Skip to main content
Fachgebiete
Automobil + Motoren Bauwesen + Immobilien Business IT + Informatik Elektrotechnik + Elektronik Energie + Nachhaltigkeit Finance + Banking Management + Führung Marketing + Vertrieb Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe Versicherung + Risiko
DE
EN
Bücher
Zeitschriften
Themenseiten
Organisationspsychologie Projektmanagement Marketing Smart Manufacturing
Weitere Formate
Podcasts Webinare Technik Webinare Wirtschaft Kongresse Veranstaltungskalender Awards
Jetzt Einzelzugang starten
Zugang für Unternehmen
Referenzkunden
SLX-Digitalkonferenz: Zukunftswerkstatt 2024

Mehr Umsatz mit Top-Kontakten

Am 7. Mai erfahren Sie, wie Vertriebsteams Leadgenerierung, Leadnurturing und Leadstrategien effizient steuern können.
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Erschienen in:
Innovative Healthcare Systems: An Introduction Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

5. The Infector Stigma: Centralizing Health Policies in an Age of Global Migration Flows

verfasst von : Liborio Stuppia, Emilia Ferone, Lamberto Manzoli, Andrea Pitasi, Massimiliano Ruzzeddu

Erschienen in: Innovative Healthcare Systems for the 21st Century

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The key focus of this paper is on the link between the development of global health policies and the management of social stigma about the infector. The specific battlefield to deal with this topic is the policy modeling and policymaking of the migration flows and the labeling of the foreigner and stranger as a potential infector. In this labeling process, common sense stigma mixes pop scientific beliefs and ideological biases. This mixture can generate social risk at a higher level than health risk. That is why it is strategic to design viable strategies to prevent that health policies can be turned into no science-based politics.
Health policymakers, in the current global scenarios, are tackling transnational and supranational problems, which go beyond the area of competence of national—even less local—traditional health authorities.
Furthermore, those phenomena show two general features that make difficult any activity of comprehension and decision-making: on one hand, any reliable information is missing; on the other hand, those data belong to very diverse domains, so that their interpretation requires many different cultural backgrounds.
Typical example is the health policies linked to global migration flows, especially those that, in the very last years, have been taking place in the Mediterranean context both from East and from South. There is general agreement on the fact the main problem related to the management of this refugee and migrant flows is the lack of a central authority, who is in charge of any crisis no matter where it takes place. In fact, national authorities manage those emergencies according to protocols that significantly differ country by country; because of the high mobility of these flows, granting an equal and fair sanitary assistance for all involved migrants turns often unfeasible, in spite of the big funds established for migrant assistance.
This work aims to provide a systemic approach to the study of migration phenomena, which can take into account, at the same time, the emergence issues on any flow, as well as the strategic issues related to permanent settlements of alien communities in the hosting lands.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren
Vorheriges Kapitel Systemic Development of Health Organizations: An Integrative Systems Methodology
Nächstes Kapitel Solar System Design for Water Treatment: Antibacterial Heat Exchanger (ABHE)
Fußnoten
1
This quotation of Michel Foucault is taken from A. I. Davidson, Introduction, in M. Foucault, Abnormal, edited by Valerio Marchetti e Antonella Salomoni, Verso, London and New York, 2003, p. xxiii.
 
2
Referring to Parsons’ theory (Parsons and Shils <CitationRef CitationID="CR33" >1951</Citation Ref>), Luhmann defines double contingency as a problem of social action indeterminacy between Ego and Alter. Habitually, both Ego and Alter are considered as individuals, whose interaction is only possible if their reciprocal expectations integrate in one system—in Parson’s Scheme—or if a communication system emerges, which is “transparent” enough in spite of the individual’s reciprocal indeterminacy (Vanderstraeten <CitationRef CitationID="CR51" >2002</Citation Ref>, 84).
In this paragraph, however, Ego and Alter will define larger social groups (namely, scientific communities and public opinions) or better the communication systems related to those groups, whose circular interaction in a larger macro-system produces social representations on migration.
 
