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2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

7. The Classification of Crowdwork and Work by Platforms: Alternatives and Implications

verfasst von : Gionata Cavallini

Erschienen in: Working in Digital and Smart Organizations

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This paper examines the challenge that the organisational models adopted by the gig economy platforms represent for labour law. Starting from the premise that platforms providing “crowdwork” and “work by platform” risk undermining the founding idea of labour law that “labour is not a commodity”, the contribution aims to analyse the different paths pursued by case law and legal literature in order to prevent platform workers from falling into an “empty space of law”. To this end, the contribution focuses on the attempts made to pursue the reclassification of platform workers as subordinate employees in order to provide them with full employment rights, and, in the second instance, it tries to verify whether it is useful and possible to search for some protective provisions even outside the field of statutory employment law.

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Fußnoten
1
The term “crowdwork” has been used in literature both to indicate all the new forms of work in the gig economy (Prassl and Risak 2016; Däubler and Klebe 2016) and, in a narrower sense, to identify only the platform-mediated provision, by a global workforce, of human intelligence tasks executed online in favour of third parties (natural persons but also firms). The prototype is Amazon Mechanical Turk, launched by Amazon in 2005.
 
2
The term indicates the platform-mediated provision of services to be performed in the real world (such as driving a car, in the case of Uber and Lyft, or delivering goods, in the case of Deliveroo or foodora), mostly in favour of final customers.
 
3
As a provider you are performing services for a Requester in your personal capacity as an independent contractor and not as an employee of the requester […] this Agreement does not create an […] employer/employee relationship between Providers and requesters, or Providers and AMT” (AMT Participation Agreement, § 3.d, available at https://​www.​mturk.​com/​mturk/​conditionsofuse. Accessed on 1 Dec. 2017); “Uber does not provide transportation or logistics services or function as a transportation carrier and that all such transportation or logistics services are provided by independent third party contractors who are not employed by Uber or any of its affiliates” (Uber B.V. Terms and Conditions, § 2, available at https://​www.​uber.​com/​en-CA/​legal/​terms/​ca/​. Accessed on 1 Dec. 2017); “You are a self-employed supplier and therefore acknowledge that you are neither an employee of Deliveroo, nor a worker within the meaning of any employment rights legislation” (Deliveroo Supplier Agreement, § 2.1. http://​www.​parliament.​uk/​documents/​commons-committees/​work-and-pensions/​Written_​Evidence/​Deliveroo-scooter-contract.​pdf. Accessed 1 Dec. 2017).
 
4
California Northern District Court 11 March 2015, Cotter et al. vs. Lyft Inc., Case No. 13-cv-04065-VC, Order denying cross-motions for summary judgement, available at http://​adapt.​it/​adapt-indice-a-z/​wp-content/​uploads/​2015/​06/​Cotter_​Lyft.​pdf.
 
5
London Employment Tribunal 28 Oct. 2016, Aslam, Farrar et al. v. Uber B.V. et al., available at https://​www.​judiciary.​gov.​uk/​wp-content/​uploads/​2016/​10/​aslam-and-farrar-v-uber-reasons-20161028.​pdf. Accessed on 1 Dec. 2017.
 
7
Employment Tribunal of Belo Horizonte 13 Feb. 2017, available at https://​www.​conjur.​com.​br/​dl/​juiz-reconhece-vinculo-emprego-uber.​pdf. Accessed on 1 Dec. 2017; Employment Tribunal of Sao Paulo 20 April 2017, available at https://​d2f17dr7ourrh3.​cloudfront.​net/​wp-content/​uploads/​2017/​04/​Sentenc%CC%A7a-Uber.​SP-V%C3%ADnculo.​pdf. Accessed on 1 Dec. 2017.
 
8
London Employment Tribunal 28 Oct. 2016 (note 5), n. 97.
 
9
Conclusions in the Case C-434/15, Asociación Profesional Élite Taxi v Uber Systems Spain, S.L., ECLI:EU:C:2017:364.
 
10
Tribunal of Milan 25 May 2015 and Tribunal of Milan 2 July 2015, both in Diritto dell’informazione e dell’informatica, 2015, 6, p. 1053 and p. 1068 respectively.
 
