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Erschienen in:
The Organization of Terror and Murder Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

7. The Last of the Third Reich’s Vertical Trust Networks?

verfasst von : Franklin G. Mixon Jr.

Erschienen in: A Terrible Efficiency

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter examines what was possibly the last of the Nazi bureaucracy’s vertical trust networks—ODESSA. This was purported to be a covert organization of the SS underground that was established toward the end of World War II and whose primary mission was to facilitate the escape of SS members and other highly placed Nazi affiliates from post-war Europe to mainly Brazil and other Nazi-sympathizing parts of South America. This process possibly involved two competing vertical trust networks, both headed by Heinrich Himmler, and a number of suspected affiliate organizations, including the Vatican, Juan Perón’s government in Brazil, Francisco Franco’s government in Spain, and various German industrial and financial magnates. Nazi functionaries who were rescued through this process included Adolf Eichmann and Joseph Mengele.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Coercion and Vertical Trust in the Nazi Bureaucracy
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Fußnoten
1
ODESSA was known by its German name Organization der Ehemaligen SS-Angehörigen. See also Snyder (1989: 259) and Jewish Virtual Library (www.​jewishvirtuallib​rary.​org).
 
2
See also Snyder (1989: 259).
 
3
Schellenberg’s work for Odessa would be short-lived, as he was arrested by the British in Denmark in June 1945, where he was attempting to arrange for his own surrender (Breitman et al. 2005). He would later stand trial at Nuremberg for his part in the murder of Soviet prisoners of war who had been employed as secret agents by the Nazis in Operation Zeppelin. In early November 1949, Schellenberg was found guilty and sentenced to six years in prison (Schellenberg 1956).
 
4
Fuldner was born in Argentina to German immigrants on December 16, 1910 (Goñi 2002: 65).
 
5
By the time Fuldner concluded his work, hundreds of German, Austrian, French, Belgian, Dutch, Slovakian, and Croatian war criminals and Nazi collaborators found safety in Argentina (Goñi 2002: 63).
 
6
Breitman, Goda, Naftali, and Wolfe (2005: 113–114) assert that being on the side of the Reich Central Security Main Office (RHSA) that had been opposed to Kaltenbrunner, Müller, Skorzeny, and others likely worked to minimize Schellenberg’s punishment at Nuremberg.
 
7
As in the case of the umbrella organization, Odessa, some, such as Walters (2009), doubt the existence Die Spinne.
 
8
See also van Gelder (1975: 29).
 
9
In his position with military intelligence, Gehlen surreptitiously copied intelligence files on the Soviet Union to microfilm in order to increase his value as a captive of the Allied forces (Simpson 1988). Gehlen was able to leverage his post-war liberty (in 1946) as a result of this decision (Höhne and Zolling 1972).
 
10
One or both of the vertical trust networks depicted in Fig. 7.1 received valuable assistance from individuals situated in the middle of the SS hierarchy. For example, SS-Haupsturmführer Siegfried Becker, who, in serving Himmler, once plotted with Perón to overthrow the Allied-leaning government of Bolivia, helped to channel Nazi funds to Argentina (Goñi 2002: xxiii).
 
11
This particular episode represents a neat and concise example of how voluntary exchange worked in the Nazi bureaucracy.
 
12
Also listed in Table 7.1 is Franz Stangl, commandant of Sobibor and Treblinka. Stangl is one of the subjects of the analyses in Chap. 4, along with Eichmann and Mengele.
 
13
The ranks listed in Table 7.1 range from SS-Scharführer to SS-Oberführer, representing a swing from the 20th percentile to the 75th percentile of the SS.
 
14
According to Mixon et al. (2004), only three of the 16 SS officials listed in Table 7.1 held a rank in that organization that was significantly outside of the median range.
 
15
Encyclopedia Britannica (www.​britannica.​com).
 
16
See (TL Editors 1991: 149).
 
17
See TL Editors (1991: 150).
 
18
See TL Editors (1991: 150–151).
 
19
See TL Editors (1991: 151).
 
20
As a result of dueling, Skorzeny’s face bore a scar from his left ear to his chin (van Gelder 1975: 29).
 
21
See van Gelder (1975: 29).
 
22
As with prior depictions of vertical trust networks, that in Fig. 7.1 is not exhaustive in that there were key individuals between Himmler and Skorzeny (e.g., Ernst Kaltenbrunner), and others beneath Skorzeny.
 
23
Skorzeny photographed the area, from within a Heinkel 111 reconnaissance plane flying 15,000 feet above, in the days before the scheduled operation (TL Editors 1991: 149).
 
24
See TL Editors (1991: 149–150).
 
25
See TL Editors (1991: 151).
 
26
See TL Editors (1991: 151).
 
27
See TL Editors (1991: 151).
 
28
See TL Editors (1991: 151–152).
 
29
See TL Editors (1991: 165).
 
30
See TL Editors (1991: 169).
 
31
See TL Editors (1991: 169–170).
 
32
See TL Editors (1991: 170).
 
33
See TL Editors (1991: 170).
 
34
See TL Editors (1991: 170).
 
35
See TL Editors (1991: 170).
 
36
The vertical trust network depicted in Fig. 7.2 illustrates Skorzeny’s dual role as a subordinate, in this case to Hitler (and others), and, simultaneously, a superior, in this case to SS-Haupsturmführer Adrian von Fölkersam, whose SS career resembled that of Skorzeny’s in terms of Churchill’s description of Operation Eiche (see Mortimer 2012).
 
37
See TL Editors (1991: 170–171).
 
38
See TL Editors (1991: 171–172).
 
39
See TL Editors (1991: 172).
 
40
See TL Editors (1991: 171–172).
 
41
See TL Editors (1991: 173).
 
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Metadaten
Titel
The Last of the Third Reich’s Vertical Trust Networks?
verfasst von
Franklin G. Mixon Jr.
Copyright-Jahr
2019
Buch
A Terrible Efficiency

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-25766-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-25767-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2019

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25767-5_7