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2012 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

4. The Mystery of the Nobel Laureate and His Vanishing Wife

verfasst von : Dr. Joy Harvey

Erschienen in: For Better or For Worse? Collaborative Couples in the Sciences

Verlag: Springer Basel

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Abstract

This paper looks at the lives of husband and wife teams, Robert and Gertrude Maud Robinson in England, André and Marguerite Lwoff in France, August and Marie Krogh in Denmark where the husband was awarded the Nobel prize and questions to what degree the wife was an unacknowledged collaborator. In comparison, I note other European non -Nobellists, Marcelle and Louis Lapicque, Cecille and Oskar Vogt to see what similarities exist. In order to examine unacknowledged female associates of Nobel laureates, I also look at the unmarried teams of Renato Dulbecco and Marguerite Vogt, of Edward Tatum and Laura Garnjobst, of Hilde Levi and George de Hevesy in order to understand to what degree association with a future Nobelist was a help or hinderance to a woman’s career in science. Although the diminished visibility of scientific wives does not indicate a murder mystery, in spite of my title, the elimination of the scientific contributions of a wife or female collaborator from the life of men publicly recognized for some outstanding scientific achievement, can be considered as a kind ofdeath.

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Vorheriges Kapitel “Not merely wifely devotion”: Collaborating in the Construction of Science at Terling Place

Nächstes Kapitel Married for Science, Divorced for Love: Success and Failure in the Collaboration Between Astrid Cleve and Hans von Euler-Chelpin

Marilyn Ogilvie and Joy Harvey, eds., Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science, 2 Vols. (New York: Routledge, 2000).

This seems to have been the case with later recollections of Marguerite Lwoff in various articles in Jacques Monod and Ernest Borek, eds., Of Microbes and Men (Les Microbes et la Vie) (New York, London: Columbia University Press, 1971), as discussed below.

Robert Robinson, “Some polycyclic natural products,” Nobel lecture, December 14, 1947, in Nobel Lectures in Chemistry 1943–1962 (Singapore; River Edge, NJ: World Scientific, 1999), pp. 166–185, comment on p. 185.

Helena M. Pycior, “Pierre Curie and “His Eminent Collaborator Mme Curie”: Complementary Partners,” in Helena Pycior, Nancy Slack, and Pnina Abir-Am, eds., Creative Couples in the Sciences (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1996), pp. 39–71.

As was the case of the failure for Viktor Hamburger to be recognized in the Nobel Prize for physiology/medicine awarded to Rita Levi-Montalcini and associates for the discovery of the nerve growth factor (NGF).

Trevor I. Williams, Robert Robinson, Chemist Extraordinary (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990).

R.L.M. Synge (FRS), “How the Robinsons nearly invented partition chromatography in 1934,” Notes and Records of the Royal Society 46 (1993), 309–312.

See the list of Gertrude Maud Robinson’s publications in Lebrecht Weichsel, ed., J. C. Poggendorffs Biographisch-Literarisches Handwörterbuch zur Geschichte der Exakten Wissenschaften, Vol 7b. Part 7 (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1981), pp. 4399–4400.

Quoted in Williams, Robert Robinson (ref. 1), p. 36.

Gertrude Robinson and Robert Robinson, “A Survey of Anthocyanins I,” Biochemical Journal 25 (1931), 1687–1705: “A Survey of Anthocyanins II,” Biochemical Journal 26 (1933), 1647–1664; Gertrude Robinson and Robert Robertson, “A Survey of Anthocyanins. Notes on the distribution of leuco-anthocyanins,” Biochemical Journal 27 (1933), 206–212; Gertrude Robinson and Robert Robertson , “A Survey of Anthocyanins. IV,” Biochemical Journal 28 (1934), 1712–1720.

Robinson, Nobel lecture (ref. 4), p. 185.

Robert Robinson, Memoirs of a Minor Prophet: 70 Years of Organic Chemistry (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1975), p. 45.

Alexander Todd and J.W. Cornworth, “Robert Robinson,” Biographical Memoirs of the Royal Society (1976), 414–527.

John Simonsens as quoted in Williams, Robert Robinson (ref. 1), p. 148.

Robinson, Nobel Lecture (ref. 4), p. 185.

Marelene Rayner-Canham and Geoff Rayner-Canham, Chemistry Was Their Life: Pioneer British Women Chemists, 1880–1949 (London: Imperial College Press, 2008), pp. 435–438.

Rose Scott-Moncrieff, “Classical Chemical Genetics: Recollections of Muriel Wheldale Onslow, Robert and Gertrude Robinson and J.B.S. Haldane,” Notes and Records of the Royal Society 36 (1981), 125–154.

R.L.M. Synge (FRS), “How the Robinsons nearly invented partition chromatography in 1934,” Notes and Records of the Royal Society 46 (1993), 309–312.

Bodil Schmidt-Nielsen, August Krogh and Marie Krogh: Lives in Science (New York, Oxford: American Physiological Society, 1995). The descriptions of their lives are taken from this biography of her parents.