11
Tribunal of Milan 20 June 1986, in Rivista Italiana di Diritto del Lavoro, 1987, II, p. 70.
 
12
Tribunal of Turin 12 Feb. 1996, in Rivista Italiana di Diritto del Lavoro, 1997, II, p. 290.
 
13
Tribunal of Milan 27 April 1987, in Lavoro 80, 1987, p. 258.
 
14
Tribunal of Milan 20 June 1986, in Rivista Italiana di Diritto del Lavoro, 1987, II, p. 71.
 
15
Ivi, p. 73.
 
16
London Employment Tribunal 28 Oct. 2016 (note 5), n. 85.
 
17
At first by second instance judges (Tribunal of Milan 10 Oct.1987, in Il Foro Italiano, 1989, I, c. 2632), and then by the Supreme Court (Court of Cassation 10 July 1991, n. 7608, in Rivista Italiana di Diritto del Lavoro, 1992, II, p. 370).
 
18
Court of Cassation 20 Jan. 2011, n. 1238, in Giustizia Civile Massimario, 2011, p. 85.
 
19
Some movies marked that turn-point, such as Tutta la vita davanti (2008).
 
20
Ministry of Labour Circular 14 June 2006, n. 17.
 
21
Tribunal of Rome 3 Dec. 2008, in Diritto e Pratica del Lavoro, 2009, p. 1887.
 
22
Tribunal of Milan 18 Jan. 2007, in Diritto e Pratica del Lavoro, 2007, p. 1264.
 
23
Ministry of Labour Circular 31 March 2008, n. 8.
 
24
Ministerial Note 3 Dec. 2008, n. 17,286.
 
25
European Court of Justice 2 Dec. 2014, C-413/13, FNV Kunsten Informatie en Media v. Staat der Nederlanden, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2411.
 
26
California Northern District Court 11 March 2015, O’Connor et al. v. Uber Technologies Inc. et al., available at http://​digitalcommons.​law.​scu.​edu/​cgi/​viewcontent.​cgi?​article=​1935&​context=​historical. Accessed on 1 Dec. 2017.
 
27
London Employment Tribunal 28 Oct. 2016 (note 5), n. 89.
 
28
Tribunal of Milan 25 May 2015 and Tribunal of Milan 2 July 2015, both in Diritto dell’informazione e dell’informatica, 2015, 6, p. 1053 and p. 1068 respectively.
 
29
Request for a preliminary ruling C-434/15, Asociación Profesional Élite Taxi v Uber Systems Spain, S.L.
 
30
The expression “B2b contracts” (Business to business contracts) indicates those commercial contracts stipulated by a small firm (business with lower-case b) and a bigger business (business with upper-case B), under which the former provides the latter with goods or services on a continuative bases and in conditions of economic dependency.
 
31
Tribunal of Messina 7 July 2010, in Diritto dell’informazione e dell’informatica, 2011, 118.
 
32
Tribunal of Catanzaro 30 April 2012, in Diritto dell’informazione e dell’informatica, 2012, 1174.
 
33
Ivi, 1180.
 
34
Court of Cassation 18 Sept. 2009, n. 20,106, in I contratti 2010, 5, deemed abusive the sudden and unjustified termination of a retail relationship, granting reparation for damage and loss.
 
35
London Employment Tribunal 28 Oct. 2016 (note 5), n. 100.
 
36
Proposed on 27 Jan. 2016 and currently pending at the Chamber of Deputies.
 
37
Constitutional Court 7 July 1964, n. 75, in Giurisprudenza Costituzionale, 1964, 751. Recently, Court of Cassation 8 June 2007, n. 13,440, in DeJure.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
The Classification of Crowdwork and Work by Platforms: Alternatives and Implications
verfasst von
Gionata Cavallini
Copyright-Jahr
2018
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77329-2_7