydraulic characteristics of an electronic cooling system having porous blocks between the two heating parts. To model the porous media flow, the Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer model is used. The streamlines distribution, temperature field, Nusselt number and performance factor are studied in the following range of Reynolds number (Re) and Darcy number (Da): $$25 \le {\text{Re}} \le 200$$ 25 ≤ Re ≤ 200 and $$10^{ - 5} \le {\text{Da}} \le 10^{ - 1}$$ 10 - 5 ≤ Da ≤ 10 - 1 , respectively. It reveals that the maximum hot spot intensity decreases with the use of porous material. The average Nusselt number increases up to 40 to 50% for smaller Re, and 10 to 20% for higher Re with a higher value of Da. The performance factor is always higher for higher Darcy number (Da = 10–2 and 10–1) and greater than unity in the considered regime of flow.

In the world of construction, bricks are one of the oldest of all building materials which play a vital role. Traditionally, the term brick referred to a unit composed of clay, but it is now made of concrete materials and different other compositions. The sustainable development for construction involves the use of non-conventional and innovative materials in order to compensate the lack of natural resources and to find alternative ways conserving the environment. Since fly ash (FA) and rice husk ash (RHA) both are pozzolonic material. These pozzolonic material and construction and demolished (C&D) wastes are used to manufacture modular bricks. In this experimental work 4 proportions of brick had been manufactured and tested for water absorption, efflorescence, compressive strength and drop test.

Cement production and its use need to be controlled but not at the cost of halting the current pace of industrialization. Alternatives for cement are constantly being worked out. Flyash has evolved as a novel construction material which has huge potential to replace cement and manufacture cementless concrete. It is termed as geopolymer concrete. In present investigation, for preparing M45 grade concrete, Sodium silicate solution with Na2O = 16.57%, SiO2 = 34.25% and H2O = 49.18% and sodium hydroxide solution having 16Mconcentration were maintained constant throughout the experiment. Water-to-geopolymer binder ratio of 0.2, alkaline solution-to-fly ash ratio of 0.35 and sodium silicate-to-sodium hydroxide ratio of 2.5 by mass was fixed based on workability and cube compressive strength. Wet curing applied by immersing specimen in water and room temperature curing applied by keeping specimen at laboratory room temperature for specified time period and tested further. It is observed that the results of workability and compressive strength are well-matched with the required degree of workability and compressive strength. So, the proposed method is used to design normal and standard geopolymer concrete.

The design of an efficient, compact and self-sufficient household wet and dry waste segregation facilitator dustbin is discussed in detail in this paper. The components required and the mechanism for carrying out the segregation process are discussed and the equations required to find optimum dimensions of various dustbin components have been derived. Structural analysis of these components with the derived dimensions have been carried out and the results regarding the same have been displayed accordingly and the components are proved safe for the dimensions and materials considered for design. An efficient, sturdy, versatile and compact wet and dry waste segregation facilitator dustbin mechanism and design and its effects and socio-economic impact are discussed in this paper.

This study focuses on the modified utilization of Earth Air Tube Heat Exchanger (EATHE) in the cooling of water supplied to cooling towers. The system involves the heat exchange process between the air and the soil using soil nature. The system can be installed before the cooling tower for the precooling of water. The design of the system includes a tube of 10.26 m in length and 0.15 m in diameter. To blow air through the tubes two blowers of 650 W can be used which will blow the air with a velocity of 4 m/s. The analytical study shows water temperature drop/rise of 4 to 7 °C. This system can be made portable for easy carrying and installation. This paper analyses the co-relation among different parameters of EATHE such as Temperature drop, NTU, Effectiveness, and Length of the tube, etc. to identify the best fit values in the selection of EATHE as a pre-cooler in a cooling tower.

This paper presents Matlab simulation analysis on the three-phase Z-Source inverter (ZSI) using simple boost (Pulse Width Modulation) PWM control method and maximum constant boost PWM control method with third harmonic injection. The ZSI is a new power conversion concept, used in all type of power conversion. The simulation of Z-Source inverter is performed using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The simple boost control (SBC) and maximum constant boost control (CBC) with third harmonic injection, PWM control methods are utilized to generate sampled PWM signals. These PWM signal are used to trigger the switching devices. This paper represents the comparison of boost factor, voltage gain, voltage stress across switches, shoot through duty ratio and THD using different boosting techniques in Z-source inverter for fixed modulation index. The inverter is designed for a power rating of 100 W, RMS line voltage 230 V.

Plastic use in road construction is not new. It is already in use as PVC or HDPE pipe mat crossings built by cabling together PVC (polyvinyl chloride) or HDPE (high-density poly-ethylene) pipes to form plastic mats. The plastic roads include transition mats to ease the passage of tyres up to and down from the crossing. Both options help protect wetland haul roads from rutting by distributing the load across the surface. But the use of plastic-waste has been a concern for scientists and engineers for a quite long time. Recent studies in this direction have shown some hope in terms of using plastic-waste in road construction i.e., Plastic roads. A Bangalore-based firm and a team of engineers from R. V. College of engineering, Bangalore, have developed a way of using plastic waste for road construction. An initial study was conducted in 1997 by the team to test for strength and durability. Plastic roads mainly use plastic carry-bags, disposable cups and PET bottles that are collected from garbage dumps as an important ingredient of the construction material. When mixed with hot bitumen, plastics melt to form an oily coat over the aggregate and the mixture is laid on the road surface like a normal tar road.

Nowadays, human life becomes very automatic and busy. Due to the work stress, people can’t remember many things like switch off the nob of the cylinder, switch off the lights, fan, AC. Fire and gas accidents are very dangerous issues and may occur in homes, industrial areas, crowded areas like temple places, and hotel kitchens. Accidents involving gas cylinders can cause severe injury or even death and loss of property. To avoid all these consequences, we have to alert and have proper provision for detecting gas leakage and fire situations. One of the preventive measures to avoid these type of consequences is to install the automatic Gas fire detection kit at such places. The purpose of the research is to avoid fire and gas accidents through some automated actions. We are using various sensors for detecting gas leakage and fire. If the gas sensor detects the Gas then automatically it shuts off the gas supply, thereby stopping the further leakage. It also starts exhaust fan to suck out all the Gas. If the fire is detected by the fire sensor, then it shuts off the gas supply.

The present study was carried out in Warana River basin for the assessment of groundwater geochemistry. The study mainly focused on impact of intensive agricultural practices on groundwater regime of the study area. Methodology was adapted to know the local environmental components influencing the groundwater quality. Groundwater samples were collected from dug/bore wells during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season and analyzed for physicochemical characteristics. The suitability of groundwater quality by collecting 65 representative samples from bore wells and dug wells covering in the rural areas of the Warana River Basin, Kolhapur District. Warana River Basin is situated in the northern side of the Kolhapur District. The groundwater from the study area have been classified for domestic and irrigation purpose on the basis of Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Kelly’s Ratio (KR), Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Percent Sodium (% Na), Magnesium Hazard (MH), Magnesium Ratio (MR) and Permeability Index (PI). The values of majority of groundwater samples for SAR, KR, SSP, RSC, % Na, MH, MR and PI are within permissible limit indicating excellent quality for irrigation purpose.

To retain a system in normal state during the life cycle, Maintenance is essential. This is basically of two types one is corrective and second is preventive maintenance; both the methods of maintenance consist of different maintenance activities which are performed by a worker to bring a system at its working state. Ergonomics shows a substantial role in worker’s efficiency, and to enhance efficiency is a vital aspect of every industry, by considering the ergonomic growth of the country, optimum utilization of resource with minimum possible time are the backbone of productivity. As India is a developing country and common problem found in Indian related to workers is Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in industries specifically in small scale industries or workstations, i.e. the experience of the worker to MSDs risk is high. The workers complete maximum work manually as an effect of manual workload can cause MSDs of the workers. Absence of ergonomic characteristics of the workstation design is the basic reason for the (MSDs) problem. The use of systematic ergonomic principles in maintenance operations and maintenance workstation helps to reduce worker fatigue, injury during working time monotonous of work etc. The research extends to the study of existing maintenance workstation analysis for ergonomics and suggested improvements in the workstation, based on the results obtained by RULA analysis using CATIA software. The result shows that there is a need for modification in the maintenance workstation as the score is 7, for the chosen posture of a case study.

Agriculture could be a major supply of earning of Indians and agriculture has created a giant impact on India’s economy. the event of crops for a far better yield and quality deliver is exceptionally needed. So, appropriate conditions and appropriate wetness in beds of crop will play a significant role for production. An automated irrigation system for economical water management and intruder detection system has been planned. Soil Parameters like pH, soil moisture, humidness are measured and therefore the Pressure detector and therefore the perceived values are displayed in LCD. The GSM module has been accustomed establish a communication link between the farmer and also the field. The present fields standing are going to be intimated to the farmer through SMS. The farmer will access the server regarding the sphere condition anytime, anyplace thereby reducing the man power and time.

