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2023 | Buch

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Testing of Materials for Fire Protection Needs

European Standard Test Methods for the Building Sector

verfasst von: Linda Makovická Osvaldová, Widya Fatriasari

Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland

Buchreihe : The Society of Fire Protection Engineers Series

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

This book offers an overview of European testing methods for fire protection materials.

Used in a broad range of applications, these materials are designed to ensure that fires do not occur, or that their effects are combated to the greatest extent possible. The book deals with methods not only for the construction industry but also, for example, for furniture / interior furnishings, plastics, and clothing, including special-purpose clothing for firefighters and rescuers, explosive mixtures, the intensity of smoke, etc.

This comprehensive book examines standardized testing methods, while also assessing large-scale tests and specialized non-standardized tests and providing information on various materials and their behavior when exposed to flame.

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Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Part I

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Fire

Abstract

If we go back in time, the oldest evidence of man using fire to meet his own needs is 1.4 million years old and comes from Kenya. The use of fire in prehistoric times is also documented by findings from the Republic of South Africa, a million years old, and from the territory of China, approximately 700,000 years old. According to archaeologists W. C. Peia, P. Teilhard de Chardina and C. Young, the hominoid “homo sinanthropus” already knew how to use fire. Sites with a six–meter–high layer of charred wood were found. This shows that man knew how to use fire, but he did not know how to start it [1]. Here is where the relationship between wood and fire started.

Linda Makovická Osvaldová, Widya Fatriasari

Chapter 2. The Theoretical Basis for Materials Testing

Abstract

Burning is a very complex physicochemical process of a rapid-ongoing oxidation reaction accompanied by heat release and flame. Depending on their ability to react with oxygen, materials can be divided into flammable ones and non-flammable ones. If the flammable set (flammable substance and oxygen) is of one state, i.e., the flammable mixture is formed before the reaction itself in the burning area, it is called homogeneous burning. Its characteristic feature is a flame. If the flammable set is composed of two states, i.e. a solid substance being a fuel and oxidizing agent a gas, it is called heterogeneous burning. In this case, the characteristic feature is smoldering [10, 15, 16].

Linda Makovická Osvaldová, Widya Fatriasari

Chapter 3. Testing of Materials for Fire Protection Use

Abstract

In general, technical practice, there is a need to evaluate materials as they are, or to evaluate their combinations (composites). It is important to evaluate their technical characteristics such as their physical and mechanical properties. Many materials are tested for their exposure to certain climatic conditions, static or dynamic load, etc.

Linda Makovická Osvaldová, Widya Fatriasari

Part II

Frontmatter

Chapter 4. Testing of Building Materials

Abstract

EU standardization bodies aim to establish a harmonized procedure for the Reaction-to-fire classification system of building materials, valid in all EU countries [1, 4, 5]. This classification is based on test procedures listed in Sects. 4.1 and 4.2. This procedure applies to two categories of products: construction products other than floor coverings (see Table 4.1); floor coverings (see Table 4.2) [10].

Linda Makovická Osvaldová, Widya Fatriasari

Chapter 5. Testing of Cables, Conductors, and Wiring

Abstract

At present, the issue of cables and wires is not limited solely to monitoring and improving their electrical, mechanical, or transmission properties, but also includes the characteristics describing the behavior of cables and conductors under particular conditions of electrical wiring, and their environmental impact with emphasis on the recyclability of the materials used. Electrical cables and wires can generally be divided into the following groups [1, 2, 6, 7, 9]:

power cables and wires – for transmission and distribution of energy,
communication cables and wires – for transmission and distribution of signals and/or information,
winding wires – used for winding machines, transformers, coils.

Linda Makovická Osvaldová, Widya Fatriasari

Chapter 6. Testing of Insulation Systems, Facades, and Roofs

Abstract

A fire can spread through several routes as it moves through a building. The most important of these is the spread of the flame over the flammable outer building surface, vertically or horizontally through the air gaps between the cladding or facade systems, or through the core of the insulation itself as stated in the international standards ISO 13785-1 [17] On the Testing of the spread of fire along the exterior wall cladding. Furthermore, the standard discusses potential scenarios for the spread of fire: from the room through a window onto a facade; the fire of combustibles located outside near the facade (e.g., waste, vegetation), or fire of the neighboring building [1–9, 11–13].

Linda Makovická Osvaldová, Widya Fatriasari

Chapter 7. Resistance to Fire

Abstract

In addition to the evaluation of individual materials entering the building structure, there was a need to evaluate the building structure as a whole. The fire resistance of building structures began to be evaluated under the conditions in which the structure works in the building. Test methods for ignition and burning of materials have a history (see Chap. 3). The evaluation of constructions for fire resistance also has its own history. István Moder processed the chronology of important stages in the improvement of the regulations for testing the fire resistance of building structures. We present these stages in Tables 7.1 and 7.2.

Linda Makovická Osvaldová, Widya Fatriasari

Part III

Frontmatter

Chapter 8. Testing of Plastics

Abstract

Plastics belong to the category of materials which require special attention in terms of fire protection. Due to their increased use in construction, the number of fires has increased and after a more detailed investigation, it has been found that their nature has changed as well. The fire spread rate has increased disproportionately as well as the temperature of the developed fire, which called for changes in material testing. Plastics now have a separate category of standards testing their properties for fire protection needs [4, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 22].

