Benjamin Gompertz was the pioneer in modelling this type of processes. The model developed by him in 1825 was not developed to estimate biogas production but mainly to calculate the mortality of a population of living organisms. This was the basis for the development of the Makeham–Gompertz law which describes the dynamics of mortality of a population. That model, which was later further developed and modified, has been used to date in biology, medicine, e.g. to describe the growth of neoplastic cells or to estimate biogas or methane production (Ledakowicz et al.
2010). In 1962, Buswell and Mueller suggested the estimation of biogas production from substrate on the basis of its chemical composition. This method provided for a more precise evaluation of the substrate or cosubstrate in biogas production; however, it does not take into account the influence of other factors, such as temperature or pH (Gerber and Span
2008). In the literature, there exists also the equation which was created only by Buswell Hidalgo et al. (
2014). A dozen or so years later, in 1976, Boyle used the model developed by Buswell and Mueller and suggested adding the content of nitrogen and sulphur to the equation. The calculation of the amount of ammonia and hydrogen sulphide became possible with that model. Unfortunately, also in this case, apart from the chemical composition, the model does not take into account other parameters of the process (Menardo et al.
2013). A totally different approach was applied in 1978 by Jewell who developed an empirical model to calculate biogas production on the basis of the functions of biomass degradation in continuous production (substrate is provided several times a day). That equation took into account the flow of biodegradable dry matter (i.e. without the participation of, e.g. lignin or other substances which are not degradable in biogas production), and it was the main basis for the calculations of daily biogas production (Minott
2002). When estimating methane production on the basis of more factors determining that process, Chen and Hashimoto took a more comprehensive approach. Hashimoto was the first to take into account, in 1978, the rate of growth of microorganisms which he related to the temperature of liquid manure in the digester and empirically established coefficients. This model is still used to study the influence of individual factors on the microorganisms living in agricultural biogas plants. This model was further improved over the next years, taking into account the rate of growth of bacteria and the input of organic dry matter (Axaopoulos et al.
2001). In 1994, Tabasaran proposed a model taking into account a greater number of factors. That model primarily took into account the influence of carbon content on biogas production (Wandrasz and Landrat
2002). In 1995, Toprak proposed an empirical model to estimate biogas production only on the basis of the ambient air temperature (Toprak
1995). A similar approach was presented in 1999 by Hobbs whose model directly estimates the emission of methane from pig manure in the function of time. The model was developed only for one substrate, and it does not take into account any other factors (Wu et al.
2006). In 1999, Andara and Esteban developed a two-step kinetic model to estimate methane production from pig manure. That model takes into account a great number of factors (reaction time, concentration of microorganisms, constant cellular performance) and that is why the equations describe the process of biogas formation much better. The conducted experiments demonstrated a good fit of the model; however, its basic disadvantage is that it has been tested only on one substrate, and consequently, it is highly probable that the efficiency of that model will be much lower for other substrates (Andara and Esteban
1999). At the same time, Masse and Droste proposed a model based on the analysis of digestion in anaerobic conditions, introducing the so-called biological activity (Masse and Droste
2000). In 2002, Scott and Mionott developed the most advanced model in respect of the factors which affect the evaluation of biogas production. Apart from estimating biogas production, that model is also used to calculate the total substrate degradation. To some extent, the above model is based on the model developed by Hashimoto because it can also be used to establish the rate of growth of microorganisms. It has already been rather well verified, and the results achieved provide good grounds to claim its good fit to the results achieved in experiments (Wu et al.
2006). Another model published in 2006 is the model presented in Battone (
2006). The author of the model estimates methane production on the basis of the loss of mass and the concentration of degradable components. In the case of the model published in El Monayeri et al. (
2013), the amount of methane is estimated on the basis of the known chemical demand for oxygen, efficiency of methane and volatile suspended solids. The last of the mathematical models presented in this paper was developed on the basis of the model by Gompertz and adapted to estimate biogas production (Latinwo and Agarry
2015). Obviously, the review presented above does not comprehensively describe the models of biogas production, but it can be claimed that most of them require very detailed information about the process or are relatively imprecise. The authors do not know a model of methane production, which is actually based only on carbon content in the substrate and inoculum. Developing such a simple relation might dramatically simplify the estimation of biogas production and consequently become a real alternative to biogas calculators.