Concentrated Solar Thermal (CST) Collector system is used for steam generation in process heat applications. Elliptical Dish Steam Generator (EDSG) is a CST device having concentrating reflector and receiver. The overall EDSG performance depends on receiver’s thermal efficiency. In order to improve the receiver’s efficiency, it is necessary to modify the affecting parameters. The purpose of this paper to present an analytical study on thermal characterization of a receiver to improve overall performance of solar EDSG. Sun rays are concentrated at focus point of elliptical dish. Receiver is used as steam generator cum steam storage device. The thermal efficiencies are determined at steam pressure at 1 bar and 2 bar for both receivers. The analytical result shows that performance parameters such as collector area, shape of receiver, and average solar irradiation affects thermal efficiency of receiver. Study shows that the cylindrical receiver has higher average thermal efficiency than conical.

The work is carried out to study deals with the blending spent wash in water on index properties of black cotton soil and plastic limit soil. Road transport plays important role in development of country. Developing an honest network of road in villages in India may be a challenging problem because it needs stabilization of sub grade and sub base with economical option. Spent wash is distillery wasteproduct of sugar industry and harmful if not properly treated and dispersed in water. It is often economic and environmentally friendly replacement choice to water with improvement in index properties of plastic limit soil and black cotton soil.

This paper presents the study of a new resistive capacitor switching transient limiter (RCSTL) to reduce the risk of losses due to the power capacitor switching transients. The RCSTL consist of the three limiting resistors, a three-phase full-bridge diode rectifier, a thyristor and a three-phase coupling transformer. The limiting resistor is in series with the capacitor bank, and the thyristor connected at dc side of the diode rectifier. During the process of the capacitor bank energizing, the thyristor is in OFF state. The coupling transformer’s secondary side behaves as open circuit due to which high impedance with the transformer. Magnetic reactance remains parallel with the limiting resistor, which is in the series in the capacitor bank. Under such condition the limiting resistor restrains the capacitor switching transients. The control system triggers the thyristor, and the coupling transformer acts as a short circuit in a steady-state state. The limiting resistors bypassed by coupling transformer, and therefore RCSTL has no significant effect on the course. To describe the different operating mode of proposed RCSTL analytical analysis is performed.

Sustainable development becomes necessary to protect our existing environmental conditions. The agricultural and metal industry produces various residues which are having prospective tobe utilized as a supplementary for the cement. Rice husk ash (RHA) minimizes the carbon footprints emissions and achieves green effect in the existing environment. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) is utilized as an alternative to the cement which helps in reducing CO2 emissions and minimizes the consumption of non-renewable resources of lime stone. The corresponding study insights the usage of supplementary materials like GGBS and RHA into the production of concrete matrix. Also, the aim of this study is to achieve sustainable development incorporating the agricultural and industrial wastes into concrete industry, which can be beneficial for the nation and loss the effect on natural ingredients on convectional concrete. The present study is carried out to optimize percentages of RHA and GGBS after the replacement to the cement such as 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and, 30% interval. Also, to evaluate the compression and split-tensile strength of conventional concrete with different ages of 7 and 28 days under normal curing conditions. The prediction model for compression strength is prepared using statistical analysis.

The ISO quality management system (ISO-QMS) has proven its application in Manufacturing and Service industry. However, ISO certification of the Indian Textile Industry has shown a marginal level impact on productivity improvement. This study was focused on evaluation of the ISO-QMS implementation and detecting scope for Six Sigma as a Continuous Improvement (CI) Quality Tool and Technique (QTT) in the textile sector. Questionnaire survey methodology has applied in this study. The respondents expressed a high level of importance for ISO-QMS implementation but a low satisfaction level for its impact. The findings of surveyed textile industries pointed-out that, ISO-QMS was not delivering significant consequences and also neglecting the use of most crucial CI QTTs like Six Sigma for improvement. The trend of results depicted an immense need for applying QTTs such as Six Sigma along with the existent ISO-QMS of an enterprise to improve overall productivity.

Finite Element Analysis of a flexure bearing used in a cryocooler for space application is a very critical component in determining the working life of cryocoolers. The present study analyzes various significant parameters using the finite element analysis to achieve finite-fatigue life. The infinite fatigue life is necessary to ensure that cryocooler does not fail during the mission life of the satellite. Flexure bearing serves two purposes—(a) maintaining a mean position of a free-piston in linear compressor by providing desired stiffness and (b) avoiding radial deflection of the piston leading to wear and tear. The flexure bearing also ensures oil-less operation of linear compressor since the use of oil in cryocooler may lead to severe damage to the heat exchanger by freezing at cryogenic temperature. This paper considers various essential parameters optimized to achieve—(a) high stiffness (b) load stresses and (c) infinite fatigue life necessary for space application.

Structural foundations are used for the provision of support to engine, motor, pump, and machines in industrial units. The present investigation has been done to increase the dynamic properties of laminated sandwich composites in which the structural damping is premeditated with micro-mechanical analysis approach. A sandwich structure was manufactured by adhesively adding viscoelastic material into the various astonishing composite laminates. Materials that have their high stiffness and high damping are impracticable. Surface damping treatment has been done on a composite sandwich structure to provide large amount of damping to the structures. The damping characteristics of the sandwich structures were calculated concerning the ply orientation of the composite laminates. Modal analysis of composite sandwich structures has been performed in ANSYS v19 and it has very good covenant with experimental results. It has been observed that the free natural frequencies of CFRC structure have 4–10 times increases while inserting viscoelastic material into CFC structure.

In automobile, vehicle consist of many basic and critical components of system. Steering knuckle comes under suspension system of vehicle. Its design is an important aspect of the efficient working phase. This paper focuses on steering knuckle weight optimization criteria without compromising their static mechanical properties and efficiency enhancement. The steering knuckle is manufactured by aluminum alloy 7075 T6 material in place of cast iron. With the help of CATIA, software design has been done and structural characterization has been carried out by using ANSYS software. On the basis of ansys result, for affirmation aluminium steering knuckle has manufactured and strain gauge testing has done. Laser cutting and brazing processes are used for manufacturing steering knuckles. The result obtained from strain gauge testing and analysis is compared and encouraged using aluminum alloy for steering knuckle with a weight reduction of almost 71%.

Sun is considered as best and cleanest renewable energy source. This energy can be converted into electrical energy using array of solar cells. The generated electrical energy thus can be utilized to run the electrical appliances. Running these electrical appliances inevitably depends on the availability of utility grid. Sometimes the geographical, environmental and societal conditions affect the availability of utility grid; that’s why the battery backed inverters are becoming one of the must have amenity at homes and offices. In the present research work, we have converted this battery backed inverter to the solar PV powered battery backed system in order to reduce grid dependency for charging the batteries and reducing the utility bill. The system is designed, tested and installed for a 2 BHK house situated in civil hospital complex, Panipat at Latitude 29.401, Longitude 76.971 and Elevation 232 m, in the Haryana State of Northern India. Panipat city is in the National Capital Region (NCR) and have capability to represent approximately 1.6 million houses in the entire region including states Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, western part of Uttar Pradesh State and Eastern part of Rajasthan State. Total energy demand for peak hours i.e. from 6:00 PM to 10:00 PM for total 4 h comes out to be 2250 Wh/day. So, the system was designed according to 2250 Wh/day. System’s cost was, Rupees Sixty Thousand Four Hundred (Rs. 60,400/-). System is working without losing power on a single day and producing electricity. Normally, the billing without installing the system was approximately, Rupees One Thousand Four hundred (Rs.1,400/-) for 350 units (1 unit = 1 kWh).

By-product of iron industry that is GGBS is suitable material used in manufacturing cement and concrete. The concrete mix and their types both contributes vital role in producing strength of concrete. This paper addresses how the pores in concrete structure relate with its strength of compression. Experimentally obtained results of pore volume and compressive strength are comparing with the calculated value. For predictions, the model SP-24 for compressive strength, and the Powers–Brownyard model for pore volume are used. Predicted value with both models gives roughly the same values as reported values

Heavy metals present in wastewater are toxic and have an adverse effect not only on human health but the whole ecosystem. The removal of toxic heavy metals from wastewater is of great concern from the environmental point of view. Here, sugarcane bagasse is used as an adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals along with eggshell. The experimentation was carried out using the conventional batch process as well as with ultrasonication. The ultrasonication creates cavitation which results in breaking of bond and creating more area for adsorption. Various process parameters such as contact time, pH, particle size, etc. were investigated, optimized and studied to get maximum adsorption. It was found that Ultrasonication shows maximum %removal of Zinc than the batch process. Effects of %removal of zinc concerning time, uptake capacity concerning time were plotted. The isotherms were plotted for kinetic study shows that the Langmuir isotherm is best suitable.

