The Electronic Structure of Saturated NaCl and NaI Solutions in Contact with a Gold Substrate

The near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy set up installed recently at SOLEIL synchrotron facility is used to study the electronic structure of NaCl and NaI saturated solutions formed on a gold substrate. The binding energies of the solution constituents are measured with respect to the Fermi level of the gold substrate. The C1s binding energy of the aliphatic contaminant floating at the surface of the solution is an evidence that the Fermi level in the metal and in the solution are aligned. The use of the Fermi level common energy reference is an added value with respect to previous works realized with micro-jets that were calibrated in energy with respect to vacuum level. We observe that the water valence molecular levels binding energies, and hence the Fermi positioning in the gap of the liquid, the Na⁺ 2s binding energy and even the work function are independent of the nature of the anions. The secondary electron energy distribution curves show that the work functions of the two solutions are equal within experimental uncertainty. We discuss this point considering the different ion distributions at the surface (related to the different size and polarizability of the anions), and the possible contribution of carbon contaminants. We compare the WF values extracted from the secondary electron edges to alternative measurements using the binding energy of the gas phase O1s or 1b₁ spectra (referenced to the gold Fermi level). The ionization energies (referenced to the vacuum level), that we obtain by adding the work function to the measured binding energies, are in good accord with previously published works using micro-jets, obtained, however, at much lower solute concentration. Finally we discuss the origin of the Fermi level pinning in the liquid band gap and consider the possibility that the H⁺/H₂ redox level is aligned with the metal Fermi level.