Jacques Millot, “Des Ciliés et des Hommes (Roscoff et Banyuls 1923–1932),” in Monod and Borek, Of Microbes and Life (ref. 3), p. 35, translated from the French by the author.

This identified cosymase 1 or 2 as the so-called “V” factor for Hemophilus.

André Lwoff, “From Protozoa to Bacteria and Viruses: Fifty years with Microbes,” Annual Review of Microbiology 25 (1971), 1–26.

Neal Groman, “La vie est dur,” in Monod and Borek, Of Microbes and Life, (ref. 3), p. 116. Stanier, “L’evolution physiologique. A retrospective appreciation,” in Monod and Borek, Of Microbes and Men (ref. 3), p. 71; and Marc Girard, “Quarante degrees à l’ombre,” in Monod and Borek, Of Microbes and Life, (ref. 3), p. 124.

Monod and Borek, Of Microbes and Men (ref. 3).

Stanier, “L’evolution physiologique,” in Monod and Borek, Of Microbes and Men (ref. 3), p. 71.

J. Monod, “Preface,” in Monod and Borek, Of Microbes and Life, (ref. 3), p. 6, translated from the French by the author.

Stanier, “L’evolution physiologique,” in Monod and Borek, Of Microbes and Men (ref. 3), p. 71.

Groman, “La vie est dur,” in Monod and Borek, Of Microbes and Life, (ref. 3), p. 116.

Girard, “Quarante degrees à l’ombre,” in Monod and Borek, Of Microbes and Life, (ref. 3), p. 124, translated from the French by the author.

Renato Dulbecco, “From lysogeny to animal viruses,” in Monod and Borek, Of Microbes and Life (ref. 3), p. 111.

Lwoff “From protozoa to bacteria and viruses” (ref. 23).

François Jacob and M. Girard, “André Michel Lwoff,” Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of Royal Society of London 44 (1994), 254–263.

Mildred Cohn, “Carl and Gerty Cori: A Personal Recollection,” in Pycior, et al, Creative Couples (ref. 5), pp. 72–84.

Her articles appeared regularly in the Society of Biology journal, Comptes Rendus Société de Biologie, between 1907 and 1951. See Joy Harvey, “Marcelle de Herrida Lapicque” in Ogilvie and Harvey, Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science (ref. 2), Vol. 2, pp. 745–746.

Louis Lapicque, La Machine Nerveuse (Paris: Flammarion, 1943). The foreword and comments throughout the volume mention the importance of Marcelle de Herrida Lapicque’s work.

J. F. Fulton. “Louis Lapicque 1866–1952,” Journal of Neurophysiology 16 (1953), 97–100.

Herbert H. Jaspar, “Autobiography,” in Larry R. Squire, ed., The History of Neuroscience in Autobiography, Vol. 1 (San Diego: Academic Press, 1996), p. 326.

A. M. Monnier, “Louis Lapicque,” in Charles Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. 8 (New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1970–1980), pp. 28–30.

Joy Harvey, “L’autre côté du miroir (The Other Side of the Mirror): French Neurophysiology and English Interpretations,” in Claude Debru, Jean Gayon, and Jean-François Picard, eds., Sciences Biologiques et Medicales en France, 1920–1950 (Paris, Editions CNRS, 1995), pp. 71–81.

W. Haymaker, “Cécile and Oskar Vogt on the Occasion of Her 75th and His 80th Birthday,” Neurology 1 (1951), 179–204. See also Annette Vogt, Wissenschaftlerinnen in Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituten: A-Z (Berlin: Archiv zur Geschichte der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 1999).

Stanley Finger, Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations into Brain Function (Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 42, 232.

Susan Greenfield, “Marthe Louise Vogt F.R.S. (1903- ),” in L. J. Bindman, A F. Brading, & E. M. Tansey, eds., Women Physiologists: An Anniversary Celebration of their Contributions to British Physiology (London: Portland Press, 1993), pp. 49–59.

Renato Dulbecco, “Autobiography,” in Jan Lindsten, ed., Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1971–1980 (Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co., 1992); the quote is from “Renato Dulbecco – Autobiography,” Nobelprize.org, http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1975/dulbecco-autobio.html (accessed October 24, 2010).

Renato Dulbecco, “From the Molecular Biology of Oncogenic DNA Viruses to Cancer,” Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1975, in Lindsten, ed., Nobel Lectures (ref. 44), pp. 229–231.

Jeremy Peace, “Marguerite Vogt, 94, Dies; Biologist and Researcher on Polio Virus,” New York Times, July 18, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/18/science/18vogt.html (accessed November 19, 2009).

S. L. Forsung, “Remembering Marguerite Vogt,” http://www-rcf.usc.edu/~forsburg/vogt.html (accessed October 24, 2010).

“Laura Flora Garnjobst,” National Cyclopedia of American Biography, Vol. 61 (1984), pp. 27–28, and Joy Harvey, “Laura Flora Garnjobst,” in Ogilvie and Harvey, Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science (ref. 1), Vol. 1, pp. 778–779.

