nach oben

The Review of International Organizations

Erschienen in:

18.07.2019

The global governance of international development: Documenting the rise of multi-stakeholder partnerships and identifying underlying theoretical explanations

verfasst von: Bernhard Reinsberg, Oliver Westerwinter

Erschienen in: The Review of International Organizations | Ausgabe 1/2021

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

The global governance of development increasingly relies on multi-stakeholder partnerships between states, intergovernmental organizations, and non-governmental organizations. This article takes on two tasks. The first is to describe quantitatively the institutional evolution of the multilateral development system over the past century. The second is to juxtapose four rational-institutionalist explanations for why states establish new organizations as transnational governance initiatives—functionalism, power-oriented theories, domestic politics, and contextual design. The empirical analysis probes these explanations using the new Transnational Public-Private Governance Initiatives in World Politics dataset, which combines several existing data sources to build the most comprehensive data on different forms of institutionalized cooperation in global governance. The results lend most support to the contextual design view, while also yielding support for other accounts. By employing Heckman selection models, the analysis addresses potential selection bias due to unobserved correlation between state choices to create a new organization and its design. A qualitative case study further validates measurement choices and causal mechanisms. These findings have implications for theories of institutional design and development practice, specifically regarding the role of intergovernmental organizations in an increasingly interconnected world.

Vorheriger Artikel Do domestic politics shape U.S. influence in the World Bank?

Nächster Artikel Cooperation Failure or Secret Collusion? Absolute Monarchs and Informal Cooperation

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich

http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2000okinawa/finalcom.htm (Accessed October 5, 2016).

www.theglobalfund.org/en/overview/ (Accessed October 5, 2016).

http://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/19/opinion/stinginess-on-aids.html?scp=1&sq=%22Stinginess%20on%20AIDS%22&st=cse&_r=0 (Accessed October 5, 2016).

https://www.theglobalfund.org/en/overview/ (Accessed May 15, 2017).

Written communication with a DFID staff member (December 15, 2017).

A related benefit is that it is relatively easy to establish whether an organization has a development mandate, given that most organizations report their activities to the benefit of developing countries on their website.

Copelovitch and Putnam (2014) propose a refinement of rational institutionalism that incorporates context by measuring the number of prior bilateral treaties submitted by state parties to the UN Treaty Series. Yet, their paper focuses on treaties, whereas our analysis covers different types of organizations.

Our theoretical discussion focuses on the strategic choices of states. States are central players in the creation and design of TGIs and IGOs and their preferences have a strong impact on how institutional fields and global governance as a whole develop. Importantly, if they decide to engage in new institutionalized cooperation, states can choose whether they want to use a TGI or IGO. Other actors have more limited institutional options. It is, therefore, useful to focus on the agency and strategies of states in the theoretical argument. Future research may want to examine the strategies and institutional choices of non-state actors in greater detail to complement our analysis.

Probably this is a simplification as states might take multiple decisions over individual design features. We will not disaggregate the second stage further here.

Uncertainty may be about state preferences, state behavior, and the state of the world (Koremenos et al. 2001). The first two should be less relevant in development, as states have incentives to make their actions for development visible. Uncertainty about the state of the world is relevant but hard to measure given that (unmeasurable) state perceptions matter here. We will capture uncertainty empirically using a number of issue area dummies.

http://time.com/4309786/read-donald-trumps-america-first-foreign-policy-speech/ (accessed October 1, 2018).

https://www.undispatch.com/heres-trumps-budget-request-impact-united-nations/ (accessed October 1, 2018).

Obviously, powerless countries might have no interest to form a new organization under these parameters, which would predict that organizational creation is less likely when power differences are large. We will return to this issue in the empirical analysis.

In fact, studies in the New Interdependence Approach tradition examine how domestic institutions affect the ability of politicians to construct the rules and norms governing interdependent relations and how interdependence itself affects domestic institutions (Farrell and Newman 2014; Fioretos 2011; Slaughter 2004).

