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2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

8. The Law and Surveillance

verfasst von : Ian Berle

Erschienen in: Face Recognition Technology

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter considers the legalities of surveillance and the judicial powers that form the legal and regulatory frameworks associated with the constraints on liberty. The chapter uses case histories to describe the effect of surveillance and its potential harms, and the critical responses from privacy campaigners, and less frequently the differences of opinion that occurs between governments and their agencies when individuals in one jurisdiction are treated differently in another.

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Vorheriges Kapitel The Law and Data Protection

Nächstes Kapitel State Paternalism and Autonomy

Solove (2011), p. 1.

ibid p. 73.

Intelligence Services Act 1994.

California v. Ciraolo 476 U.S. 207.

Solove (2011) op cit p.177.

vis a vis UK HRA Article 8(1). Conversely, in the UK HRA Article 8(1) is regularly deployed by celebrities, politicians and royalty to protect their privacy when photographed or filmed surreptitiously.

Electronic Frontiers Foundation.

Edgar (2017) discusses these issues in depth.

ECJ: Kadi.

European Council Regulation (EC) No 881/2002 of 27 May 2002.

Kokott and Sobotta (2012), p. 1020.

Dershowitz (2004), pp. 115–116.

European Commission, ‘Strategic Objectives 2005-2009’.

American Bar Association ‘Transparency 3/10/08 Version’ p. 1.

ibid p. 6.

European Council Directive 2006/24/EC.

ibid, Article 5.

ibid para 9.

ibid para 11.

McMeley and Seiver (2018).

Fischer (2018).

RIPA.

Amos (2014).

This may be an oversimplification, but is generally the accepted perceived wisdom, However, some proscribed activity is potentially beyond the reach of surveillance when hidden on the ‘dark web’.

Amos (2014), pp. 154–155 op cit.

Amos (2006), p. 15; Amos (2014) op cit p. 169 endnote18.

Amos (2014) op cit pp. 155–156.

ibid p. 165.

Honess and Charman (1992).

Cited by Amos (2014), p. 156.

ibid § I(3).

S and Marper v UK 2008.

Amos (2014), p. 159; p. 170 endnote 41: Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (UK) (Police and Criminal Evidence Act) §§27, 61, 63. This database is now regulated by the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (UK).

Cited by Amos (2014), p. 158.

These cases are arguably emblematic given the volume of biometric data retained by the police.

Wood op cit at [100].

R (RMC) Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis (RMC).

Human Rights Act 1998, Article 8: Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. 8(2). There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic wellbeing of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.

Kindt (2013), pp. 193 §348.

Campbell (Appellant) v. MGN Limited (Respondents).

Kindt (2013) op cit p. 195 §351.

ibid p. 195 §351.

American Bar Association: Transparency 3/10/08 Version, p 1 http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/migrated/adminlaw/eu/TransparencyFinal31808.authcheckdam.pdf. Accessed 26 Aug 2019

Amos M (2006) Human rights law. Hart Publishing, Oxford, p 15

Amos M (2014) The impact of human rights law on measures of mass surveillance in the United Kingdom. In: Davis F, McGarrity N, Williams G (eds) Surveillance, counter-terrorism and comparative constitutionalism. Routledge, London

California v. Ciraolo 476 U.S. 207. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/476/207. Accessed 26 Aug 2019

Campbell (Appellant) v. MGN Limited (Respondents)[2004] UKHL 22 on appeal from: [2002] EWCA Civ 1373 at para 154 https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200304/ldjudgmt/jd040506/campbe-1.htm. Accessed 26 Aug 2019

Council of the European Union Directive 2006/24/EC of The European Parliament and of The Council of 15 March 2006 on the retention of data generated or processed in connection with the provision of publicly available electronic communications services or of public communications networks and amending Directive 2002/58/EC. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32006L0024. Accessed 26 Aug 2019

Council of the European Union Regulation (EC) No 881/2002 of 27 May 2002. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32002R0881. Accessed 26 Aug 2019

Dershowitz A (2004) Rights from wrongs: a secular theory of the origins of rights. Basic Books, New York, pp 115–116

Edgar TH (2017) Beyond snowden: privacy, mass surveillance, and the struggle to reform the NSA. Brookings Institution Press, Washington DC

