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2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. The Concept of Public Private Partnerships

verfasst von : George Nwangwu

Erschienen in: Public Private Partnerships in Nigeria

Verlag: Palgrave Macmillan UK

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Abstract

This chapter discusses the key concepts underpinning public private partnerships (PPPs), to ensure that readers have a firm grasp of the subject matter. The chapter defines the nature of a PPP, traces the history of such arrangements and examines the different models that exist. The chapter also presents the background for the remainder of the book; among other matters, the nature and extent of infrastructure development in Nigeria is discussed, as well as the state and use of PPPs for financing infrastructure projects in Nigeria. This chapter distils the critical success factors for PPP projects, as well as international best practices for carrying out PPP projects. Importantly, this chapter provides the benchmark against which the Nigerian PPP programme is assessed in subsequent chapters.

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Nächstes Kapitel The Legal and Institutional Framework for PPPs in Nigeria

“What are Public Private Partnerships”, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk/1518523.stm (last accessed 14 May 2015).

International Monetary Fund, available at http://www.imf.org/external/np/fad/2004/pifp/eng/031204.pdf (last accessed 12 October 2015).

Parliament of Australia, available at http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/rp/2002-03/03rp01.htm#whatareppp (last accessed 23 June 2010).

Canadian Council for Public-Private Partnership, available at http://www.pppcouncil.ca/resources/about-ppp/definitions.html (last accessed 12 October 2015).

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, available at http://ncppp.org/howpart/index.shtml#define (last accessed 17 September 2010).

Jose Luis Navero Espigares and Jose Aureliano Martin Segura, ‘Public Private Partnerships and Regional Productivity in the United Kingdom’, (online), available at http://www.reser.net/file/75439/ (last accessed 12 October 2015).

PPIAF, available at http://www.ppiaf.org/ppiaf/sites/ppiaf.org/files/publication/WB%20-%20PPP%20Units%202007.pdf (last accessed 12 October 2015).

H.M. Treasury, available at http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130129110402/http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/ppp_index.htm (last accessed 12 October 2015).

This definition is similar to the position of a number of writers from the USA that seem to give privatisation a wider meaning to encompass PPPs. See, for example, E. Dannin, ‘Crumbling Infrastructure, Crumbling Democracy: Infrastructure Privatization Contracts and Their Effects on State and Local Governance ’, (2011) Northwestern Journal of Law and Social Policy, 6(2): 46 –104.

European Commission Guidelines for Successful Public Private Partnerships 2003, available at http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/guides/ppp_en.pdf (last accessed 12 October 2015).

Asian Development Bank (2008), available at http://www.apec.org.au/docs/ADB%20Public%20Private%20Partnership%20Handbook.pdf (last accessed 17 September 2010).

See also Malaysian Public Private Guidelines (2009), PPP Unit, Prime Minister’s Department Putrajaya, (online), available at http://www.ukas.gov.my/html/themes/miu/content/ppp_bi_131109.pdf (last accessed 29 February 2012).

Stephen Harris (2004) “Public Private Partnerships: Delivering Better Infrastructure Services”, Working Paper, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC, p. 3.

Eduardo Engel, Ronald Fischer and Alexander Galetovic (2014) The Economics of Public-Private Partnerships: A Basic Guide. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 13.

Darrin Grimsey and Mervyn Lewis (2004) Public Private Partnerships: The Worldwide Revolution in Infrastructure Provision and Project Finance. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

Darrin Grimsey and Mervyn Lewis (2004); Marcus Ahadzi and Graeme Bowles (2004) ‘Public-Private Partnerships and Contract Negotiations: An Empirical Study’, Construction Management and Economics, 22, November : 967–978; A. Ng and Martin Loosemore (2007) ‘Risk Allocation in Private Provision of Public Infrastructure’, International Journal of Project Management, 25(1): 66–76.