While, in principle, both new IGOs and TGIs can be designed to enhance institutional complementarity in a given governance field, TGIs are particularly suitable and attractive devices to achieve institutional complementarity. TGIs are a different species of cooperative form whose comparative advantage is convening power. Because of their more restrictive membership structure IGOs are less well-equipped to act as convenors. In addition, the complexity of contemporaneous challenges is such that it is ever less possible to foresee which governance functions will actually be needed and that these functions need to be adapted to changing circumstances. Again, IGOs are less convenient to states for that purpose, given much higher costs for institutional or policy change in comparison to TGIs. Thus, pursuing institutional complementarity with respect to existing IGIOs can be achieved more effectively and at lower costs using TGIs rather than new IGOs.

Note how this differs from the prediction of a sociological account in which organizations within a field become more similar due to mimetic isomorphism (Di Maggio and Powell 1991).

For a full list of sources, see Westerwinter (2019a).

Westerwinter (2019a) provides extensive details on the sample generation, operationalization of variables, and a broad range of descriptive statistics.

We thank Jon Pevehouse for sharing the data prior to their public release.

Examples of informal groups in development not covered by the data are the “Geneva group”—an alliance of originally five states (and today having 18 member states) to usher budgetary restraint at the UN agencies and to promote UN reform (Blanchfield 2008). Another informal club is the “Utstein Group”, established in 1999 by Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, with a commitment to “promoting increased coherence, coordination and cooperation on various issues including those activities variously characterized as conflict prevention, conflict management, and peacebuilding” (OECD 2004).

However, TGIs play an important role in resource mobilization and thus often serve as “points of entry” of bilateral donor funds (Reinsberg 2017). It would thus be problematic to consider administrative budgets alone, which would over-represent IGOs.

IFAD was established following UNGA Resolution 32/107 in 1978 and the 1974 World Food Conference that was held in response to the famine in Bangladesh.

The g7+ is an informal association of seven fragile states established in 2008 with the aim of raising awareness for fragility and mobilizing donor support (Marah 2015).

See Figure A1 in the supplemental appendix.

For an analysis of issue-task similarity of new entrants to the regime over time, see Figure A2.

The database distinguishes eight issue areas (security, environment, health, human rights, trade and commerce, finance, social affairs, and technical issues) and eight governance functions (gathering information, agenda-setting, service provision, funding, capacity-building, standard-setting, policy implementation, and monitoring behavior). This implies any organization can be characterized by a 16-dimensional vector of issue−task combinations.

The obvious exception is the contextual design variable, which takes into account all information up to the foundational year.

The ideal approach would be to measure all variables among the potential members of an organization. Yet, as it is unclear what the set of potential members is, this approach to theory-testing is not feasible.

Formally, a profile is an n-tupel (n = 16) of binary variables, given 8 issue areas and 8 governance tasks.

We add N₁ = 2000 observations in the first stage. This number is arbitrary but not consequential for the findings. Note that the second stage is still based on only the observed organizations (N₂ = 559), but its estimates take potential unobservable selection effects into account.

Nonetheless, for the purpose of testing robustness, we implement this alternative approach in the Appendix and confirm that our core results hold (see Table A5).

To avoid a tautological correlation, this count only considers organizations other than the one corresponding to a given observation in the dataset.

Indeed, the logged number of co-creations is not a significant predictor of organizational types.

We always interpret the highest of the coefficients to obtain an upper bound.

The predicted probabilty of creation is 91% and the predicted probability of a TGI design is 65%.

http://www.who.int/ifcs/en/.

https://www.who.int/ifcs/financing/en/.

http://www.who.int/ifcs/standingcommittee/en/.

http://www.who.int/ifcs/page2/en/.

Interview #1.

UNEP/IPCS/IMCRAM/exp./4. The proposal text was incorporated into the text for Chapter 19 of the Agenda 21 (the resolution adopted at the Rio conference) dedicated to sound management of chemicals (although the issue of chemical waste was a separate chapter).

Indeed, unlike the existing forums, IFCS had the remarkable feature of allowing all forum stakeholders to raise any issue related to chemical safety at any time.

http://www.who.int/ifcs/champions/en/.

Interview #1.

Interview #2.

States have been seeking internationally agreed-upon standards on hazardous materials and labeling schemes at the Rio Earth summit, but progress was slow, presumably because developing countries lacked the capacity to implement the standards. IFCS helped improve knowledge of health hazards related to chemicals and facilitated GHF training for developing countries through UNITAR (Interview #3).