Linda Makovická Osvaldová, Widya Fatriasari

Chapter 9. Testing of Fabrics and Clothing

Abstract

Clothing has played the role of our second skin since ancient times. From the very beginning, clothing had a functional protective and insulating function as well as a cultural role. Just as people dress their bodies in textiles, they like to use textiles to make their homes, offices, hotels, restaurants, etc. inviting and cozy. Most carpets, upholstery, curtains, and wallpapers are made from textiles. Textile is flexible, soft, relatively light, easy to process and use, durable and simple to manufacture in many forms, patterns, shades, and designs. Textiles beautify the interior and make furniture nicer [2, 5, 7, 9, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19]. Textiles are made of natural and synthetic fibers and mixtures thereof.

Linda Makovická Osvaldová, Widya Fatriasari

Chapter 10. Testing of Furniture

Abstract

At present, upholstery plays a specific role in the production of furniture and is an integral part of it. In the industrial sector, upholstered material must meet safety standards such as strength, sanitariness, and fire resistance. The upholstered product includes upholstery fabrics, which are flammable substances, so it is justified to examine the product’s fire safety, and important to design preventive measures to increase the fire safety of these textiles [4, 6–8, 12–14].

Linda Makovická Osvaldová, Widya Fatriasari

Part IV

Frontmatter

Chapter 11. Testing of Dust and Dust Mixtures

Abstract

Dust is a solid substance in a pulverized state which is made up of particles of solid material smaller than 0.5 mm. It can be said that a substance is inflammable in a solid compact state under normal conditions, but it burns and blows up in the pulverized state, in the form of dust. Almost all substances burn when in the form of dust except dolomite, limestone, oxides, and metal salts [1, 2, 7, 9, 18].

Linda Makovická Osvaldová, Widya Fatriasari

Chapter 12. Smoke and Toxicity

Abstract

Smoke is a fire-related phenomenon. For some materials, such as plastics, the generation of smoke is always evaluated as part of the testing process (see Chap. 8). In this chapter, we present both smoke density and smoke toxicity evaluation methods. All materials that will be applied in specific locations, e.g., tunnels, must pass the given tests.

Linda Makovická Osvaldová, Widya Fatriasari

Chapter 13. Testing of Flammable Liquids

Abstract

Among the many methods used to test the flammability of liquids, we have selected the following: EN ISO 3679:2022 [7], EN ISO 2592:2017 [8], EN ISO 2719: 2016 [9], EN 924:2003 [10].

Linda Makovická Osvaldová, Widya Fatriasari

Part V

Frontmatter

Chapter 14. Special Test Methods

Abstract

In addition to test methods that are directly put into practice by determining e.g., the test material’s reaction to fire, in order to approve or disapprove of its application in the environment, construction, or space, there are a number of special methodologies for evaluating substances and materials. In this chapter, we will mention just a few that are used the most in practice, namely the cone calorimeter and methods for determining the flammability of liquids.

Linda Makovická Osvaldová, Widya Fatriasari

Chapter 15. Large-Scale Test Methods

Abstract

In the previous chapters, we presented a range of universal and special test methods for evaluating the fire resistance of materials and constructions; these methods are comprehensive enough for fire protection assessment. However, in addition to these laboratory methods, in practice, large-scale tests are also carried out. Though they are very costly and have low repeatability, these tests are important as they accurately simulate a real fire.

Linda Makovická Osvaldová, Widya Fatriasari

Chapter 16. Non-standardized Tests

Abstract

In this chapter, we describe a non-standardized test method that goes back to the beginnings of test methods: a continuous monitoring of the change in sample weight during the test. The test uses small samples and it is economically undemanding. The method, in its simplicity, enables the repeatability of the experiment on one material and statistical evaluation of the results. It uses two sources of ignition of the sample, flame and radiant, both of which operate in the open space under standard laboratory conditions.

Linda Makovická Osvaldová, Widya Fatriasari

Part VI

Frontmatter

Chapter 17. Flame Retardants: Principle of Retardation

Abstract

Flame retardants can be divided into two basic categories, according to the retarding effect and the method of application onto the material. It should be noted that improving the properties of the material with a flame retardant is possible for all materials. This is most important for naturally combustible materials (wood and wood-based materials and other lignocellulosic materials), where retardation is possible in several ways, but it is a very complex process. It is also possible to modify textiles (the product itself or the fiber) and plastics.

Linda Makovická Osvaldová, Widya Fatriasari

Chapter 18. Effects of Flame Retardants in Individual Tests

Abstract

In this final chapter, we present our own experience with testing various materials and their modifications, including retardation. Based on the test results, we also present other options (e.g., technical solutions) to increase fire safety in the given conditions. Of course, we focus on the need for retardation and the effects of retardation on the given material or the given form of the tested material.

Linda Makovická Osvaldová, Widya Fatriasari

Backmatter

Titel: Testing of Materials for Fire Protection Needs
verfasst von: Linda Makovická Osvaldová
Widya Fatriasari
Copyright-Jahr: 2023
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-39711-0
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-39710-3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39711-0