Rotating beams play an important role in engineering structure such as turbine blades, airplane propellers and robot manipulators. Composite materials are widely used in aircraft industries. In helicopter rotor application composite material bring additional features like drastic reduction in number of parts and bulkiness, especially for rotor hub system which is typical large source of profile drive. In this paper the dynamic analysis of composite blade is carried out to find the stresses induced in beam at different locations. The dynamic stress analysis has carried out on composite blade in undamaged and damaged condition to check the increase in stress value due beam damages at different locations. The composite blade is made by Carbon Fiber with 8 layers in 0° and 90° orientation of fibers. This stress analysis is carried out using COMSOL Multiphysics analysis software. The beam has rotated at different RPM and accordingly the stresses are calculated near fixed end, at mid point and at free end.

Biodiesel has been proven one of the best alternatives because of its performance parameters and exhaust emissions comparable to diesel. The experimental investigation of Mexicana oil with different blend proportions with diesel carried out and found that the Hydrocarbon emissions were almost similar for all the Mexicana oil blends (7.89 ppm) compared to conventional diesel fuel (7.8 ppm). Carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were lower for all the Mexicana oil blends (0.036 ppm) compared to conventional diesel fuel (0.038 ppm). As the blend proportion increased, Nitrogen oxide emissions increased but NOx emissions can be reduced by proper combustion cycle. The BTE increased by 2.37% for biodiesel blended up to 30% (D70B30). The Brake specific fuel consumption required was slightly higher for all the blends (0.28 kg/W-h) compared to diesel fuel (0.267 kg/W-h). Blend ratio D80B20 found the best diesel-biodiesel ratio to replace pure diesel fuel in CI engines.

Landfiling is the cheapest and unscientific way of disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) practiced in developing countries. Apart from the other environmental concerns, emission of landfill gas containing methane which is a green house gas is the serious problem. The quantity of methane emitted from the Moshi landfill site located in Pimpri Chinchwad city in Pune district in Maharashtra state of India have been calculated in the study presented. The limited information of the total waste generation and composition of the waste in the city was used to find the yearly waste generation, yearly quantities of the components in the MSW and quantities of the elements like carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and suplhur. The quantities of the carbohydrates, proteins and fats present in the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) were also estimated and were further used to calculate the theoretical methane yield (TMY). The TMY values varied as 156.81–315.39 ml of CH4/g of VS. TMY values were further used to calculate the methane values in MT. These values ranged between 7048.23 and 10888.01 MT.

The aim of study is to experimentally investigate the effect of number of inner tubes as a geometric parameter on thermal and hydrodynamic performance. Three heat exchangers (TTHC) with different parameters like tube side coil pitch, curvature ratio and number of coiled tubes were tested for counterflow configuration. The measuring parameters like flow rate, inlet-outlet temperatures and head loss across coil were measured by using suitable calibrated instruments. Tube side and annulus side Nusselt numbers are to be calculate by using Wilson plot technique. In results, tube side and annulus side convective heat transfer coefficients, Nusselt number, Dean number, effectiveness, friction factor and pumping power were calculated. It is observed that tube side Nusselt number increases with increase in tube side flow rate whereas it decreases with increase in annulus side flow rate.

United Nation has done a survey in 2017 and found that 59.24% of the population resides in a rural area in India. This needs to develop the required infrastructure and real estate sector to fulfill the needs of the huge population. Nearly 5.10 Cr, construction workers are working in this sector out of which approximately 3.5 Cr. Construction workers have registered with the board. In this study out of 28 states only 17 states are considered for study as data is not available for other states. It is observed that construction labour productivity is highest in the states like Maharashtra, Meghalaya and Gujrat in 2016–2017 but reduced in 2017–2018. Also, the lowest labour productivity was observed for states like Odisha, West Bengal. Cumulative variation in labour productivity was observed for all the zones. Positive variation is observed for south (14.53) and east zone (4.52). But negative variation was observed for the other zones like north (–1.983), west (–98.402), central (–33.415), and northeast (–44.346).The variation is observed may have problems like low wages, working conditions, welfare facilities provided, method of construction and most important motivation of the workforce.

The space between the shaft and the bearing is called lubrication gap and is filled with lubricant. Journal bearing test rig is used to test the 40 mm diameter and 28 mm long bearing. The bearing is loaded mechanically. The bearing is tested under various parameters like type of lubricant, loading conditions, speeds etc.… in the last, experimental results are compared with the simulation results by using COMSOL software and results are found satisfactory. The setup consists of a bearing journal driven by an electrical motor and the freely moving bearing housing. The bearing is loaded with different, interchangeable weights. Both the radial and axial distribution of pressure can be recorded in the bearing gap at two measuring points around its perimeter and four along the length. The pressure readings are recorded with the help of pressure sensors. Pressure distribution in the bearing without adding surface features on the journal is first recorded and then by adding different surface features, the results are taken and the difference of the results are satisfactory. Surface features are created on the journal by using Photo chemical machining (PCM). It is clear that the measured oil film pressure in case of journal with surface features is clearly wider than that of journal without surface features.

The aim of this research is to improve the cooling performance of deep freezer by prolonging the cut off period of the compressor, and also maintain a constant temperature inside the freezer cabinet by using different combinations of Nano-phase change material (Nano-PCM), viz. (graphene oxide + KCl and graphene oxide + NaCl) by considering water as a base fluid. In this work, an attempt has been given to reduce the temperature fluctuation that occurred by a power outage as well as frequent opening and closing of the door of the deep freezer. The experimental results show that the freezer cabinet temperature remains stable and is maintained between 3 and 7 °̊C for 6 to 7 h even though a power outage exists when Nano-PCM is used. It will help to reduce the wastage of perishable products. Hence thermal energy storage by using Nano-PCM could be the most appropriate way to correct the gap between the demand and supply of energy.

An electric vehicle is the future of transportation. An electric vehicle is exactly you can think of like a small electric toy car much more complicated system. It is propelled by an electric motor instead of petrol, diesel engine. In this paper various areas related to the electric vehicle are studies. The power generation scenario of India is studied to have an idea about the power generation sector and to know the available power and peak load that can be taken by the power generation sector. Then automobile sector trends have been studied. Installed capacity for manufacturing of internal combustion vehicles also production and sales of different types of vehicles like two-wheelers, 3 wheelers, passenger vehicles, and commercial vehicles have been studied. After that increase in sales of electric vehicles is studied. The government’s vision to adopt electric vehicles by the year 2030 is 30% of total vehicles. Power requirement if 30% of the vehicle running are an electric vehicle by the year 2030 and % increase in power requirement of the total power generation.

Water is the absolute necessity of every living being on the earth and in the current context, saying that it is a scarce resource will not be a far-fetched statement. The problem of evaporation of water from open agricultural fields is taken into consideration in this work. A simulation of evaporation in an open field and when a semi-permeable membrane is used to cover the field is performed in an open-source simulation software named OpenFOAM. The simulation is performed for total evapotranspiration considering a mean temperature for the month of May at Prayagraj, India. It is seen from the result that the semi-permeable membrane has intensely decreases the evapotranspiration rate from the surface of the agricultural land even in the hottest month. The amount of water that was prevented from evaporating ranged from 75–84% at a different time of a day/month/year. Thus, semipermeable membrane is found to reduce evapotranspiration rate and also regulates the temperature.

Numerical investigations are carried out to analyze the pre-eminence on after-effects characterized by thermal radiation coupled with natural convection in a two-dimensional square enclosure. The square enclosure has an adiabatic top and bottom wall with side walls being administered at consistent temperature with different values. The mathematical equations of this present research have been solved by applying a finite element strategy. A broad in content parametric research investigation is executed to assess the confrontation of Rayleigh number (Ra) along with radiation criterion (Rd) on the fluid-transport eventuation. The numerical simulations demonstrate that Nusselt number (Nu) is an augmenting function of Ra and Rd. Consequential changes in streamlines along with isothermal contours for high Ra are realized. The present numerical investigations are applicable to solar collecting design devices, fire modelling in compartment, etc.

Brick masonry constitutes the vital part of building construction globally. As they are in elastic and have non-homogenous material properties, the analysis for evaluating the performance of brick masonry is intricate. For numerical investigations, identifying the constitutive material properties is essential to study their behavior. The experiments are performed to determine the material properties such as compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and stress- strain characteristics of brick units, mortar cubes. Finite element modeling is carried out for numerical analysis using ANSYS. Considering the material properties from experimental results, the interface properties, stress distribution and failure criteria for brick masonry are studied in ANSYS. In this Present work, we have observed that when applied pressure increases then there is increase in maximum deformation and equivalent stresses. The study proves that for single brick wall and double brick wall of various dimensions, there is increase in maximum deformation and also in equivalent stresses due to increase in applied pressure.