Joshua Lederberg, who wrote the biographical memoir on E. L. Tatum, never mentions Garnjobst’s name: Joshua Lederberg, “Edward Lawrie Tatum,” Biographical Memoirs National Academy of Science 59 (1990), 357–386. He lists only one or two of the multiple publications of Tatum with Garnjobst. It is worth noting that, in contrast, Lederberg cites the work of his own wife in his Nobel lecture and carefully refers to her first as “my wife” and later as “Dr. Esther M. Lederberg”: Joshua Lederberg, “A View of Genetics,” in Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1942–1962 (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1964), pp. 615–636, and Science 131 (1960), 269–276.

A review article by Garnjobst and Tatum of Neurospora mutants appeared in 1967 with Garnjobst as first author: Laura Garnjobst and E L. Tatum, “A Survey of New Morphological Mutants in Neurospora crassa,” Genetics 57 (1967), 579–604. The last joint publication appeared in the same journal in 1970.

I have found a mention of her in a letter from David Perkins to Joshua Lederberg in 1985 at the time that Lederberg was writing Tatum’s memoir: “I think not much need or should be said about research accomplishments at Stanford during the 1948–57 period … While he came into the lab regularly, and consulted with Laura Garnjobst and with the others, he found it increasingly difficult to carry on experiments himself”: David Perkins to Joshua Lederberg, December 18, 1985, Joshua Lederberg Papers, National Library of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.

“Laura Garnjobst,” in George P. Edmonston, Jr., ed., “Amazing Beavers…1910–1930,” OSU Alumni Association, Oregon State University, http://www.osualum.com/s/359/index.aspx?sid%3D359%26gid%3D;1%26;pgid%3D;518 (accessed October 24, 2010). This includes a brief biography with a portrait from her as an undergraduate.

E. M. Lederberg, “Lysogenicity in Escherichia coli strain K-12,” Microbial Genetics Bulletin, 1 (1950), 5–8.

Mitzi Baker, “Esther Lederberg, pioneer in genetics, dies at 83,” Stanford Report, November 29, 2006. http://news.stanford.edu/news/2006/november29/med-esther-112906.html?view=print. A recent website of her papers and photographs can be viewed at The Esther M. Zimmer Lederberg Trust, Esther M. Zimmer Lederberg Memorial Web Site, http://www.estherlederberg.com/home.html (accessed October 24, 2010).

“Hilde Levi,” in Dansk Biografisk Lexikon (Engelstoft: Porl, 1874 to present), Vol. 9. Annette Vogt discusses the work of Hilde Levi in Annette Vogt, Wissenschaftlerinnen in Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituten (ref. 41), pp. 82–83.

Annette B. Vogt, “Hilde Levi,” in the Jewish Women’s Archive, Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, 2005, http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/levi-hilde (accessed October 24, 2010). See also “Hilde Levi,” in Ogilvie and Harvey, Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science (ref. 1), Vol. 2, pp. 778–779, and Finn Aaserud, “Hilde Levi: 1909–2003,” Niels Bohr Archive, 2003, http://www.nba.nbi.dk/hilde.html (accessed October 24, 2010).

See Harriet Zuckerman’s discussion of scientific lineages among Nobel laureates om her book, Scientific Elite, Nobel laureates in the United States. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1999 especially pp. 99–138 although she questions whether the high percentage of master-student Nobel laureates is due to direct advocacy in most cases.

For example, see Susan Quinn, Marie Curie: A Life (Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 1995), especially pp. 130–134, 193–199.

Sharon Bertsch McGrayne, Nobel Prize Women in Science: Their Lives, Struggles and Momentous Discoveries (Secaucus, N.J.: Carol Publishing Group, 1998).

Evelyn Fox Keller, A Feeling for the Organism: The Life and Work of Barbara McClintock (San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1983); Anne Sayre, Rosalind Franklin and DNA (New York: Norton, 1975); Margaret Rossiter, Women Scientists in America: Struggles and Strategies to 1940 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982).

Londa Schiebinger, Nature’s Body: Gender in the Making of Modern Science (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2006); Donna Haraway, Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science (New York: Routledge, Chapman & Hall, 1989); Ludmilla Jordanova, “Gender and the Historiography of Science,” British Journal for the History of Science, 26 (1993), 469–483. Hilary Rose, Love, Power and Knowledge: Towards a Feminist Transformation of the Sciences (Bloomington, IN.: Indiana University Press, 1994).

Quoted in interview, Natalie Angier, “Scientist at Work: Marguerite Vogt, A Lifetime Later, Still in Love with the Lab,” New York Times, April 10, 2001, p. D1. It is interesting to note that towards the end of her life, Vogt became very interested in the subject of telemeres resulting in the invitation to Nobel Prize winner Elizabeth Blackburn as one of the first speakers at a seminar series set up in Vogt’s honor.

Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, “The Allocation of Credit,” in On Being a Scientist: Responsible Conduct in Research (Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1995; new ed., 2009), pp. 12–15.

Titel: The Mystery of the Nobel Laureate and His Vanishing Wife
verfasst von: Dr. Joy Harvey
Verlag: Springer Basel
Buch: For Better or For Worse? Collaborative Couples in the Sciences
Print ISBN: 978-3-0348-0285-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-0348-0286-4

Copyright-Jahr: 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0286-4_4

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