Skip to main content

2011 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

11. The Evolution of Entrepreneurs and Venture Capitalists

verfasst von : Martin Sewell

Erschienen in: Advances in Entrepreneurial Finance

Verlag: Springer New York

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

We have evolved “as if” reproduction is the sole goal for which human beings were “designed,” and everything else is a means to that end. However, natural selection is a slow process, and Homo sapiens originated about 200,000 years ago, so our minds today are adapted to maximize gene replication in the Pleistocene. Meanwhile, an investor seeking to maximize wealth, Homo economicus, should behave according to expected utility theory. Aspects of the behavior of Homo sapiens that differ from Homo economicus include the endowment effect, loss aversion, risk aversion, overconfidence, optimism, the representativeness heuristic, the availability heuristic and herding. This chapter speculates how these heuristics and biases may have evolved, and focuses on their effect on entrepreneurs and venture capitalists.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
1
As the subjective Bayesian Bruno de Finetti famously noted, “probability does not exist,” but the point here is that we prefer to assign a subjective probability with ease.
 
2
Gossip was of great importance from an evolutionary perspective, see Dunbar (1996).
 
3
Another important implication of the failure rate is that any study of entrepreneurs suffers from survivorship bias.
 
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Atmar, W. 1991. On the role of males. Animal Behaviour 41: 195–205.CrossRef Atmar, W. 1991. On the role of males. Animal Behaviour 41: 195–205.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Barber, B.M., and T. Odean. 2001. Boys will be boys: Gender, overconfidence, and common stock investment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 116: 261–292.CrossRef Barber, B.M., and T. Odean. 2001. Boys will be boys: Gender, overconfidence, and common stock investment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 116: 261–292.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Barberis, N., A. Shleifer, and R. Vishny. 1998. A model of investor sentiment. Journal of Financial Economics 49: 307–343.CrossRef Barberis, N., A. Shleifer, and R. Vishny. 1998. A model of investor sentiment. Journal of Financial Economics 49: 307–343.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bernardo, A.E., and I. Welch. 2001. On the evolution of overconfidence and entrepreneurs. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 10: 301–330.CrossRef Bernardo, A.E., and I. Welch. 2001. On the evolution of overconfidence and entrepreneurs. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 10: 301–330.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bernoulli, D. 1738. Specimen theoriae novae de mensura sortis. Co-mentarii Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae 5: 175–192. Bernoulli, D. 1738. Specimen theoriae novae de mensura sortis. Co-mentarii Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae 5: 175–192.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernoulli, D. 1954. Exposition of a new theory on the measurement of risk. Econometrica 22: 23–36. English translation of Bernoulli (1738) by Sommer L.CrossRef Bernoulli, D. 1954. Exposition of a new theory on the measurement of risk. Econometrica 22: 23–36. English translation of Bernoulli (1738) by Sommer L.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Birnbaum, M.H. 2008. New paradoxes of risky decision making. Psychological Review 115: 463–501.CrossRef Birnbaum, M.H. 2008. New paradoxes of risky decision making. Psychological Review 115: 463–501.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bosma, N., Z.J. Acs, E. Autio, A. Coduras, J. Levie. 2009. Global entrepreneurship monitor: 2008 executive report. Bosma, N., Z.J. Acs, E. Autio, A. Coduras, J. Levie. 2009. Global entrepreneurship monitor: 2008 executive report.