W. Moore and T. Muller (1991) ‘Impacts of Development and Infrastructure Financing’, Journal of Urban Planning Development, September, 117(3): 95–107 (95), 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488.

See, Darrin Grimsey and Mervyn Lewis (2004).

These claims have been vigorously challenged. See, for instance, David Hall (2008) Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) Summary Paper, Report commissioned by the European Federation of Public Service Unions (EPSU), p. 6, available at http://www.epsu.org/IMG/pdf/PPPs-summary-011008.pdf (last accessed 12 October 2015).

Edward B. Yescombe, (2007) Public–Private Partnerships: Principles of Policy and Finance, London: Butterworth-Heinemann, p. 9.

Ibid.

Darrin Grimsey and Mervyn Lewis (2004), p. 136.

Ibid.

Edward B. Yescombe (2007), p. 5.

Stephen Harris (2004), p. 3.

Ibid.

Christina D. Tvarno (2010) “Presentation of the PPP Concept” in C.D. Tvarno (ed.), Public Private Partnerships: An International Analysis – From a Legal and Economic Perspective Asia Link, p. 35.

John Quiggin, “BOOT: In the Public Interest?”, Presentation made at the University of Technology, Sydney, March 1998, organized by the Australian Centre for Independent Journalism, Australian Mekong Resource Centre, Sydney University and Community Aid Abroad available at http://www.uq.edu.au/economics/johnquiggin/conference/BOOT.html (last accessed 12 October 2015).

International Monetary Fund (2006) Public-Private Partnerships, Government Guarantees and Fiscal Risk, prepared by IMF staff team, Washington, DC.

United Nations (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific) (2011) Guidebook on Public-Private Partnership in Infrastructure, Bangkok, p. 4.

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (2008) Guidebook on Promoting Good Governance in Public-Private Partnerships, United Nations Publications, Sales No. 08.II.E.1.

Note that this classification differs from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and from institution to institution. There is a tendency by some countries to describe broad private sector involvement with the public sector as PPP.

Asian Development Bank (2008).

Rob Hrab (2004) Private Delivery of Public Services: Public Private Partnerships and Contracting-Out, Panel on the Role of Government in Ontario, Research Paper No. 21, available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=694582 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.694582 (last accessed 12 October 2015).

See Stephen Harris (2004).

This position is consistent with the thinking of academics and general practice in the USA. See Emanuel S. Savas, Privatization and Public Private Partnerships, available at http://www.cesmadrid.es/documentos/Sem200601_MD02_IN.pdf (last accessed 28 February 2012).

United Nations (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific) Guidebook on Public-Private Partnership in Infrastructure.

For the definition of CSF, see, for example, J. Rockart (1982) “The Changing Role of the Information Systems Executive: A Critical Success Factors Perspective”, Sloan Management Review, 23(1): 4.

T. Grant (1996) “Keys to Successful Public-private Partnerships”, Canadian Business Review, 23(3): 27–28.

Doug, Jones (2002) “Policy Development in Australia for Public-Private Partnership Projects – What More is there to Do?”, Paper presented at a Seminar on Providing Value for Money Through Public Private Partnerships: The Lessons Learnt So Far from Economic and Social Infrastructure Projects, 26 June available at http://www.claytonutz.com/downloads/PPP%20paper%2026%20June%202002.pdf (last accessed 12 October 2015).

J.H. Stonehouse, A.R. Hudson and M. J. Okeefe (1996) “Public-Private Partnerships: The Toronto Hospital Experience”, Canadian Business Review, 23(2): 17–20.

Lin Qiao, Shou Qing Wang, Robert L.K. Tiong and Tsang-Sing Chan (2001) “Framework for Critical Success Factors of BOT Projects in China”, Journal of Project Finance, 7(1): 53–61.

Cliff Hardcastle P. Edwards, A. Akintoye and Li Bing (2006) “Critical Success Factors for PPP/PFI Projects in the UK Construction Industry: ACritical Factor Analysis Approach” in T.S. Ng (ed.), Public Private Partnerships: Opportunities and Challenges, Center for Infrastructure and Construction Industry Development, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, pp. 75–83.

