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2024 | Buch

The Cryptocurrency and Digital Asset Fraud Casebook, Volume II

DeFi, NFTs, DAOs, Meme Coins, and Other Digital Asset Hacks

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Über dieses Buch

Cryptocurrencies and digital assets have continued to gain widespread acceptance from both retail and institutional investors. As part of this continued growth, there has been an unfortunate series of ongoing and increasingly sophisticated frauds, Ponzi schemes, and hacks that have cost investors billions of dollars. Since the publication of the original Cryptocurrency and Digital Asset Fraud Casebook, conservative estimates indicate that there have been thousands of new digital asset fraud cases that have contributed to billions in broadening losses in space. Beyond the digital asset space, cryptocurrency-related scams also continue to present increasingly meaningful threats to traditional finance institutions, the global economy, and national security, as well.

These new challenges, combined with the ongoing evolving regulatory environment for digital assets, create an environment where there is a continued need for the up-to-date information and analysis of real-world case studies. It includes an up-to-date analysis of recent case studies in cryptocurrency and digital asset fraud alongside an analysis of recent decentralized finance (DeFi) hacks, smart contract attacks, and rug pulls. This book reviews the impact of digital asset bankruptcies, the FTX fraud, and the industry-wide post-FTX fallout on the growth of cryptocurrency fraud. It also examines the explosive growth of cryptocurrency romance scams, pig butchering, and related organized crime money laundering efforts and includes a related exclusive case study. Offering an in-depth examination of digital asset frauds in the gaming, metaverse, and NFT spaces, it also covers Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) fraud, smart contract attacks, dApp scams, crypto asset manager investment fraud, mining fraud, honeypots, meme coins, and artificial intelligence-based digital asset fraud. Leveraging the author’s experience analyzing and implementing compliance and operations best practices with a variety of cryptocurrency and digital asset projects and consulting with international regulators on blockchain and digital asset policy, this book will be of interest to those working throughout the cryptocurrency and digital asset space including Web 3.0 builders and service providers including lawyers, auditors, blockchain infrastructure, regulators, governments, retail investors, and institutional investors.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction to Cryptocurrency and Digital Asset Fraud
Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to the subject of cryptocurrency and digital asset fraud. It begins by providing an overview of statistics showing trends in cryptocurrency-related crimes. Next, we discuss the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on digital asset fraud trends. We then discuss the backdrop of cryptocurrency bankruptcies and turmoil that laid the groundwork for the FTX fraud. Cases included in this discussion include Voyager Digital, Terra (LUNA), and Celsius. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the follow-on effects of the FTX fraud throughout the cryptocurrency industry.
Jason Scharfman
Chapter 2. Crypto Romance Scams and Pig Butchering
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of crypto romance scams and pig butchering. It begins by outlining the historical role of crypto romance scams, including the Spanish Prison scam and the Nigerian Prince email scam. Next, we discuss the role of African scam groups in orchestrating these crimes. Then, we analyze the anatomy of romance scams and discuss the characteristics of victims and the role of law enforcement in assisting victims in recovering. We also discuss the social stigmas surrounding romance scams that can lead to underreporting, as well as the role of dating websites, human smuggling, and sextortion in romance scams. Next, we proceed to discuss pig butchering, and case studies from Australia and Thailand involving Chinese crypto money laundering gangs.
Jason Scharfman
Chapter 3. Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) Fraud, Hacks, and Controversies
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) fraud, hacks, and controversies. We begin the chapter with an introduction to DAO. Next, we analyze the case study of The DAO hack via a reentrancy attack and its aftermath. The chapter next discusses a variety of common DAO hack types, including flash loan attacks, voting power manipulation, oracle attacks, phishing attacks, and governance attacks. We then proceed to discuss oracles in more detail, including their function, varieties, and oracle alternatives. Next, we discuss DAO voting and governance approaches, decentralization metrics, and vote fraud methods. The chapter concludes with a review of case studies in DAO fraud and controversies, including the BONq DAO hack, the PeopleDAO hack, the Tornado Cash malicious proposal attack, and the Azuki DAO Hack.
Jason Scharfman
Chapter 4. Decentralized Finance (DeFi) Fraud and Hacks: Part 1
Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to decentralized finance (DeFi) fraud and hacks. We begin with an overview about trends in malicious activity and thefts in the space. We next analyze the concepts of flash loans and flash loan attacks. The remainder of the chapter discusses case studies in flash loan attacks. Cases discussed include Platypus Finance and the ethical hacker defense, Euler Finance, KyberSwap, and Themis Protocol.
Jason Scharfman
Chapter 5. Decentralized Finance (DeFi) Fraud and Hacks: Part 2
Abstract
This chapter continues the overview of decentralized finance (DeFi) fraud and hacks. The chapter begin by introducing smart contracts and smart contract vulnerabilities. Next, we discusse DeFi wallet hacks and case studies. The chapter then concludes by analyzing reentrancy attacks, read-only reentrancy attacks, and case studies.
Jason Scharfman
Chapter 6. Decentralized Finance (DeFi) Fraud and Hacks: Part 3
Abstract
This chapter continues the overview of decentralized finance (DeFi) fraud and hacks. It begins by discussing Oracle attacks and case studies. Next, we discuss DeFi market manipulation schemes and case studies. The chapter then discusses rug pulls and case studies. We conclude with a discussion of social engineering and private key exploits and additional case studies, including the MakerDAO “Black Thursday” event.
Jason Scharfman
Chapter 7. Crypto Phishing and Spoofing Scams
Abstract
This chapter discusses cryptocurrency phishing and spoofing scams. It begin by providing an introduction to phishing scams in general and then turns to cryptocurrency phishing scams. We then discuss the use of phishing bots and cover nine categories of phishing scams. In this discussion, a wide variety of phishing attacks discuss, including spear phishing, whaling, permit phishing, ice phishing, deepfake phishing, and artificial intelligence (AI) enabled phishing. The chapter concludes with an overview of spoofing scams and then compares them to phishing scams.
Jason Scharfman
Chapter 8. Meme Coins, Honeypots, and Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Crypto Fraud
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of meme coins, honeypots, and artificial intelligence-enabled crypto fraud. It began with an overview of memes and meme coins. We next discuss various categories of meme coins. Next, we discuss pump and dump meme coin schemes and anti-dump features. Next, we discussed honeypot scams, including their use in cybersecurity defense. The chapter concluded with an overview of cryptocurrency deepfake frauds.
Jason Scharfman
Chapter 9. Decentralized Applications (dApp) and Cryptocurrency Gaming Fraud
Abstract
This chapter investigates decentralized applications (dApp) and cryptocurrency gaming fraud. It began by introducing dApps and their role in the cryptocurrency industry. Next, we discuss the interaction of Honeypot scams and NFTs with DApp scams, cryptocurrency casinos, gambling fraud, and money laundering. The chapter then concludes with an analysis of GameFi, Play to Earn (P2E) scams, crypto fraud in online multiplayer games, and associated case studies.
Jason Scharfman
Chapter 10. Wallet Drainers, Crypto Stealers and Cryptojacking
Abstract
This chapter analyzes wallet drainers, crypto stealers, and cryptojacking. It begins with a discussion of the types and uses of crypto wallets and vanity wallet addresses. We then analyze the anatomy of the Binance CZ Fake wallet attack case study including the use of dust transactions and crypto address poisoning. The chapter proceeds to discuss wallet drainers, crypto stealers, and information stealers. Next, we cover malware as a service (MAAS), distribution methods of wallet drainers, and ransomware. Finally, we conclude with an analysis of cryptojacking and illegal crypto mining operations.
Jason Scharfman
Chapter 11. Non-Fungible Token (NFT) Fraud, Hacks, and Controversies
Abstract
This chapter discusses non-fungible token (NFT) fraud, hacks, and controversies. We begin by analyzing a case study about data breaches at Neopets. Next, we discuss the Pixelmon controversy case study. The chapter continues with additional case studies in NFT rug pulls (Evolved Apes, Pixel Penguins, Mutant Ape Planet). The remainder of the chapter discusses several other NFT case studies: Gutter Cat Gang SIM swap attack, Arcade DAO controversy, Seth Green’s Bored Ape theft, and the OpenSea spoofing scam.
Jason Scharfman
Chapter 12. Additional Cases and Trends in Cryptocurrency Fraud
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of additional trends and additional case studies on cryptocurrency and digital asset fraud space. We discuss studies showing the growth in cross-chain crime. Next, we will discuss cryptocurrency crime against financial institutions. The chapter then discusses front-running bots, MEV bots and hacks, and a case of false hack rumors impacting token prices. We then cover the growth in state-sponsored crypto hacking groups such as North Korea’s Lazarus Group. Cases involving narcotics schemes using crypto on the Dark Web, Crypto mining investment fraud, liquidity mining, and cloud mining are discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of cryptocurrency ATMs and QR code payment scams and a case study of a religion-based affinity scheme involving cryptocurrency.
Jason Scharfman
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
The Cryptocurrency and Digital Asset Fraud Casebook, Volume II
verfasst von
Jason Scharfman
Copyright-Jahr
2024
Electronic ISBN
978-3-031-60836-0
Print ISBN
978-3-031-60835-3
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-60836-0

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