Interview #1.

Interviews #1, #2, and #3.

Interview #1.

Interview #3.

Interview #2. Similarly, the IFCS website states, “[t]he IFCS provides countries the opportunity to place issues on the international agenda and emphasize special needs and concerns with respect to improving chemicals management. All participants, including developing countries and NGOs, find it a useful mechanism to bring emerging and contentious issues to the international agenda.” (http://www.who.int/ifcs/page2/en/).

Interview #1.

Interview #3. For a discussion of earmarked funding, particularly through trust funds, see, e.g., Reinsberg et al. (2015).

Abbott, K. W., & Hale, T. N. (2014). Orchestrating global solutions networks: A guide for organizational entrepreneurs. Innovations, 9(1–2), 195–212.

Abbott, K. W., & Snidal, D. (1998). Why states act through formal international organizations. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 42(1), 3–32.

Abbott, K. W., & Snidal, D. (2000). Hard and soft law in international governance. International Organization, 54(3), 421–156.

Abbott, K. W., Genschel, P., Snidal, D., & Zangl, B. (2015). International Organizations as Orchestrators. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Abbott, K. W., Green, J. F., & Keohane, R. O. (2016). Organizational ecology and institutional change in global governance. International Organization, 70(2), 247–277.

Acharya, A. (2016a). The future of global governance: Fragmentation may be inevitable and creative. Global Governance, 22(4), 453–460.

Acharya, A. (2016b). Why govern? Rethinking demand and progress in global governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Alexandroff, A. S., & Cooper, A. F. (2010). Rising states, rising institutions: Challenges for global governance. Brookings Institution Press.

Allee, T., & Elsig, M. (2016). Why do some international institutions contain strong dispute settlement provisions? New evidence from preferential trade agreements. Review of International Organizations, 11(1), 89–120.

Alter, K. J., & Meunier, S. (2009). The Politics of international regime complexity. Perspectives on Politics, 7(1), 13–24.

Andonova, L. B. (2010). Public-private partnerships for the earth: Politics and patterns of hybrid authority in the multilateral system. Global Environmental Politics, 10(2), 25–53.

Andonova, L. B. (2014). Boomerangs to partnerships? Explaining state participation in transnational partnerships for sustainability. Comparative Political Studies, 47(3), 481–515.

Andonova, L. B. (2017). Governance entrepreneurs: International organizations and the rise of global public-private partnerships. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Andonova, L. B., & Levy, M. A. (2003). Franchising global governance: Making sense of the Johannesburg type II partnerships. In O.S. Stokke & Ø.B. Thommessen (Eds.) Yearbook of international co-operation on environment and development (pp. 19–32). London: Earthscan Publications.

Andonova, L. B., Hale, T. N., & Roger, C. B. (2017). National policy and transnational governance of climate change: Substitutes or complements? International Studies Quarterly, 61(2), 253–268.

Avant, D. D., & Westerwinter, O. (2016). The new power politics: Networks and transnational security governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Avant, D. D., Finnemore, M., & Sell, S. K. (2010). Who governs the globe. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Axelrod, R. (1984). The evolution of cooperation. New York: Basic Books.

Bäckstrand, K. (2006). Democratizing global environmental governance? Stakeholder democracy after the world summit on sustainable development. European Journal of International Relations, 12(4), 467–498.

Bailey, M. A., Strezhnev, A., & Voeten, E. (2015). Estimating dynamic state preferences from United Nations voting data. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61(2), 430–456.

Barnett, M. N., Pevehouse, J. C., & Raustiala, K. (2016). The future of global governance: Washington, DC.

Bayer, P., Marcoux, C., & Urpelainen, J. (2015). When international organizations bargain: Evidence from the global environment facility. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 59(6), 1074–1100.

Benvenisti, E. (2006). Coalitions of the willing’ and the evolution of informal international law. Tel Aviv University Legal Working Paper Series: 31.

Berliner, D., & Prakash, A. (2015). ‘Bluewashing’ the firm? Voluntary regulations, program design, and member compliance with the United Nations global compact. Political Studies Journal, 43(1), 115–138.