3
This distinction is based upon the Palo Alto school’s notion of two levels of knowledge: “knowledge of things” and “knowledge about things.” According to Watzlawick and others (<CitationRef CitationID="CR54" >1967</Citation Ref>):
The former is that awareness of objects which our senses convey (p. 260).
The authors define the second kind of knowledge as ‘meta-knowledge’, i.e. the capability of providing with a meaning the objects that our senses perceive. The typical example that the authors report to explain this distinction is related the famous ‘Pavlov’s dog’: in his famous experiment, the Russian physician demonstrated the existence of the classical conditionings on dogs, by matching their food provision and the ring of a bell. Polo Alto School defines sensorial information - in this case, hearing the bell ring and then seeing the bowl of food- as ‘knowledge of things’. ‘Knowledge on things’ (or meta-knowledge, or second-order knowledge) occurs when the dog can organize the received sensorial information, match the two events and guess that he is going to receive food when the bell is ringing.
The reason why Watzlawick and the others used an animal example to explain those concepts, is that
In an adult human, first-order knowledge alone is probably a very rare thing. (p. 261)
In fact, cultures have the function of providing the instruments to give sense to all the events that happen in the everyday life, as well as to comprehend the unexpected events, that it is impossible to define though the familiar cognitive frameworks.
The point is that we can use Watzlawick’s notions of ‘knowledge of things’ (or 1* degree uncertainty) and ‘knowledge about things’ (or 2* degree uncertainty), in order to describe all the cases, in which social actors are compelled to make decisions with no -or very poor- cognitive reference point.
In fact on one side we can talk about ‘uncertainty of things’ when we have only few information on the object and do know what we are actually missing; on the other side we shall call ‘uncertainty about things’ the condition where we do not even have a clear idea on the information that we need for a better knowledge on that object.
 
4
While literature on Luhmann often highlights the positive aspect of double contingency, which consists in the emergence of a system based upon communication, in this case I think that this notion is a useful instrument for recognizing and dealing with dysfunctional phenomena.
 