Zurück zum Zitat Breiman, L. 1961. Optimal gambling systems for favorable games. In Proceedings of the fourth Berkeley symposium on mathematical statistics and probability, vol. I, ed. J. Neyman, 65–78. Berkeley: University of California Press. Breiman, L. 1961. Optimal gambling systems for favorable games. In Proceedings of the fourth Berkeley symposium on mathematical statistics and probability, vol. I, ed. J. Neyman, 65–78. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Brocas, I., and J.D. Carrillo. 2004. Entrepreneurial boldness and excessive investment. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 13: 321–350.CrossRef Brocas, I., and J.D. Carrillo. 2004. Entrepreneurial boldness and excessive investment. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 13: 321–350.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Brush, C., N. Carter, E. Gatewood, P. Greene, and M. Hart 2004. Gatekeepers of venture growth: A Diana Project report on the role and participation of women in the venture capital industry. Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, Kansas City. Brush, C., N. Carter, E. Gatewood, P. Greene, and M. Hart 2004. Gatekeepers of venture growth: A Diana Project report on the role and participation of women in the venture capital industry. Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, Kansas City.
Zurück zum Zitat Busenitz, L.W., and J.B. Barney. 1997. Differences between entrepreneurs and managers in large organizations: Biases and heuristics in strategic decision-making. Journal of Business Venturing 12: 9–30.CrossRef Busenitz, L.W., and J.B. Barney. 1997. Differences between entrepreneurs and managers in large organizations: Biases and heuristics in strategic decision-making. Journal of Business Venturing 12: 9–30.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Buss, D. 2008. Evolutionary psychology: The new science of the mind, 3rd ed. Boston: Pearson Higher Education. Buss, D. 2008. Evolutionary psychology: The new science of the mind, 3rd ed. Boston: Pearson Higher Education.
Zurück zum Zitat Cassar, G. 2010. Are individuals entering self-employment overly optimistic? An empirical test of plans and projections on nascent entrepreneur expectations. Strategic Management Journal 31: 822–840. Cassar, G. 2010. Are individuals entering self-employment overly optimistic? An empirical test of plans and projections on nascent entrepreneur expectations. Strategic Management Journal 31: 822–840.
Zurück zum Zitat Cooper, D.J., and K.J. Saral. 2010. Entrepreneurship and team participation: An experimental study. Working paper. Florida State University, Tallahassee. Cooper, D.J., and K.J. Saral. 2010. Entrepreneurship and team participation: An experimental study. Working paper. Florida State University, Tallahassee.
Zurück zum Zitat Cooper, A.C., C.Y. Woo, and W.C. Dunkelberg. 1988. Entrepreneurs’ perceived chances for success. Journal of Business Venturing 3: 97–108.CrossRef Cooper, A.C., C.Y. Woo, and W.C. Dunkelberg. 1988. Entrepreneurs’ perceived chances for success. Journal of Business Venturing 3: 97–108.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cosmides, L. 1989. The logic of social exchange: Has natural selection shaped how humans reason? Studies with the Wason selection task. Cognition 31: 187–276.CrossRef Cosmides, L. 1989. The logic of social exchange: Has natural selection shaped how humans reason? Studies with the Wason selection task. Cognition 31: 187–276.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cosmides, L., and J. Tooby. 1996. Are humans good intuitive statisticians after all? Rethinking some conclusions from the literature on judgment under uncertainty. Cognition 58: 1–73.CrossRef Cosmides, L., and J. Tooby. 1996. Are humans good intuitive statisticians after all? Rethinking some conclusions from the literature on judgment under uncertainty. Cognition 58: 1–73.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat de Finetti, B. 1937. La prévision: Ses lois logiques, ses sources subjectives. Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré 7: 1–68. Translated into English as Foresight: Its logical laws, its subjective sources. In Studies in Subjective Probability, eds. H.E. Kyburg Jr, and H.E. Smokler, pp. 93–158. New York: Wiley, 1964. de Finetti, B. 1937. La prévision: Ses lois logiques, ses sources subjectives. Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré 7: 1–68. Translated into English as Foresight: Its logical laws, its subjective sources. In Studies in Subjective Probability, eds. H.E. Kyburg Jr, and H.E. Smokler, pp. 93–158. New York: Wiley, 1964.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunbar, R. 1996. Grooming, gossip, and the evolution of language. London: Faber and Faber. Dunbar, R. 1996. Grooming, gossip, and the evolution of language. London: Faber and Faber.
Zurück zum Zitat Gal, D. 2006. A psychological law of inertia and the illusion of loss aversion. Judgment and Decision Making 1: 23–32. Gal, D. 2006. A psychological law of inertia and the illusion of loss aversion. Judgment and Decision Making 1: 23–32.