Bernstein, S. (2013). Rio+ 20: Sustainable development in a time of multilateral decline. Global Environmental Politics, 13(4), 12–21.

Best, J. (2012). Ambiguity and uncertainty in international organizations: A history of debating IMF conditionality. International Studies Quarterly, 56(4), 674–688.

Biermann, F. (2017). A world environment organization: Solution or threat for effective international environmental governance? London: Routledge.

Biermann, R., & Koops, J. A. (2017). The Palgrave handbook of inter-organizational relations in world Politics. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Biermann, F., Pattberg, P., Van Asselt, H., & Zelli, F. (2009). The fragmentation of global governance architectures: A framework for analysis. Global Environmental Politics, 9(4), 14–40.

Blanchfield, L. (2008). United Nations reform: U.S. policy and international perspectives. Congressional Research Service RL33848.

Bulkeley, H., Andonova, L., Betsill, M. M., Compagnon, D., Hale, T., Hoffmann, M. J., Newell, P., Paterson, M., Roger, C., & VanDeveer, S. D. (2014). Transnational climate change governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bull, B., Bøås, M., & McNeill, D. (2004). Private sector influence in the multilateral system: A changing structure of world governance? Global Governance, 10(4), 481–498.

Busch, M. L. (2007). Overlapping institutions, forum shopping, and dispute settlement in international trade. International Organization, 61(4), 735–761.

Büthe, T. (2004). Governance through private authority? Non-state actors in world Politics. Journal of International Affairs, 58(1), 281–290.

Büthe, T., & Cheng, C. (2013). International development aid. In Handbook of global economic governance, eds. Manuela Moschella and Catherine E Weaver, 322–342.

Clarke, L. (2014). Public-private partnerships and responsibility under international law. London: Routledge.

Colgan, J. D., Keohane, R. O., & van de Graaf, T. (2012). Punctuated equilibrium in the energy regime complex. Review of International Organizations, 7(2), 117–143.

Cooley, A., & Ron, J. (2002). The NGO scramble: Organizational insecurity and the political economy of transnational action. International Security, 27(1), 5–39.

Copelovitch, M. S., & Putnam, T. L. (2014). Design in context: Existing international agreements and new cooperation. International Organization, 68(2), 471–493.

Cranmer, S. J., Leifeld, P., McClurg, S. D., & Rolfe, M. (2017). Navigating the range of statistical tools for inferential network analysis. American Journal of Political Science, 61(1), 237–251.

De Búrca, G., Keohane, R. O., & Sabel, C. (2014). Global experimentalist governance. British Journal of Political Science, 44(3), 477–486.

Di Maggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1991). Introduction. The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, 1–40.

Dietrich, S., Reinsberg, B., & Steinwand, M. C. (2018). Network governnace in international organizations: Evidence from World Bank Trust funds. Glasgow: University of Glasgow.

Dijkstra, H. (2017). The rational design of relations between intergovernmental organizations. In J. Koops & R. Biermann (Eds.), Palgrave handbook of inter-organizational relations in world politics (pp. 97–112). London: Palgrave MacMillan.

Dingwerth, K., & Pattberg, P. (2009). World politics and organizational fields: The case of transnational sustainability governance. European Journal of International Relations, 15(4), 707–743.

Dingwerth, K., Witt, A., Lehmann, I., Reichel, E., & Weise, T. (2019). International Organizations under Pressure: Legitimating Global Governance in Changing Times (forthcoming). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Drezner, D. W. (2009). The power and peril of international regime complexity. Perspectives on Politics, 7(1), 65–70.

Duffield, J. S. (2003). The limits of “rational design”. International Organization, 57(2), 411–430.

Dür, A., Baccini, L., & Elsig, M. (2013). The design of international trade agreements: Introducing a new dataset. Review of International Organizations, 9(3), 353–375.

Eichenauer, V. Z., & Reinsberg, B. (2017). What determines earmarked funding to international development organizations? Evidence from the new multi-bi aid data. Review of International Organizations, 12(2), 171–197.