Traditional methods of optimization are more complex and quite expensive for solving inverse kinematics problems when the degree of freedom of a robot increases. In the present work, forward and inverse kinematic model of five degree of freedom (5D) industrial manipulator for various applications, is developed using the homogeneous transformation matrices and the Denavit-Hartenberg (DH) parameters. The objective of such non-standard 5D robot is to reduce the positional error among the specified target points and robot end-effector positions, with reference to the joint angular displacements which are employed for translating the robot end-effector to the target points in the Cartesian space. Different traditional and meta-heuristic algorithms (MH) are employed to solve the problem and the obtained results are compared for the positional error of end-effector. From the results, it is found that simulated annealing performs better for the positional error of end-effector than sequential quadratic programming and genetic algorithm.

The stone column is a ground improvement technique mainly used for enhancing the properties of soft soils. Provision of the under reaming to stone column increases the bearing capacity of the soil and it also reduces the settlement in soil. The study deals with determining the effect of the under-reamed stone column on black cotton soil, the effect of variation of aggregate sizes in stone column and effect of position of the under-reamed bulb on the settlement. Also, it deals with determining the bearing capacity of black cotton soil with a stone column. The laboratory model test has been performed by using an under-reamed stone column of diameter (D) 50 mm, bulb diameter 2.5D and height 300 mm and varying aggregate sizes at each bulb position. The experimental analysis gives results that position of the bulb at center results in the lesser settlement of soil than the position of the bulb at bottom.

Stress shielding is a mechanical concept generally observed in fracture fixation bone plates. Distinction in material properties among the human bone and the metallic bone plates prompts to stress shielding phenomenon. In the current analysis, glass/jute/polyester and commonly used titanium were chosen as bone plate material. Ideal structure was hypothetically gotten that displays mechanical properties near to the characteristic human bone. Fracture fixation plate was intended for ulna utilizing solid works software. Finite element (FE) analysis was embraced to dissect the distribution of stress in the bone fixed with plate under static loading. Bone plate by four screws was modeled with solid works software and simulated utilizing FEA. Analysis was likewise made taking into account titanium as fixing plate and compared with the current composite material researched. Hybrid polymer matrix composite (HPMC) has demonstrated material properties near the bone contrasted with titanium. The outcomes have obviously demonstrated that the von-Mises stresses initiated in the ulna bone by HPMC plates was expanded contrasted and the bone fixed with titanium. From the current analysis, it is certainly exhibited that the hybrid composites of glass/jute/polyester can be a proper material suggestion for ulna bone fracture fixation plate with diminished stress shielding problem.

The two dimensional performance model, analyzing evacuated tube solar collector system, used for grape drying is developed. A Solar collector is designed and fabricated to dry 10 kg of Thompson seedless grapes efficiently, under the forced convection heat transfer. But this article is restricted to discussion on solar collector and its thermal performance only. The collector setup consists of ten evacuated tubes of outer diameter 58 mm and length 1800 mm arranged parallel. This solar system’s performance is tested experimentally and an analytical thermal model is developed by solving coupled linear differential equations using Rung-Kutta’s fourth order method. The experimental data of the solar collector is compared with the analytical data of thermal model. It is observed that the developed model predicts the behavior of the actual system accurately with average percentage error in the range of 2.45−4.6% with coefficient of determination R2 = 0.957−0.98. The experimental thermal efficiency of the system is observed as high as 31.2% which is higher than the thermal efficiency of the flat plate collector solar system (15%). Theoretically calculated and experimentally measured results of air outlet temperature from solar collector shown a good agreement.

The present study is an attempt to model lubricated sliding wear of Aluminum Zinc alloy and wear parameters. The effect of wear parameters like applied load, sliding speed and sliding time (distance) on the lubricated sliding wear of the alloy have been investigated using pin-on-disc tribometer with EN24 shaft steel disc as per Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. The analysis of variance and developed regression equations were used to investigate the influence of parameters on the wear of alloy. The pin temperature is identified as the most influencing factor for the wear and friction characteristics of the composites. The developed linear and Non-linear regression models were found capable for predicting the lubricated sliding wear behavior of the alloy. Finally, confirmation tests were conducted to verify the experimental results foreseen from the mentioned correlations.

In textile industries cleaning of cotton is important thanks to impurities which are present within the cotton such as firestones, leaves; seeds etc. fiber cleanliness influences the process ability of cotton and yarn [1]. Conventional machineries used for cleaning uses mechanical beaters for opening and cleaning of fibers. The change in the settings of beaters at different stages of blow room changes the cleanliness of fibers. This paper deals with the air controlled cotton cleaner whose main advantage is that it doesn't varies the setting in the least and also the compressed air which is available in mill premises itself and also it requires less maintenance.

Electricity demand is continuously increasing everywhere in the world. The best way to get out of this problem is the use of renewable energy sources. Solar energy is one such type of life which gives more efficiency. This study represents inverters’ the analysis and design for the photovoltaic application by using the interleaved flyback topology. The other main aim of this study is to reduce the system’s cost, which will help achieve more efficiency. This cost reduction is possible by using the converter topology, using the small size of the converter. Ripples can be easily removed using this technique which plays a vital role in the system’s design. Maximum efficiency and near about unity power factor is possible by using this scheme.

Vibration analysis of structures continues to be an important subject of study in the field of structural and mechanical engineering. Experimental study on piezo beams, attracted researchers since past. Conventional excitation techniques employed for vibration analysis normally require contact. In the present study, a non-contact technique for excitation of piezo beams to do the vibration analysis. An electromagnetic force was used for excitation. The vibration induced by the electromagnetic force was varied in a wide range from 20 Hz to over 50 Hz. The motion of the beam was measured along the three axes using an accelerometer. The resulting frequencies were captured using FFT constructed in LabView. This helps us to understand the response phenomenon of light weight beams such as piezo beams. Study will be useful for applications involving such beams and in energy harvesting.

Work associated musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are the most ergonomic risk elements of the power-loom industry due to repeated motions, stooping and squatting postures when operating for a long time. The purpose of this study is to determine the importance of three methods for ergonomic risk assessment, i.e. by applying the F test, RULA/REBA, and NMSQ to verify the results and find the pairwise rank of agreement among tools using Kappa analysis. The p-value is too chosen to transform p < 0.05, suggesting that there is statistical significance in the relationship between the REBA and Nordic questionnaires. Since the Kappa value is 0.7875, RULA / REBA shows complete agreement.

The use of polymer composites has risen tremendously over the last decade and it finds numerous applications in fields such as microelectronics, automobiles and structural applications. In this paper, an extensive review of the recent developments in polymer composites is presented. The interface and compatibility of the polymer matrix and the filler have a significant role in the ultimate properties of the composites. The basic processes like the selection of the polymer matrix, hardener, fillers and reinforcement, synthesis and dispersion of the filler and the fabrication processes are the key for developing good polymer composites. With the recent advances in hybrid fillers, polymer structure has become more complex and hence there is for a thorough of the various stages of development of polymer hybrid composites. This review summarizes different aspects like material processing techniques of polymer composites.

Rolling element bearings are common components of any machine and defects in them are one of the most common types of the machine faults. Many vibration signal analysis techniques are available to monitor the condition of bearings. Time domain analysis technique is one of the easiest techniques widely used to know the condition of bearings. However, one of the limitations of time domain analysis techniques is that it can diagnose the severity of the bearing defect, but it cannot identify the location of defect. For this purpose, frequency domain analysis techniques are widely used. In this paper, frequency spectrum analysis of defects in cylindrical roller bearings N205 and NU205 used in heavy load and high speed machinery is carried out for different types of defects and sizes at constant speed and radial load. Inner race defect, outer race defect, roller defect are considered for analysis. The effects of localized multiple defects and defects in combination are also studied. The results show the effectiveness of frequency spectrum analysis technique for identifying bearing defects and their severity.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is one of the most important materials for orthopedic implants, as it has a similar chemical composition as that of the bone tissue and tooth. Hydroxyapatite is synthesized as they increase osteoconductivity, biodegradability with a significant increase in mechanical properties. But, HA cannot be applicable for bearing the load, in this situation hydroxyapatite is combined with titanium. Hydroxyapatite titanium composites possess low density, low modulus but it possesses high strength. In this study, to study the interface between hydroxyapatite and titanium, HA-Ti samples were prepared by wet precipitation method. The amount of Ti was considered as 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 mol%. The supplier of titanium was used as Titanium isopropoxide (Ti (OCH (CH3)2)4). The characterizations of various specimens were carried using Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, wherein morphology, crystallography and grain size were investigated. The results induced that titanium can fulfill the required criteria along with HA in biomedical applications.

Machining is the most important process and prone to deal with many complexities in terms of surface roughness, chip formation, extreme cutting temperature, cutting forces, tool wear, and abrupt tool failure, etc. To deal with the concerned complexities; cutting fluids are widely used in industries. The application of cutting fluids minimizes the adverse effect of temperature and friction on the entire machining environment which finally results in better machining performance. The current research work is an attempt to evaluate the performance of molybdenum disulfide powder addition in water-soluble conventional oil and mineral oil during the turning of AISI 316L stainless steel under near-dry machining technique. The Taguchi orthogonal array has been used for the design of the experiment. The investigation shows better results with molybdenum disulfide addition in the cutting fluids under consideration in terms of improved surface finish and lower chip thickness.