Electronic Frontier Foundation (Necessary and Proportionate.org) 13 International Principles on the Application of Human Rights to Communication Surveillance. https://necessaryandproportionate.org/principles. Accessed 24 Aug 2019. https://www.eff.org/document/13-international-principles-application-human-rights-communication-surveillance. Accessed 24 Aug 2019

European Commission Strategic Objectives 2005-2009; Europe 2010: A Partnership for European Renewal; Prosperity, Solidarity and Security. Communication No 12 (2005) 5). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1563193762276&uri=CELEX:52005DC0012. Accessed 26 Aug 2019

European Court of Justice: Kadi The Court dismisses the appeals against the General Court’s ‘Kadi II’ judgement. Court of Justice of the European Union, Press Release No 93/13, Luxembourg 18 July 2013 Judgement in Joined Cases C-584/10 P, C-593/10 P and C-595/10 P Commission, Council, United Kingdom v. Yassin Abdullah Kadi. http://www.statewatch.org/news/2013/jun/ecj-kadi-ms-appeal-prel.pdf. Accessed 26 Aug 2019

Fischer C (2018) The CLOUD Act: a dangerous expansion of police snooping on cross-border data. Electronic Frontiers Foundation. https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2018/02/cloud-act-dangerous-expansion-police-snooping-cross-border-data#_ftnref1. Accessed 26 Aug 2019

Honess T, Charman E (1992) Closed circuit television in public places: Its acceptability and perceived effectiveness. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090410010408/http://www.crimereduction.homeoffice.gov.uk/cctv/cctv3.htm. Accessed 26 Aug 2019

Human Rights Act 1998 Article 8 ‘Right to respect for private and family life’. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1998/ukpga_19980042_en_1. Accessed 26 Aug 2019

Intelligence Services Act 1994 c.13. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1994/13/contents. Accessed 26 Aug 2019

Kindt EJ (2013) Privacy and data protection issues of biometric applications. Springer, Dordrecht, p 193 §348CrossRef

Kokott J, Sobotta C (2012) The Kadi case – constitutional core values and international law – finding the balance? Eur J Int Law 23(4):1015–1024; p 1020. http://www.ejil.org/pdfs/23/4/2343.pdf. Accessed 26 Aug 2019CrossRef

McMeley C, Seiver J (2018) The CLOUD Act — A needed fix for U.S. and foreign law enforcement or threat to civil liberties? The International Association of Privacy Professionals (IAPP). https://iapp.org/news/a/the-cloud-act-a-needed-fix-for-u-s-and-foreign-law-enforcement-or-threat-to-civil-liberties/. Accessed 26 Aug 2019

R (RMC) Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis (RMC) [2012] EWHC 1681 (Admin) [33]. https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/JCO/Documents/Judgments/r-rmc-fj-metropolitan-police-commissioner-22062012.pdf. Accessed 26 Aug 2019

R v. Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police (Respondent) ex parte LS (by his mother and litigation friend JB) (FC) (Appellant); R v. Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police (Respondent) ex parte Marper (FC)(Appellant) Consolidated Appeals [2004] UKHL 39 on appeal from: [2002] EWCA Civ 1275 [2002] 1 WLR 3223. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200304/ldjudgmt/jd040722/york-1.htm. Accessed 26 Aug 2019

Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000, §48(2) http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/23/pdfs/ukpga_20000023_en.pdf. Accessed 26 Aug 2019

S and Marper v UK 2008. https://justice.org.uk/s-marper-v-uk-2008/. Accessed 26 Aug 2019

Solove DJ (2011) Nothing to hide: the false trade off between privacy and security. Yale University Press, New Haven, p 1

Wood v. Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis (CA) [2010] WLR 123, [2010] 1 WLR 123, [2009] ACD 75, [2009] EWCA Civ 414, [2010] EMLR 1, [2009] HRLR 25, [2009] 4 All ER 951, [2009] UKHRR 1254. http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2009/414.html. Accessed 26 Aug 2019

Titel: The Law and Surveillance
verfasst von: Ian Berle
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Face Recognition Technology
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-36886-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-36887-6

Copyright-Jahr: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36887-6_8

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