Eilstrup-Sangiovanni, M. (2015). Varieties of cooperation: Government networks in international security. In M. Kahler (Ed.), Networked politics (pp. 193–227). Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.

Elsig, M., & Amalric, F. (2008). Business and public–private partnerships for sustainability: Beyond corporate social responsibility? Global Society, 22(3), 387–404.

Falkner, R. (2016). The Paris agreement and the new logic of international climate Politics. International Affairs, 92(5), 1107–1125.

Farrell, H., & Newman, A. L. (2014). Domestic institutions beyond the nation-state: Charting the new interdependence approach. World Politics, 66(2), 331–363.

Favotto, A., & Kollman, K. (2018). (Corporate) responsibility for what? The uneven embedding of sustainability issues in global markets. Glasgow: University of Glasgow.

Fidler, D. P. (2016). Health. In A. Acharya (Ed.), Why govern? Rethinking demand and progress in global governance (pp. 230–251). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Finnemore, M. (2014). Dynamics of global governance: Building on what we know. International Studies Quarterly, 58(1), 221–224.

Fioretos, O. (2011). Historical institutionalism in international relations. International Organization, 65(2), 367–399.

Fioretos, O. (2017). Institutions and time in international relations. In International politics and institutions in time (pp. 3–36). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Florini, A. (2011). The International Energy Agency in Global Energy Governance. Global Policy, 2(1), 40–50.

Gehring, T., & Faude, B. (2014). A theory of emerging order within institutional complexes: How competition among regulatory international institutions leads to institutional adaptation and division of labor. Review of International Organizations, 9(4), 471–498.

Gehring, T., & Oberthur, S. (2009). The causal mechanisms of interaction between international institutions. European Journal of International Relations, 15(1), 125–156.

Gilligan, M. J. (2004). Is there a broader-deeper trade-off in international multilateral agreements? International Organization, 58(3), 459–484.

Gilpin, R. (1981). War and change in world politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gould, E. R. (2017). What consensus? Explaining the rise of consensus decision-making in international organizations. Paper presented the Political Economy of International Organizations conference, Berne, January 7–9.

Grabel, I. (2011). Not your grandfather's IMF: Global crisis, productive incoherence, and developmental policy space. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 35(5), 805–830.

Graham, E. R. (2017). The promise and pitfalls of assembled institutions: Lessons from the global environment facility and UNAIDS. Global Policy, 8(1), 52–61.

Graham, E. R., & Thompson, A. (2015). Efficient orchestration? The Global Environment Facility in the governance of climate adaptation. In K.W. Abbott, P. Genschel, D. Snidal, & B. Zangl (Eds.). International Organizations as Orchestrators (pp. 114–138). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Graham, E. R., & Thompson, A. (2016). Efficient orchestration? The Global Environment Facility in the governance of climate adaptation. In K.W. Abbott, P. Genschel, D. Snidal, & B. Zangl (Eds.). International Organizations as Orchestrators (pp. 114–138). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Grieco, J. M. (1988). Anarchy and the limits of cooperation: A realist critique of the newest Liberal Institutionalism. International Organization, 42(3), 485–507.

Gruber, L. (2000). Ruling the world: Power politics and the rise of supranational institutions. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.

Haas, Ernst B. 1964. Beyond the nation state: Functionalism and international integration. Palo Alto.

Hale, T., & Roger, C. (2014). Orchestration and transnational climate governance. Review of International Organizations, 9(1), 59–82.

Hale, T., Held, D., & Young, K. (2013). Gridlock: From self-reinforcing interdependence to second-order cooperation problems. Global Policy, 4(3), 223–235.

Hall, R. B., & Biersteker, T. J. (2002). The emergence of private authority in global governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hanrieder, T. (2015). WHO orchestrates? Coping with competitors in Global Health. In K. W. Abbott, P. Genschel, D. Snidal, & B. Zangl (Eds.), International organizations as orchestrators (pp. 191–213). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Heckman, J. J. (1976). The common structure of statistical models of truncation, sample selection and limited dependent variables and a simple estimator for such models. In Annals of economic and social measurement, ed. National Bureau of economic research, 475–492.

Helfer, L. R. (2004). Regime shifting: The TRIPS agreement and new dynamics of international intellectual property lawmaking. The Yale Journal of International Law, 29(1), 1–83.