The present work contains an experimental investigation to study the effect of various lubricant conditions and machining parameters on cutting forces and surface roughness in turning of steel. Experimental work was carried out in turning steel alloy by using tungsten carbide inserts. There were three main purposes of this study. The first was to explain and demonstrate a systematic procedure of Taguchi parameter design and applying it to the data on turning. The second was to find out the optimal combination of process parameters based on S/N ratio and to know the significance of each parameter by performing ANOVA analysis. The third important aim was to find out the effect of lubricant temperature in the tuning process on the responses (i.e. cutting forces and surface roughness). The cutting parameters namely feed rate, depth of cut, and lubricant temperature were varied to observe the effects on responses. The main conclusion drawn from this study is that a better surface finish is obtained by applying cooling lubricant. There is a trade-off between (lowering or minimizing) forces and surface finish. Even with a higher depth of cuts surface finish is improved if lubricant temperature is lowered.

Mechanization and automation are one of the crucial areas of interest in any industry handling materials for efficient conveying and transportation. Screw conveyor is the most efficient mechanized conveying device for free-flowing or relatively free-flowing bulk solids with a moderate capacity of 1200 ton/h. And small conveying distance less than 40 m for horizontal configuration, while in case of vertical operation lifting material up-to 15 m at a rate of 50 ton/h. The application area of the screw conveyor is agricultural grains and bulk material conveying. The objective of the research work is to compare two different values of trough height (112 and 180 mm) with various screw speed along with dry, coarse sand as conveying material and type of screw as cut flight one. Hence to draw characteristics curves of volumetric capacity and loading efficiency within a predetermined speed range.

A small size horizontal screw conveyor needs to set up for conducting experiments and undertaking research in the area of materials handling. The responsibility of designing a suitable horizontal screw conveyor was entrusted to the present author. The Present work includes a methodological approach to design a small horizontal spiral conveyor with a provision for speed change through variable frequency drive (VFD) for experimental purpose. The proposed screw conveyor may be capable of conveying three different types of materials such as dry sand, crushed stone, and wheat with various speed along with three different types of screw (Continuous, Cut flight and Ribbon type) having easy replacement facility of each screw type. Design philosophy of an equipment is based on so many factors, such as overall size of the screw (which depends upon space availability of the equipment, where it is to be installed) and design capacity required and running under variable speed during experiment.

A spiral conveyor or screw type conveyor consists of a rotating helical blade with suitable drive arrangement, a stationary U-trough, though cover, two end plates with end bearings. However, the opening on top cover can feed the material in to trough and bottom opening at the U trough allows to discharge the conveyed material. A small screw conveyor with horizontal configuration is known as screw feeder. The objective of present experimental work is to find out the volumetric capacity, mass flow rate while keeping a constant trough height (180 mm) and hence to study variation of filling factor with the variation of screw speed within a predetermined range with continuous type of screw. Hence to draw the conclusion about the inter-relation with the variation of screw speed and to draw the characteristic curves of volumetric capacity and loading efficiency verses different screw speeds under constant trough height with particular type of bulk material as dry coarse sand and Screw combination.

The radiative heat transfer process has so far been proven effective and efficient in the Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning industry and therefore it has been used for air conditioning applications. Radiant floor heating systems could be even effective over the conventional air conditioning systems as the water in motion that is used in the radiative systems have more energy carrying capacity compared to air in motion used in conventional air conditioning systems. In the present study, the computational fluid dynamics analysis of a radiant cooled room is carried out by varying the design of pipe patterns and their simulations for cooling the typical room has been carried out. Eleven such pipe patterns were analyzed for both steady and unsteady conditions. A three dimensional geometrical model of specified dimension was used for the analysis. Ordinary heat loads from the light bulb, window, floor, human and laptop are defined in the model. Different loads such as energy, buoyancy, and radiation are also included in the simulation and thermal boundary conditions are applied on ceiling and walls. Also, the effect on the analysis when the room is unoccupied and occupied was studied by considering the factors such as air velocity, inlet water temperature as constant. This study validated the difference between the inlet and outlet of water and air temperature respectively. The temperature distribution pattern in a room due to the mixed flow design pipe pattern was found to be most effective for cooling and better comfort conditions.

This article summarizes the detailed design of a circular-shaped microstrip patch antenna. This antenna is designed to radiate at 10 different frequencies that can be used for advanced wireless communication. The proposed antenna can be used in Bluetooth, BLE, Wi-Fi, Zigbee, 2G 3G 4G LTE, and 5G communication. This antenna can radiate at 10 different frequencies such as 3.26, 5.36, 7.45, 9.65, 11.79, 13.20, 13.20, 13.72, 15.32, and 19.1 GHz. These are specially designed frequencies on which the proposed antenna should work. That means this antenna can be modified and redesigned to work for a dedicated application operating between the ranges of 3.26 to 19.1 GHz. The at all the 10 frequencies mentioned above, they observed values of s parameter are below −10 dB. The voltage standing wave ratio at about resonating frequencies observed to be between 1 and 2. Since it shows narrow bands at the designed frequencies; this antenna can be used for a specific application with a specific frequency without interference with other systems.

Over 29 million people infected globally and over 9.3 lakh deaths have been reported worldwide by COVID-19 virus. The fight against coronavirus (COVID-19) continues in three ways: are detecting the virus, the discovery of vaccines, and the development of technology to inactivate the virus to reduce spread. The possibilities of spreading coronavirus is very high through electronic gadgets, mobile phones, vegetables, groceries, sunglasses, shoes, etc. Recently alcohol-based sanitisers are being developed to disinfect various kinds of surfaces contaminated with SARS-CoV-2, but are not suitable for disinfection of electronics products, vegetables, etc. Thus, we have developed a low-cost and portable UV-C-based sanitiser chamber which will be Vaital solution to disinfect such materials within a few minutes of light exposure. This device’s novelty lies in its innovative design to disinfect materials through 360° and zero human exposure to UV-C radiation, as it is harmful to humans.

Since the start of electronics, soldering has been studied a dynamicactivity in the design of hi-techmicroelectronic circuitry, and substantialimprovement in soldering practices is perceived in the near future. Concentrated solar energy (CSE) is being used for material treating. In this study, CSE is utilized for soldering and named as the “Concentrated Solar Energy Soldering (CSES) technique.” A Fresnel lens accompanied by a two-axis sun tracker to concentrate the solar energy needed for soldering is used. CSES technique, a green technology, is discovered to be promising. The CSES technique can be used to solderon-site electronics apparatuses used in nuclear, space, automobiles, computer hardware, electronic circuits used in process equipment’s, etc. Exclusively, in the secluded areas, CSES will be beneficial to solder numerous components, circuits, etc.

Friction drilling is identified as a new way of hole making process, which is also known as nontraditional drilling method. The traditional drilling process has been covering in 90% of the machining process and it is not suitable for sheet metal application. Researchers are focusing on nontraditional drilling process for completing the drilling on sheet metal. This method is more preferable for automotive and aeronautical applications. Friction drilling is a hole making process which completes the process in five steps, the advantage of friction drilling is a chipless hole making process. The chips melt due to heat and pushed due to tool movement into top and bottom of the material called bushing. Bushing is used for support, threading etc. In this review emerging technique friction drilling is in the drilling process has been reviewed and throws light on sheet metal hole making process.

This research discusses statistical and multi-attribute analysis in hard machining of AISI 52100 steel by using TiSiN-TiAlN coated carbide tool with three different vegetable oils based minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) environment. These vegetable oils are coconut oil, soyabean oil, and palm oil. Moreover, these three vegetable oil-based MQL results are compared with dry machining. The full factorial method of design experiments is used. To analyze the results statistical technique, main effects plot and analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multi-attribute grey relational analysis (GRA) approaches were used. The feed exhibits direct proportionality with chip thickness ratio, surface roughness, and cutting forces, on the contrary, the cutting speed shows a reverse trend. Besides, the results show that optimum process parameters obtain are at low feed (f: 0.08 mm/rev) and medium cutting speed, (Vc: 140 m/min), in the soyabean oil-based MQL.

The motivation of this paper is to make the robot interact with surrounding and cut the coconut autonomously. As technology is getting advanced things are getting simpler for us. By the mean of Autonomous it is possible to increase productivity and get things easier. The robot consists of hexagon chassis of two segments, in between two segments three motors and wheels are assembled. For automatic arrangement of robot with tree diameter, lead screw mechanism is used. The chassis is designed with the help of CAD software and analysis was done considering maximum load factor. For rotation robot about tree axis, motor mount is made such that it can rotate up to 90°. The motion of robot is manually controlled from ground using remote. For cutting of Coconuts robotic arm is used, on which cutting plate is mounted. Webcam mounted on robotic arm is used for giving feedback to controller. Motor driver, raspberry pi used for giving motion to robot.