Zurück zum Zitat Gigerenzer, G., and U. Hoffrage. 1995. How to improve Bayesian reasoning without instruction: Frequency formats. Psychological Review l02: 684–704.CrossRef Gigerenzer, G., and U. Hoffrage. 1995. How to improve Bayesian reasoning without instruction: Frequency formats. Psychological Review l02: 684–704.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gintis, H. 2007. The evolution of private property. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 64: 1–16.CrossRef Gintis, H. 2007. The evolution of private property. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 64: 1–16.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Griffin, D., and A. Tversky. 1992. The weighing of evidence and the determinants of confidence. Cognitive Psychology 24: 411–435.CrossRef Griffin, D., and A. Tversky. 1992. The weighing of evidence and the determinants of confidence. Cognitive Psychology 24: 411–435.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Harrison, G.W., and E.E. Rutström. 2009. Expected utility theory and prospect theory: One wedding and a decent funeral. Experimental Economics 12: 133–158.CrossRef Harrison, G.W., and E.E. Rutström. 2009. Expected utility theory and prospect theory: One wedding and a decent funeral. Experimental Economics 12: 133–158.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hartog, J., J. van der Sluis, and M. van Praag. 2007. Returns to intelligence: Entrepreneurs versus employees. University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam. Hartog, J., J. van der Sluis, and M. van Praag. 2007. Returns to intelligence: Entrepreneurs versus employees. University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Zurück zum Zitat Haselton, M.G., and D. Nettle. 2006. The paranoid optimist: An integrative evolutionary model of cognitive biases. Personality and Social Psychology Review 10: 47–66.CrossRef Haselton, M.G., and D. Nettle. 2006. The paranoid optimist: An integrative evolutionary model of cognitive biases. Personality and Social Psychology Review 10: 47–66.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Headd, B. 2003. Redefining business success: Distinguishing between closure and failure. Small Business Economics 21: 51–61.CrossRef Headd, B. 2003. Redefining business success: Distinguishing between closure and failure. Small Business Economics 21: 51–61.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kahneman, D., and A. Tversky. 1979. Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica 47: 263–292.CrossRef Kahneman, D., and A. Tversky. 1979. Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica 47: 263–292.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kelly Jr., J.L. 1956. A new interpretation of information rate. The Bell System Technical Journal 35: 917–926. Kelly Jr., J.L. 1956. A new interpretation of information rate. The Bell System Technical Journal 35: 917–926.
Zurück zum Zitat Kemeny, J.G. 1955. Fair bets and inductive probabilities. The Journal of Symbolic Logic 20: 263–273.CrossRef Kemeny, J.G. 1955. Fair bets and inductive probabilities. The Journal of Symbolic Logic 20: 263–273.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lehman, R.S. 1955. On confirmation and rational betting. The Journal of Symbolic Logic 20: 251–262.CrossRef Lehman, R.S. 1955. On confirmation and rational betting. The Journal of Symbolic Logic 20: 251–262.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lerner, J. 2002. When bureaucrats meet entrepreneurs: The design of effective ‘public venture capital’ programmes. The Economic Journal 112: F73–F84.CrossRef Lerner, J. 2002. When bureaucrats meet entrepreneurs: The design of effective ‘public venture capital’ programmes. The Economic Journal 112: F73–F84.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Logan, J. 2009. Dyslexic entrepreneurs: The incidence; their coping strategies and their business skills. Dyslexia 15: 328–346.CrossRef Logan, J. 2009. Dyslexic entrepreneurs: The incidence; their coping strategies and their business skills. Dyslexia 15: 328–346.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat MacLean, L.C., W.T. Ziemba, and G. Blazenko. 1992. Growth versus security in dynamic investment analysis. Management Science 38: 1562–1585.CrossRef MacLean, L.C., W.T. Ziemba, and G. Blazenko. 1992. Growth versus security in dynamic investment analysis. Management Science 38: 1562–1585.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat McDonnell, P. 2008. Optimal portfolio modeling: Models to maximize returns and control risk in Excel and R + CD (Wiley Trading). Hoboken: Wiley. McDonnell, P. 2008. Optimal portfolio modeling: Models to maximize returns and control risk in Excel and R + CD (Wiley Trading). Hoboken: Wiley.