Henning, C. R. (2017). Tangled governance: International regime complexity, the troika, and the euro crisis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hoffmann, M. J. (2011). Climate governance at the crossroads: Experimenting with a global response after Kyoto. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Honaker, J., King, G., & Blackwell, M. (2011). AMELIA II: A program for missing data. Journal of Statistical Software, 45(7), 1–54.

Hooghe, L., & Marks, G. (2015). Delegation and pooling in international organizations. Review of International Organizations, 10(3), 305–328.

Humphrey, C. (2015). Will the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank’s development effectiveness be a victim of China’s diplomatic success? In C. Humphrey et al. (Eds.). Multilateral Development Banks in the 21st Century: Three Perspectives on China and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (pp. 3–7). London:Overseas Development Institute.

Ikenberry, G. J. (2001). After victory: Institutions, strategic restraint, and the rebuilding of order after major wars. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.

Ingram, P., & Torfason, M. T. (2010). Organizing the in-between: The population dynamics of network-weaving organizations in the global interstate network. Administrative Science Quarterly, 55(4), 577–605.

Johnson, T. (2014). Organizational progeny: Why governments are losing control over the proliferating structures of global governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Johnson, T., & Urpelainen, J. (2014). International bureaucrats and the formation of intergovernmental organizations: Institutional design discretion sweetens the pot. International Organization, 68(1), 177–209.

Jojarth, C. (2009). Crime, war, and global trafficking: Designing international cooperation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Jupille, J., Mattli, W., & Snidal, D. (2013). International institutional choice: Cooperation, alternatives, and strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kahler, M. (1992). Multilateralism with small and large numbers. International Organization, 46(3), 681–708.

Kahler, M. (2013). Rising powers and global governance: Negotiating change in a resilient status quo. International Affairs, 89(3), 711–729.

Kahler, M. (2016). Complex governance and the new interdependence approach (NIA). Review of International Political Economy, 23(5), 825–839.

Kahler, M., & Lake, D. A. (2003). Governance in a global economy: Political authority in transition. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.

Kaya, A. (2015). Power and global economic institutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kell, G. (2013). 12 years later: Reflections on the growth of the UN global compact. Business & Society, 52(1), 31–52.

Keohane, R. O. (1980). The theory of hegemonic stability and changes in international economic regimes, 1967–1977. In O. R. Holsti, R. M. Siverson, & A. L. George (Eds.), Change in the international system (pp. 131–162). Boulder: Westview Press.

Keohane, R. O. (1984). After hegemony: Cooperation and discord in the world political economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Keohane, R. O., & David, G. V. (2011). "The regime complex for climate change." Perspectives on Politics 9(1), 7–23.

Keohane, R. O., & Nye, J. S. (1977). Power and interdependence: World politics in transition. New York: Longman.

Kharas, H. (2007). Trends and issues in development aid. Washington D.C.

Kindleberger, C. P. (1973). The world in depression (pp. 1929–1939). Berkeley: University of California Press.

Koremenos, B. (2008). When, what, and why do states choose to delegate? Law and Contemporary Problems, 71(2003), 151–192.

Koremenos, B. (2013). What’s left out and why? Informal provisions in formal international law. Review of International Organizations, 8(2), 137–162.

Koremenos, B. (2016). The continent of international law: Explaining agreement design. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Koremenos, B., & Betz, T. (2013). The design of dispute settlement procedures in international agreements. In J. L. Dunoff & M. A. Pollack (Eds.), Interdisciplinary perspectives on international law and international relations: The State of the Art (pp. 371–393). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Koremenos, B., Lipson, C., & Snidal, D. (2001). The rational design of international institutions. International Organization, 55(4), 761–799.

Krasner, S. D. (1991). Global communications and national power: Life on the Pareto frontier. World Politics, 43(April), 336–366.

Lieberman, E. S. (2005). Nested analysis as a mixed-method strategy for comparative research. American Political Science Review, 99(3), 435–452.

Lipson, C. (1991). Why are some international agreements informal? International Organization, 45(4), 495–538.