The multi-hole probes are less expensive and accurate devices for measurement of velocity in three-dimensional flow field. In order to measure absolute velocity and its inclination with reference direction at the inlet and outlet of water turbine runner two five-hole angle tube probes were designed, fabricated and calibrated with low expenditure. The yaw-pitch calibration device was designed to set the probe tip at different angles in yaw and pitch planes. The calibration data was prepared and graphs plotted by using MATLAB R12014. The correction factor for each probe was found out to give real values of velocities measured by probes. The range of flow angularity in yaw and pitch planes is between −30 and +30°. During application flow angles, total and static pressure at probe tip, velocity and its components can be computed from measured values of pressures at five ports and calibration data.

In order to produce biodiesel, mechanically agitated lab-scale reactor vessels have been developed and fabricated. It has been recognized that in the synthesis of biodiesel the use of batch stirred reactor is a primary mode. As the development process from sunflower waste cooking oil has been tested for the reliability of the reactor vessels, transesterification routes have been selected. The laboratory scale reactor makes the flow residence time with an enhanced mass turbulence distribution and heat transfer and offers precise mixing control with agitator geometry, making operation simple. Parameter such as reactor dimensions and physical properties of reactants must be taken into account in accordance with the philosophy of reactor design before design work has recently been initiated. Control logic also developed to run a reactor. The reactor design involves the use of two software such as PVElite for mechanical thickness calculation and Solidworks for 3D modeling. Results show that produced biodiesel from sunflower waste cooking oil (SWCO) was within the recommended standards of biodiesel fuel. The transesterification reaction using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) catalyst was effective in the designed lab-scale batch reactor. The yield and conversion of produced biodiesel from SWCO oil by using NaOH catalysts in the lab-scale reactor at 70 °C are 94% and 96% respectively at 3 wt%.

Detection of pests or insects is a common problem in the field of agriculture. Therefore strong action should be taken to save the crop from the infestation as well as reducing the use of pesticides. Monitoring of pests infestation depends on resources used by human being however, an automatic monitoring system has been developing to reduce efforts and errors made by human. This project proposes the development of system in which image processing approaches are to be establishing for an automated detection and extraction system for detecting pest densities in agriculture fields. We have precisely developed a multipurpose robot, depending upon the densities of infestation robot decides spraying on infected area by sprayer or removes the part of crop by cutter infected by pest with an accuracy of 93% pest detection and 95% of decision making. So, it gives protection to crops, which can finally give better management and production of the crop.

In recent years it is growing need to think about development of rural areas by creating the source of income to villagers with the use of simple and user-friendly technology which reduces their losses and creating way to do business as well as employment for villagers. In this paper attempt has been given on reducing post harvesting losses and developing solar dryer as approach to increase the income in rural area. In the given work different type of drying techniques are studied and found the research gap with consideration of objective and design the solar dryer to overcome all the lacunas found. The experimentation had done at Yadrav (Maharashtra) which has latitude 16.7140° N and longitude 74.4882° E in the month of May and June. The research mechanism is designed for 30 kg capacity for fruits and vegetables. The innovations make dryer fully renewable, user-friendly with well-maintained drying condition which gives perfectly dried product suitable for international markets. The main innovations are of desiccant bed and recirculation pipe in this experiment removes moisture. Also efficiency increases and drying time decreases. Maximum efficiency occur 36.64% and product dried in 30 days for minimum mass flow rate of 0.01484 kg/s.

Problems associated with the recovery of heavy viscous oil are key challenges for the upstream industry. In this research work, systematic experimental studies of chemical flooding were conducted for heavy crude reservoir. Alkali-Surfactant-Polymer (ASP) flooding in the reservoir may enhance the crude oil recovery; it may lead to adsorption of flooded chemicals. These flooded chemicals are very expensive and high rate of adsorption will make the recovery uneconomical. Analysis of petroleum core flood effluent has to be done, to study dynamic adsorption. This experimental work shows the selectivity of ASP flooding for heavy oil and increase in percentage recovery of heavy oil with optimizing ASP concentrations. The results also show that polymer flooding is quite effective at low oil saturation.

Oil and gas field produced water disposal is very serious issue in hydrocarbon industry. Corrosion occurred by this produced water from oil industry is very difficult to be predicted. Produced water reinjection, treatment and disposal are a huge problem in onshore as well as offshore fields. As the reservoir depletes, mostly the water cut increases up to 90%, thus increasing the chances of corrosion of the surface and subsurface equipment. In this experimental work corrosion studies were undertaken on steel tubular at reservoir temperature. It is essential to remove the dissolved oxygen to control corrosion. The dissolved oxygen content in effluent was found to be high. The dose of sodium sulphite as oxygen scavenger after treatment of the injection water in the laboratory is optimized. Dissolved oxygen may vary from time to time; therefore the dose of oxygen scavenger may be changed accordingly for effective removal of oxygen. Sodium sulphide requires a catalyst like Cobaltous chloride. For dose optimization of corrosion inhibitor, laboratory treated effluent after filtration with 0.45-μ filter was used for this study. The water was treated with different concentrations of corrosion inhibitors (WIN). The rate of corrosion for different doses of corrosion inhibitor along with oxygen scavenger needs to be optimized. Corrosion plays a very important role in reducing the life of tubulars, Completion equipment, handling and treating equipment. Corrosion studies needs to be carried out in order to optimize the dose of oxygen scavenger and corrosion inhibitor. In this research work the corrosion studies were undertaken on N-80 steel tubular coupons at 88 °C. This paper discusses the laboratory fluid compatibility, scale and corrosion prediction analysis and treatment for injection water utilization while providing an insight into the potential impact of scale and corrosion risks associated with raw produced water.

This study involves the Adsorption of Secondary treated Textile industry wastewater (dye) employing activated carbon (AC). Adsorption activity of adsorbent such as produced from Bamboo through chemical activation method has been investigated. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) was used for the development of AC from Bamboo as a chemical activating agent under condition (temperature of 400 °C for 1 h). An attempt was made to research the effect of process parameters on the removal of dye by quantity of adsorbents, initial dye concentration, pH, contact time, temperature, and agitation speed. The experiments were carried out by the varying amount of adsorbents (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 g/L), initial concentration of dye (200, 400, 600, 800 mg/L), pH (3, 5, 7, 9, 11), contact time (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 h.), Agitation speeds (100, 200, 300 rpm) and temperature (30, 40, 50 °C). The acceptable adsorbent dose was found to be 2 g/l of 200 mg/L Bamboo Activated Carbon (BAC) for dye. The maximum rate of removal was observed in the basic medium at pH11 with agitation speed 200 rpm at 30°C for BAC. The removal of dye by using BAC has been found to be a low-cost, eco-friendly, effective process.

The present investigation deals with the preparation of Sb3+ doped (from 0.01 to 1 mol%) Cd0.92Hg0.08S thin films onto the well polished and cleaned stainless steel substrates. The previously optimized conditions were used for the deposition. The electrochemical photosensing cells were fabricated out of these series of Sb3+ doped Cd0.92Hg0.08S photoactive electrodes and sulphide/polysulphide (0.2 M) as an electrolyte. The cells were then characterized through the various properties and their performance has been studied with a special reference to the Sb3+ doping concentration. The cells were illuminated with a white light of (13 mW/cm3) intensity and the cell parameters such as photocurrent (Iph), photo voltage (Vph), the electrochemical conversion efficiency (η), fill factor (ff) etc., have been determined. It is found that Iph, Vph, η% and ff% have been boosted significantly with Sb3+ doping concentration up to 0.1 mol% and then decreased. Typically, Iph enhanced from 0.152 to 0.214 mA/cm2 and that Vph from 297 to 391 mV whereas η increased from 1.27 to 2.41% and ff from 36.44 to 38.65%. The junction ideality factors were determined and indicated that the recombination mechanism is dominant at the electrode/electrolyte interface. The capacitance—voltage measurements showed Vfb to be enhanced from −1.068 to −1.297 V (Vs SCE). Barrier potential measurements determined Pool—Frenkel type conduction mechanism. Overall the photovoltaic detector performance has been found to be boosted significantly at 0.1 mol% Sb3+ doping concentration in Cd0.92Hg0.08S electrode.

This work, reports the synthesis of Zn1−x−yCoxCdySzSe1−z thin films by a vacuum-free, low temperature, inexpensive, easiest modified chemical route. The wettability studies indicated the hydrophobic nature of as-grown samples. The energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis revealed the addition of Co, Cd, and S in the ZnSe host. Further, the chemical analysis confirmed the oxidations states of constituents as Zn2+, Co2+, Cd2+, S2− and Se2−. The Fourier transform spectroscopy was used to identify the existing bond structure in the films. The morphology of the as-grown thin films showed a distribution of globular grains over the surface of elongated multi-faceted crystallites.