Zurück zum Zitat Moxon, S. 2008. The woman racket: The new science explaining how the sexes relate at work, at play and in society. Exeter: Imprint Academic. Moxon, S. 2008. The woman racket: The new science explaining how the sexes relate at work, at play and in society. Exeter: Imprint Academic.
Zurück zum Zitat Miller, G. 2001. The mating mind: How sexual choice shaped the evolution of human nature. London: Vintage. Originally published: 2000, London: William Heinemann. Miller, G. 2001. The mating mind: How sexual choice shaped the evolution of human nature. London: Vintage. Originally published: 2000, London: William Heinemann.
Zurück zum Zitat Ramsey, F.P. 1926. Truth and probability. In The foundations of mathematics and other logical essays, Chapter VII, ed. R.B. Braithwaite, 156–198. London: Kegan, Trench, Trübner, 1931. Ramsey, F.P. 1926. Truth and probability. In The foundations of mathematics and other logical essays, Chapter VII, ed. R.B. Braithwaite, 156–198. London: Kegan, Trench, Trübner, 1931.
Zurück zum Zitat Sahakian, B., A. Lawrence, L. Clark, J.N. Labuzetta, B. Sahakian, and S. Vyakarnum. 2008. The innovative brain. Nature 456: 168–169.CrossRef Sahakian, B., A. Lawrence, L. Clark, J.N. Labuzetta, B. Sahakian, and S. Vyakarnum. 2008. The innovative brain. Nature 456: 168–169.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Sewell, M. 2008. Gender (sic) equality (sic). Opticon1826, 4. Sewell, M. 2008. Gender (sic) equality (sic). Opticon1826, 4.
Zurück zum Zitat Shimony, A. 1955. Coherence and the axioms of confirmation. The Journal of Symbolic Logic 20: 1–28.CrossRef Shimony, A. 1955. Coherence and the axioms of confirmation. The Journal of Symbolic Logic 20: 1–28.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Sinn, H.-W., and A.J. Weichenrieder. 1993. The biological selection of risk preferences. In Risk is a construct: Perceptions of risk perception, ed. B. Rückversicherung, 67–83. Munich: Knesebeck. Sinn, H.-W., and A.J. Weichenrieder. 1993. The biological selection of risk preferences. In Risk is a construct: Perceptions of risk perception, ed. B. Rückversicherung, 67–83. Munich: Knesebeck.
Zurück zum Zitat Thaler, R. 1980. Toward a positive theory of consumer choice. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 1: 39–60.CrossRef Thaler, R. 1980. Toward a positive theory of consumer choice. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 1: 39–60.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat The Economist. 2009. A special report on entrepreneurship, 12 March 2009. The Economist. 2009. A special report on entrepreneurship, 12 March 2009.
Zurück zum Zitat Tiger, L. 1995. Optimism: The biology of hope. New York: Kodansha. Originally published: 1979, New York: Simon & Schuster. Tiger, L. 1995. Optimism: The biology of hope. New York: Kodansha. Originally published: 1979, New York: Simon & Schuster.
Zurück zum Zitat Tversky, A., and D. Kahneman. 1973. Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology 5: 207–232.CrossRef Tversky, A., and D. Kahneman. 1973. Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology 5: 207–232.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Tversky, A., and D. Kahneman. 1974. Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science 185: 1124–1131.CrossRef Tversky, A., and D. Kahneman. 1974. Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science 185: 1124–1131.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Tversky, A., and D. Kahneman. 1992. Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 5: 297–323.CrossRef Tversky, A., and D. Kahneman. 1992. Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 5: 297–323.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat von Neumann, J., and O. Morgenstern. 1944. Theory of games and economic behavior. Princeton: Princeton University Press. von Neumann, J., and O. Morgenstern. 1944. Theory of games and economic behavior. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Zacharakis, A.L., and D.A. Shepherd. 2001. The nature of information and overconfidence on venture capitalists’ decision making. Journal of Business Venturing 16: 311–332.CrossRef Zacharakis, A.L., and D.A. Shepherd. 2001. The nature of information and overconfidence on venture capitalists’ decision making. Journal of Business Venturing 16: 311–332.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
The Evolution of Entrepreneurs and Venture Capitalists
verfasst von
Martin Sewell
Copyright-Jahr
2011
Verlag
Springer New York
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7527-0_11