Manning, R. (2014). The multilateral aid system: An assessment following the major replenishments of 2013. WIDER Working Paper No. 110.

Mansfield, E. D., & Pevehouse, J. C. (2012). Democratization and the varieties of international organizations. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 52(2), 269–294.

Marah, K. (2015). The international dialogue on peacebuilding and statebuilding. In Development cooperation report 2015: Making partnerships effective coalitions for action. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.

Marshall, M., Jaggers, K., & Gurr T. R. (2010). Polity IV project: Political regime characteristics and transitions 1800− 2010: Polity Level 2004− 2008.

Mearsheimer, J. J. (1994). The false promise of international institutions. International Security, 19(3), 5–49.

Michaelowa, K., & Michaelowa, A. (2017). Transnational climate governance initiatives: Designed for effective climate change mitigation? International Interactions, 43(1), 129–155.

Michaelowa, K., Reinsberg, B., & Schneider, C. (2018). The Politics of delegation in the European Union. International Studies Quarterly, 62, 821–833. https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqy034.CrossRef

Morse, J. C., & Keohane, R. O. (2014). Contested multilateralism. Review of International Organizations, 9(4), 385–412.

Moschella, M. (2011). Lagged learning and the response to equilibrium shock: The global financial crisis and IMF surveillance. Journal of Public Policy, 31(2), 121–141.

Oberthür, S., & Stokke, O. S. (2011). Managing institutional complexity: Regime interplay and global environmental change. Cambridge: MIT Press.

OECD. (2004). Utstein study follow-up: Two concept papers. In DAC Network on Development Evalution Meeting. Paris. 9–10 November, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.

Panneels, K., & Beringhs, G. (2005). Towards a redesign of the UN development architecture. Discussion Paper DCD/DAC/RD(2005)17/RD6.

Pattberg, P., Biermann, F., Chan, S., & Mert, A. (2012). Public-private partnerships for sustainable development. Emergence, influence and legitimacy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

Pevehouse, J. C., Nordstrom, T., & Warnke, K. (2004). The COW-2 International organizations dataset version 2.0. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 21(2), 101–119.

Pevehouse, J. C., McManus, T., Nordstrom, R., Shannon, M., & Widmann, M. (2015). Codebook for correlates of war 3 International governmental organizations data set version 3.0. Wisconsin.

Putnam, R. D. (1988). Diplomacy and domestic politics: The logic of two-level games. International Organization, 42(3), 427–460.

Raustiala, K. (2005). Form and substance in international agreements. American Journal of International Law, 99(3), 581–614.

Raustiala, K., & Victor, D. G. (2004). The regime complex for plant genetic resources. International Organization, 58(2), 277–309.

Reinsberg, B. (2016). The implications of multi-bi financing on multilateral agencies: The example of the World Bank. In T. Mahn, M. Negre, & S. Klingebiel (Eds.), The fragmentation of aid: Concepts, measurements and implications for development cooperation (pp. 185–198). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Reinsberg, B. (2017). Trust funds as a lever of influence at international development organizations. Global Policy, 8(5), 85–95.

Reinsberg, B., Michaelowa, K., & Eichenauer, V. Z. (2015). The rise of multi-bi aid and the proliferation of trust funds. In M. Arvin & B. L. Lew (Eds.), Handbook on the economics of foreign aid (pp. 527–554). Northhampton: Edward Elgar.

Reinsberg, B., Michaelowa, K., & Knack, S. (2017). Which donors, which funds? Bilateral donors’ choice of multilateral funds at the World Bank. International Organization, 71(4), 767–802.

Reisen, H. (2010). The multilateral donor non-system: Towards accountability and efficient role assignment. Economic Journal, 4(5), 1–22.

Remmer, K. L. (2002). Does democracy promote interstate cooperation? Lessons from the Mercosur region. International Studies Quarterly, 42(1), 25–51.

Rixen, T., & Viola, L. A. (2016). Historical institutionalism and international relations: Explaining institutional development in world politics. In T. Rixen, L. A. Viola, & M. Zürn (Eds.), Historical institutionalism and international relations (pp. 1–34). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Rodrik, D. (1995). Why is there multilateral lending? NBER Working Paper No. 5160.