Failure of the boiler tube is the main reason for forced outages at the coal fired thermal power plants. With increasing the demand for electricity, it is very necessary for the power plants to generate electricity without forced outages. Boiler tube failure accounts for a 4% annual loss in large fossil unit availability on a national basis. A significant amount of engineering and technical effort has been expended to prevent boiler tube failure. The present work is concerned with the prevention of the corrosion failure of boiler tube by using High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) NiCrAlY coating. An experimental analysis has been carried out with the nano-crystalline (nc) and micro-crystalline (mc) NiCrAlY coating over T22 (2.25 Cr–1 Mo) specimen subjected to high temperature cyclic oxidation at 700 °C in presence of air to investigate its oxidation kinetics. A comparative study has been conducted to study the effect of nano-crystalline (nc) and micro-crystalline (mc) NiCrAlY coating over T22. A good impact is observed for nano-crystalline NiCrAlY coating from the current work.

This research presents an overview of the cooling system used to cool the FeSiMg alloy in one Industry. The traditional cooling system being used requires 20 min for the solidification of FeSiMg alloy. The Magnesium present in the alloy reacts with oxygen forming a layer of Magnesium oxide at the top surface of the alloy. The formation of the Magnesium oxide leads to wastage of the material. Thus, there is a need to minimize the solidification time of FeSiMg alloy to minimize the alloy wastage, and hence there is a need to design an efficient cooling system. The cooling system uses water for taking out the heat from the molten alloy. Therefore, efficient cooling system design is basically applied to improve the heat transfer coefficients (h) form FeSiMg alloy to the cooling water. The experimental analysis is performed to optimize the parameters like mass flow rate of water, water inlet temperature, so the cooling is achieved in less time. The experimental analysis revealed the optimized parameters resulting in a reduction in the solidification time, i.e., 8 min. Thus, with the reduction in the solidification time, the loss of alloy is reduced from 5 to 3.5%, i.e., the saving of material is 1.5% of the total material.

A preliminary investigation on the fitness of Calophyllum (non-edible) oil for the development of its fractions for biodiesel/Calophyllum Oil Methyl Ester and its characterization is carried out. The Calophyllum seeds considered, which shows the second-highest productivity (after palm) of 4680 kg oil per hector. According to the oil yield, Calophyllum was identified as the future potential feedstock for biodiesel with the productivity of 4680 lit oil per hector, the second-highest after palm oil. The highest biodiesel yield 67% was found at 1.5:1 oil to methoxide ratio at reaction temperature 50–60 °C among the ratio of 1:1, 1.5:1 and 2:1 for the temperature range 40–50, 50–60 and 60–70 °C. The investigation revealed that the fatty acid methyl ester of Calophyllum seed oil met all the major biodiesel requirements in the USA ASTM D 6751-02, ASTM PS 121-99, European Union EN 14214, Germany DIN V 51606 and Indian Standards IS 1448. And in fuel blend, the increase in content of biodiesel, there is increases in density, kinematic viscosity at the same time there is reduction in calorific value, cetane number, flash point and fire point.

A huge power claim has focused to discover the finest way of using conventional energy. Nearly all current energy requirements in India are being met with fossil fuels. Because of this alternative fuels for engines should be made from available local resources. Due to less availability of diesel fuel and its inflated cost as well as harmful emissions emitted by CI engine, the use of biodiesel and its mixture has gained significance over the last twenty years due to its environmental and cost-effective benefits. On the basis of obtained experimentation results the use of biodiesel in diesel boost up engine performance and lowers hazardous emissions. The requisite to reduce hazardous emissions at the least level is to make sure safety for the mankind and also to the engine. Nanoparticles have been found to be well capable in hazardous emission control. Using optimized mixture of biodiesel and diesel will reduce some considerable amount of the world’s dependence on fossil fuels without variation of CI Engine.

Energy in the form of heat can be restored and later can be used is need for today’s situation. Preserving any form of energy is important to save the environment and protect global warming. In present research heat recovery from domestic gas is carried out and can be used for different purposes also it is used on large scale also. In turn, we save electric consumption and fuel used for heating water and cooking purposes. Therefore the proposed design will actually use the heat of the emitted stream (that was previously just discarded to the atmosphere by the chimneys), and consume a considerable amount of the electrical units (kWh) and the LPG fuel that was being used to heat up water for various residential purposes. After the design, the model is tested several times for various flames such as low medium and high flame and by the experimental observations and the theoretical calculations the efficiency of the system is calculated.

Some copper(II), cadmium(II) and nickel(II) complexes of the formula [Cu(L)(PPh3) H2O], [Cd(L)(PPh3)H2O], [Ni(L)(PPh3)H2O] (C1–C3) [where L = (Z)-3-(2,5-Dimethoxybenzylideneamino)-2-methylquinazolin-4(3H)-one; PPh3 = triphenylphosphine] have been synthesized and characterized on the basis of IR, UV–Vis, 1H-NMR spectral studies, mass spectroscopy as well as on the basis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, elemental analysis and conductance data. The results revealed that the bidentate ligand (L) coordinated to the metal center through the lactum oxygen and the azomethine nitrogen. The powder X-ray diffraction studies showed that Cu(II), Cd(II) and Ni(II) complexes of schiff base ligand (L) exhibited triclinic crystal system.

We investigate numerically the thermo-fluidic behaviors for laminar flow of non-Newtonian fluids through a serpentine channel. The temperature and velocity fields, Nusselt number, and performance factor have been investigated by varying the Prandtl number (Pr), power-law index (n) and Reynolds number (Re) in the range of $$0.72 \le \Pr \le 100$$ 0.72 ≤ Pr ≤ 100 , $$0.5 \le n \le 1.5$$ 0.5 ≤ n ≤ 1.5 and $$50 \le {\text{Re}} \le 500$$ 50 ≤ Re ≤ 500 , respectively. The size of recirculation zone depends on both Re and n. For Re = 50, average Nusselt number $$\left( {\overline{Nu} } \right)$$ Nu ¯ decreases with n for smaller Pr, while opposite trend is observed for higher Pr. For Re = 500, $$\overline{Nu}$$ Nu ¯ monotonically decreases with n for all Pr. It is found that for higher Pr and Re, the performance factor is greater than unity for all n.

The polymer compound can change from an insulator to a semiconductor over a very small filtration range. In the present work the ionic/electronic transfer rate (ition/te) was measured using the dc polarization process proposed by Wagner and Wagner 1957. The number of ionic transference number for all samples was found to be 0.952 to 0.973 and the temperature dependence of conductivity is measured by two-probe method, in which the sample resistance measured dc conductivity is found to be 4.00464 × 10−06Scm−1. The further increase in LiCl causes a decrease in high salinity filtration, a decrease in mobility may be due to the increasing influence of ion pairs, ion triplets, and high ion concentrations, which reduces overall travel and freedom level.

In present work an attempt has been made to synthesize polymeric stationary phase for metal ion sorption by polymer analogous reactions by post reacting the graft copolymers. Cellulose was graft copolymerized with EAc [hereafter called Cell-g-poly (EAc)] by redox initiation method using Ce+4 ions following the earlier reported scheme at the optimum grafting conditions worked out for grafting of Acrylonitrile (AN) onto Hydroxyethyl cellulose(HEC). The graft copolymer was further functionalized by post reacting it to poly (hydroxamic acid) [cell-g-poly (CONHOH)] to generate chelating (-CONHOH) groups for metal ion sorption. Functionalization was achieved by refluxing known weight of grafted sample with 20%NH2O−K+ in distilled methanol (50 mL) for 6 h at 60–70 °C followed by the equilibration of product with 0.5 N HCl. Functionalized graft copolymer was characterized by Elemental analysis and FT-IR to establish the qualitative and quantitative aspects of polymer conversion. Since functionalization was never upto 100% the resultant polymer was a copolymer of parent and functionalized polymer [cell-g-poly (EAc-co-CONHOH)]. An attempt was also made to report the sorption behaviour of some metal ions like Fe+3,Co+2,Cu+2,Ca+2 and Mg+2 on candidate polymer in order to explore selectivity in metal ion sorption. Effect of structural aspects of the functionalized graft copolymer on sorption behaviour was also investigated to define its end uses in more specific way.

In present research work, cotton fabric was dyed with reactive dye using primary colors like red, green, blue after evaluate the fastness properties of the dyed sample via, fastness to washing, fastness to water, fastness to rubbing were evaluated by standard method. Using the non-formaldehyde based fixing agent in reactive dyes. It is also pointed out that the non-formaldehyde based fixing agent is eco-friendly and meets the environmental norms and all fastness result are good. In continuation after dyeing applying the various concentration of silicone softener and polyethylene softener which increases in tearing and tensile strength.