Literatur
Balaresque, P. L., Ballereau, S. J., & Jobling, M. A. (2007). Challenges in human genetic diversity: Demographic history and adaptation. Human Molecular Genetics, 16(R2), R134–R139. doi:10.​1093/​hmg/​ddm242.6 Spec No.CrossRef
Davidson, A. I. (2003). Introduction. In M. Foucault, V. Marchetti, & A. Salomoni (Eds.), Abnormal (pp. XVII–XXVI). London: Verso.
ECDC. (2015a). Communicable disease risks associated with the movement of refugees in Europe during the winter season (p. 2015). Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.
ECDC. (2015b). Infectious diseases of specific relevance to newly-arrived migrants in the EU/EEA. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 2015.
Eibl Eibesfeldt, I. (1979). The biology of peace and war. London: Thames & Hudson.
Eonomopoulou, A., Pavli, A., Stasinopoulou, P., Giannopoulos, L.A., Tsiodras, S. (2016). Migrant screening: Lessons learned from the migrant holding level at the Greek-Turkish borders. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 10(2), 177–184. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jiph.​2016.​04.​012.
Eurostat (2016). Migration and migrant population statistics. 2016. Accessed 16/07/2016.
Foucault, M. (2003). In V. Marchetti & A. Salomoni (Eds.), Abnormal. London: Verso.
Galvani, A. P., & Slatkin, M. (2003). Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures for the CCR5-Delta 32 HIV-resistance allele. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100(25), 15276–15279. (2003). doi:10.​1073/​pnas.​2435085100.CrossRef
Giddens, A. (1991). The consequences of modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Gross, M. (2010). Ignorance and surprise: Science, society and ecological design. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRef
Jobling, M. A., Hurles, M. E., & Tyler-Smith, C. (2004). Human evolutionary genetics: Origins, peoples and disease. Abingdon: Garland Science- New York.
Jorde, L. B., & Wooding, S. P. (2004). Genetic variation, classification and ‘race’. Nature Genetics, 36(11 Suppl), S28–S33. (2004). doi:10.​1038/​ng1435.CrossRef
Kwiatkowski, D. P. (2005). How malaria has affected the human genome and what human genetics can teach us about malaria. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 77(2), 171–192. (2005). doi:10.​1086/​432519.CrossRef
Luhmann, N. (1995). Social systems. Stanford: Stanford University press.
Lyotard, J. (1979). La Condition postmoderne – Rapport sur le savoir. Paris: Editions de Minuit.
Martìn Alcoff, L. (2007). Epistemologies of ignorance: Three types. In S. Sullivan & N. Tuana (Eds.), Race and epistemologies of ignorance. New York: State University of New York Press.
Maturana, H., & Varela, F. J. (1980). Autopoiesis and cognition. Dodrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company.CrossRef
Merton, R. K. (1987). Three fragments from a Sociologist's notebooks: Establishing the phenomenon, specified ignorance, and strategic research materials. Annual Review of Sociology, 13, 1–29.CrossRef
Morin, E. (1990). Science avec conscience. Paris: du Seuil.
Napoli, C., Riccardo, F., Declich, S., et al. (2014). An early warning system based on syndromic surveillance to detect potential health emergencies among migrants: Results of a two-year experience in Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(8), 8529–8541. (2014). doi:10.​3390/​ijerph110808529.CrossRef
Nowotny, H., Scott, P., & Gibbons, M. (2001). Re-thinking science: Knowledge and the public in an age of uncertainty. Cambridge: Polity Press. E-book.
Padovese, V., Egidi, A. M., Melillo Fenech, T., et al. (2014a). Migration and determinants of health: Clinical epidemiological characteristics of migrants in Malta (2010–11). Journal of Public Health (Oxf), 36(3), 368–374. (2014). doi:10.​1093/​pubmed/​fdt111.CrossRef
Padovese, V., Egidi, A. M., Melillo, T. F., et al. (2014b). Prevalence of latent tuberculosis, syphilis, hepatitis B and C among asylum seekers in Malta. Journal of Public Health (Oxf), 36(1), 22–27. (2014). doi:10.​1093/​pubmed/​fdt036.CrossRef
Parsons, T., & Shils, E. (1951). Toward a general theory of action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRef
Pitasi, A. (2003). Universi Paralleli. Saperi della Pubblica Amministrazione, cambiamento sociale e stili di vita dei cittadini. Milano: Franco Angeli.
Pitasi, A. (2012a). WCSA as an hypercitizenship lab. Nuova Atlantide, 2012(3), 25–29.
Pitasi, A. (2013b). The hypercitizenship challenge to methodological nationalism. Revista de Direito Econômico e Socioambiental, 1(1), 07–23.
Pitasi, A. (2015). A systemic approach to hypercitizenship. In M. Bonazzi & V. Di Simone (Eds.), Redesigning worldwide connections (pp. 181–203). Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Prigogne, I., & Stengers, I. (1984). Order out of chaos. Toronto: Bantam Books.
Ramalingam, B. (2013). Aid on the edge of chaos: Rethinking international cooperation in a complex world. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Scholz N. (2016). The public health dimension of the European migrant crisis. European Parliamentary Research Service; 2016.
Semenza, J. C., Carrillo-Santisteve, P., Zeller, H., et al. (2016). Public health needs of migrants, refugees and asylum seekers in Europe, 2015: Infectious disease aspects. European Journal of Public Health, 26(3), 372–373. (2016). doi:10.​1093/​eurpub/​ckw023.CrossRef
Trovato, A., Reid, A., Takarinda, K. C., et al. (2016). Dangerous crossing: Demographic and clinical features of rescued sea migrants seen in 2014 at an outpatient clinic at Augusta Harbor, Italy. Conflict and Health, 10, 14. doi:10.​1186/​s13031-016-0080-y.CrossRef
Vitek, B., & Jackson, W. (2008). The virtues of ignorance. Complexity, sustainability, and the limits of knowledge (culture of the land). Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky.
Waldrop, M. M. (1992). Complexity. The emerging science at the edge of order and chaos. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Watzlawick, P., Beavin, J. H., & Jackson, D. D. (1967). Pragmatics of human communication. New York: Norton.
Weber, M. (1949). The methodologies of the social sciences. Glencoe: The Free Press of Glencoe.
WHO. (2015). Global Tuberculosis report 2015. Geneve: World Health Organization.
Ziman, J. (1987). An introduction to science studies: The philosophical and social aspects of science and technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Metadaten
Titel
The Infector Stigma: Centralizing Health Policies in an Age of Global Migration Flows
verfasst von
Liborio Stuppia
Emilia Ferone
Lamberto Manzoli
Andrea Pitasi
Massimiliano Ruzzeddu
Copyright-Jahr
2017
Buch
Innovative Healthcare Systems for the 21st Century

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-55773-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-55774-8

Copyright-Jahr: 2017

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55774-8_5