Rosendorff, B. P., & Milner, H. V. (2001). The optimal design of International trade institutions: Uncertainty and escape clauses. International Organization, 55(4), 829–857.

Rubin, D. B. (1987). Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Sartori, A. (2003). An estimator for some binary-outcome selection models without exclusion restrictions. Political Analysis, 11(2), 111–138.

Seddon, J. (2017). History matters: How international regimes become entrenched — And why we suffer for it. International Studies Quarterly, 61(2), 455–470.

Simmons, B. A. (2000). International law and state behavior: Commitment and compliance in international monetary affairs. American Political Science Review, 94(4), 819–835.

Slaughter, A.-M. (2004). A new world order: Government networks and the disaggregated state. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.

Stadtfeld, C., Hollway, J., & Block, P. (2017). Dynamic network actor models: Investigating coordination ties through time. Sociological Methodology, 47(1), 1–40.

Steinberg, R. H. (2002). In the shadow of law or power? Consensus-based bargaining and outcomes in the GATT/WTO. International Organization, 56(2), 339–374.

Stone, R. W. (2011). Controlling institutions: International organizations and the global economy. Cambridge: Cambride University Press.

Stone, R. W. (2013). Informal governance in international organizations: Introduction to the special issue. Review of International Organizations, 8(2), 121–136.

Tallberg, J., Sommerer, T., & Squatrito, T. (2016). Democratic memberships in international organizations: Sources of institutional design. Review of International Organizations, 11(1), 59–87.

Thérien, J.-P., & Pouliot, V. (2006). The global compact: Shifting the politics of international development? Global Governance, 12(1), 55–75.

Thompson, A. (2009). The rational enforcement of international law: Solving the sanctioners’ dilemma. International Theory, 1(2), 307–321.

Vabulas, F., & Snidal, D. (2013). Organization without delegation: Informal intergovernmental organizations (IIGOs) and the spectrum of intergovernmental arrangements. Review of International Organizations, 8(2), 193–220.

Verdier, D. (2015). The dilemma of informal governance with outside option as solution. International Theory, 7(1), 195–229.

Voeten, E. (2001). Outside options and the logic of security council action. American Political Science Review, 95(4), 845–858.

Wang, P., Pattison, P., & Robins, G. (2013). Exponential random graph model specifications for bipartite networks-a dependence hierarchy. Social Networks, 35(2), 211–222.

Webb, M. C., & Krasner, S. D. (1989). Hegemonic stability theory: An empirical assessment. Review of International Studies, 15(2), 183–198.

Westerwinter, Oliver. (2019a). Contextual design: Existing international institutions and new transnational governance. St. Gallen.

Westerwinter, O. (2019b). The evolution of transnational governance overlaps: A network approach. In S. Wood et al. (Eds.), Transnational business governance interactions: Advancing marginalized actors and enhancing regulatory quality (forthcoming). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

Westerwinter, O. (2019c). Transnational public-private governance initiatives in world politics: Introducing a new dataset. St. Gallen.

Westerwinter, O. (2019d). Who joins? Democracy and state participation in transnational governance. St. Gallen.

Westerwinter, O., Abbott, K. W., & Biersteker, T. J. (2019). Informal governance in world politics. St. Gallen.

World Bank. (2008). Aid architecture: An overview of the main trends in official development assistance. Washington D.C.

World Bank. (2015). World development indicators. http://data.worldbank.org/. Accessed 1 Apr 2016.

Titel: The global governance of international development: Documenting the rise of multi-stakeholder partnerships and identifying underlying theoretical explanations
verfasst von: Bernhard Reinsberg
Oliver Westerwinter
Publikationsdatum: 18.07.2019
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: The Review of International Organizations / Ausgabe 1/2021
Print ISSN: 1559-7431
Elektronische ISSN: 1559-744X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-019-09362-0

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2021

The rise of modern taxation: A new comprehensive dataset of tax introductions worldwide

Do domestic politics shape U.S. influence in the World Bank?

Elite interests and public spending: Evidence from Prussian cities

Cooperation Failure or Secret Collusion? Absolute Monarchs and Informal Cooperation

Formality, typologies, and institutional design

Introduction