Village information system (VIS) is a geographical information system (GIS) based application, which provides detailed information pertaining to demography, Infrastructure and natural resource for every village, district and state. It displays geo-referenced maps of virtually any political boundary in India from village to a district, a stator the entire country. Users can create, query and print their own map through interactive maps. They can also download readymade thematic map. Any one visiting a village for the first time wants to first hand information about location of village, approach to the village, general idea about the topography of the village, its Population and available facilities, name of the government functionaries, etc.

The current research article deals with the study of preparation of polypyrrole-tin oxide (PPy/SnO2) hybrid nanocomposites, with an addition of SnO2 from 10 wt% to 50 wt% in PPy matrix by a solid state method, and their nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sensing activity. The casting solution prepared by dispersing the composite powder in m-cresol solvent was used for obtaining composite films on glass substrate which were characterized for their structures, crystallinities, morphologies, and binding energies with various measurements. Room temperature chemiresistive performance of the hybrid nanocomposite sensors were studied towards ethanol, methanol, hydrogen sulfide, NO2, ammonia, and chlorine gases. From the tested gases, PPy/SnO2 (50 wt%)composite sensors demonstrated a highest selectivity towards NO2 gas (~53% response to 100 ppm) together with reproducibility kinetics. So the studies are focused on same material for better clarity.

ZnO nanorods structures with low dimensions were prepared by aqueous solution monitored through self-assembled hydrothermal method. The hydrothermally grown ZnO nanorods were explored by primarily X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and contact angle. The ramification conveys that the ZnO nanorods were collected of high-aspect-ratio nanorods. Additionally, measurement of gas-sensing properties carried out for various concentration of gas viz 5–100 ppm, which validates that the ZnO nanorods were of good selectivity and response to poisonous NO2 and could set out for NO2 sensor to detect low-concentration NO2.

The traditional Indian knowledge system has always encouraged skill-based learning, wherein entrepreneurs played a key role in society. As per the ancient Indian culture, there are thirty-two streams of ‘Vidyas; (Knowledge) and Sixty-four types of the ‘Kalas’ (Arts). Every Indian village was a self-dependent and smart village in those times. There was a system called ‘Bara Balutedars’, which was implemented to drive the routine administration as well as the economy of the village. The system could be considered as the backbone of the rural economy. However, after the nineteenth century, it was disintegrated gradually. Especially, after globalization, the condition of Indian villages worsened and the prolonged effect of the policies adopted at that time can be observed even today. The rural population in India is facing difficulties regarding education, healthcare, and entrepreneurship. Today, the rural Indian economy is mostly based on agriculture. Other businesses associated with agriculture like poultries, dairies, cattle-farming, etc. are also contributing. However, apart from agro-based industries, the establishment of other industries is necessary to boost the entrepreneurship in rural areas. The purpose of this article is to put forth the facts about traditional Indian knowledge system and how the traditional products like cow products can be helpful in foundry businesses to encourage entrepreneurship in rural India.

The mitticool refrigerator works on the principle of evaporative cooling which keeps the fruits, vegetables and dairy products fresh. Mitticool refrigerator works well in hot and dry weather without electricity. The current study investigates the efficiency of mitticool refrigerator with decrease in inner temperature with respect to outer wind velocity and relative humidity. The study is further extended to different compartments and walls of the refrigerator to calculate the performance of the mitticool refrigerator for different seasons. The results showed that the refrigeration effect achieved in the mitticool refrigerator depends on ambient temperature and humidity. The maximum refrigeration effect achieved in summer is 4.5 °C due to high Dry bulb temperature (DBT). The minimum refrigeration effect achieved in winter is 2.5 °C due to low DBT. It is also observed that in the rainy season, refrigeration effect is 3 °C due to high relative humidity. The refrigeration effect at day is higher and at night is slightly lower. Mitticool refrigerator gives better performance in the summer season.

Hospitality management has a crucial role in the success of any events or parties especially in hotels, cruise ships, and many similar events. Furthermore, the tourism environment is a direct function of hospitality management. Additionally, these industries were largely hit by the COVID-19 outbreak. A requirement of holistic employee training was never more needed than before for the survival of these industries. The present study addresses this gap and presents the recommendation of the case study. It is observed from the study that COVID-19 negatively impacted the customer traveling pattern by 53% in the Indian subcontinent. Additionally, online meeting frequency increased by 61% due to this pandemic. Furthermore, Customer preferred hotel type is improved by 18% due to getting higher safety standards. Moreover, staying with relatives is also preferred. Our study also revealed that education and experience positively impact the covid-19 training score. Further regression analysis is also performed. The readership of this research work is management trainees and societal committees and hospitality and tourism managers.

For the present study, ten samples from the Solapur Industrial Area have been collected and subjected to Physico-chemical analysis. In this paper, the results have discussed in detail. Most of the parameter like EC (100%), TDS (100%), TH (100%), Ca (90%), Mg (80%), Cl (70%), etc. shows their contents above maximum permissible limit given by WHO. The groundwater from the Solapur industrial area has classified for irrigation purpose based on Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), Kelly's Ratio (KR), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Percent Sodium (%Na) and Permeability Index (PI). The values of SAR, KR, SSP, RSC and %Na of the groundwater samples are within permissible limit indicating excellent water quality for irrigation purpose. The PI values of the groundwater, indicating unsuitable water quality for irrigation purpose. As per Richards's [15] classification, all groundwater samples fall in Poor/Bad water class.

The growth of the industry has resulted in severe environmental problems, especially from the textile units. The discharge of effluents has caused serious pollution of surface water, groundwater and soil in the study area. Groundwater contamination is the result of polluted water infiltrating through the soil and rock and eventually reaching the groundwater. Solapur is one of the major city in the state of Maharashtra and is a leading centre for cotton mills and power looms. Various textile products like bed-sheets, terry-towels, and chaddars etc. have exported to different countries which have earned international reputation and fame due to their novel design, attractive colours and durability. For the present study, ten samples from the Solapur Industrial Area have been collected and subjected to physicochemical analysis. In this paper, the results have been discussed in detail. Most of the parameter like EC (100%), TDS (100%), TH (100%), Ca (90%), Mg (80%), Cl (70%), etc. shows their contents above maximum permissible limit given by WHO.

Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) and its Conservation, is the activity of direct collection of rainwater and collected rainwater can be recharged into the Ground Water or can be store for immediate use. The main aim of the RWH is to reduce the flow of Rain Water through Drains/Streams/Nalas to the rivers without any use of the same. It is a well-known fact that the Ground Water level is depleting and going down and down in the last 2–3 decades. Thus Rain Water Harvesting and Conservation aims at optimum utilization of the natural resource, which is the first and clean source of water that everybody knows in the water cycle and hence is a first or primary source of water for the human being. The lakes, rivers and groundwater harvesting and conservation, we all depend entirely on such secondary sources of water for all-purpose. In the process, it is forgotten that the final source of feed for these secondary sources is rainwater. The value of this essential primary source of water must not be lost.

In the recent years, the growth of women journalists in India has been at a considerable rate. This growth includes women journalists from both urban and rural areas. However, involvement of women journalists belonging to rural areas as compared to the women journalists in urban areas is not that much noticeable in mainstream news media. But this is also a fact that the number of women journalists in rural areas has been substantially improved. Hence, the study of rural women journalists becomes significant to be explored. In this paper, we focus on the study and analysis of the social and economic conditions of female journalists in news media in India’s rural areas.

Water resources are sources of water that useful or potentially useful to humans. Uses of water are including domestic, agricultural, industrial, recreational as well as environmental activities. Virtually, all these human uses require fresh water. The water samples from the Godavari River of the five sampling site are taken and analyzed for the physicochemical parameters such as Colour, Odour, Temperature, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Solids (TS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Hardness (TH), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Chloride (Cl), Alkalinity (TA), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Turbidity, etc. parameters in seven weeks. Godavari River water is one of the important sources of water in Nanded city. As the Nanded is drought-prone area alteration within major or minor in the characteristics of River water results in great attention of day to day life of citizens of Nanded. There are 5 samples taken weeks of March and April months of Godavari River to access the quality of water and the results are compared with WHO standards.

LULC mapping is one of the most important applications of remote sensing. Land use widely used in the development of groundwater resources. The hydrogeological processes such as Infiltration, evapotranspiration, surface runoff etc. were controlled by land use. Surface cover provide roughness to the surfaces, reduce discharge there by increases the infiltration. In the forest areas, infiltration will be higher and runoff will be less whereas in urban areas rate of infiltration may decrease. Remote sensing techniques will give detailed information with respect to spatial distribution of land use and vegetation type in minimum time and low cost in comparison to other conventional data. Land Use Land Cover of study area has been analyzed for 2018 LISS III image. The investigated area shows that major portion in land use is Vegetation and Agriculture land 81%, Barren land covering area 14.12%, water body covering area 2.60% and settlement covering area 1.53%.