Jose A. Gomez-Ibanez (2003) Regulating Infrastructure: Monopoly, Contracts and Discretion, Harvard University Press, USA, p. 4.

Darrin Grimsey and Mervyn K. Lewis (2002) “Evaluating the Risk of Public Private Partnerships for Infrastructure Projects”, International Journal of Project Management, 20: pp. 107–118; A. Threadgold (1996) “Private Financing of Infrastructure and Other Long Term Capital Projects”, Journal of Applied Finance and Investment, 1(1): 7–12.

Infrastructure can be further subdivided into “hard”’ and “soft” infrastructure and also as “material infrastructure”, “personal infrastructure” and “institutional infrastructure”.

Darrin Grimsey and Mervyn K. Lewis (2004).

A. Ng and Martin Loosemore (2007): 66.

Darrin Grimsey and Mervyn K. Lewis (2004).

As at October 2015, power generation has further dropped to 3373.18 mw. See The Herald, Nigeria, 9 October 2015, available at http://www.theheraldng.com/nigerias-power-supply-drops-to-3373-18mw/

Nyananso G. Ekanem (2010) “Nigeria: The Most Dynamic PPP Market in Africa?”, Paper presented at the Southern Africa Development Community PPP Forum and Network Launch in Midrand, South Africa, February 2010.

Ibid.

Uche Ohia (2011) “Infrastructure Concessions in Nigeria: Challenges and Opportunities”, Paper presented at the 5th Annual Diaspora Conference held in Abuja on 25–27 July 2011.

Engr. Mansur Ahmed (2011) Infrastructure Development for Nigeria: The PPP Imperative, available at http://www.icrc.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/PPP-Forum-ICRC-DG-presentation-v4.pdf (last accessed 12 October 2015).

Adekunle M. Animashaun (2011) Public Private Partnership as a Strategy of Infrastructure Finance in Nigeria, (online), http://njpg.pactu.edu.np/njpgfiles/4-animashaun-mojeed-adekunle-public-private-partnership-as-a-policy-strategy-of-infrastructure-financing-in-nigeria.htm (last accessed 12 October 2015).

This programme was pursued through the Bureau of Public Enterprises (BPE). Under this programme, over 200 transactions were concluded.

On 17 March 2011, the World Bank approved a loan of US$115 million for the PPP initiative project aimed at helping increase private sector investment in PPP infrastructure in Nigeria.

Most of the hitherto government-owned power assets are being completely divested through privatization. The only assets to be concessioned are the hydropower plants.

Ahmed D. Ibrahim, Andrew F. Price and Andrew J. Dainty (2006) “The Analysis and Allocation of Risk in Public Private Partnerships in Infrastructure Projects in Nigeria”, Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction, 11(3): 149–164.

The 26 Ports in the country were concessioned through the use of the “landlord tenant” model.

With the population of over 160 million, large market and the strategic location of Nigeria in the African continent, the level of foreign direct investment into the country has been appalling.

Stabilization clauses are risk management devices in investment contracts between host states and investors. They address changes in law or other circumstances during the life of the contract. See, for example, Lorenzo Cotula (2008) “Regulatory Takings, Stabilization Clauses and Sustainable Development”, (online), available at http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/45/8/40311122.pdf (last accessed 12 October 2013).

Non-compete clauses usually prevent the government from providing alternative infrastructure that will compete with that of the private sector investor for revenue. These provisions effectively make the public the guarantor or insurer of the private sectors’ expected revenues. See Ellen Dannin (2011).

Titel: The Concept of Public Private Partnerships
verfasst von: George Nwangwu
Verlag: Palgrave Macmillan UK
Buch: Public Private Partnerships in Nigeria
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-54241-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-137-54242-7

Copyright-Jahr: 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-54242-7_1

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