nach oben

Erschienen in:

2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

4. The Nineteenth Century: Multipolar, Bipolar or Unipolar?

verfasst von : Goedele De Keersmaeker

Erschienen in: Polarity, Balance of Power and International Relations Theory

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

The nineteenth century is usually described as multipolar but sometimes also as bipolar or unipolar. Multipolarity refers to the mere number of great powers in the European system and to the absence of a Cold War type bipolarization (cluster bipolarity). Some describe the period 1815–1853 as bipolar with Britain and Russia as superpowers in Europe apart from other great powers. In the economic field there was British unipolarity for most of the century. Moreover, one has to distinguish the European regional system from the global system. Polarity thinkers neglect the global British predominance, based on its Empire. But this did not lead to a predominant influence in the European system as the hegemonic stability theory claims.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel The Bipolar Cold War and Polarity Theory

Nächstes Kapitel Polarity after 1990, a Historical Comparison

Aron, R. (1962). Paix et Guerre entre les Nations. (3e éd. rev.) Paris: Calmann-Lévy.

Bairoch, P. (1976). Europe’s gross national product 1800–1975. Journal of European Economic History, 5(2), 273–340.

Bairoch, P. (1982). International industrialization levels from 1759 to 1980. Journal of European Economic History, 11, 269–333.

Black, J. (2008). Great Powers and the Quest for Hegemony: The World since 1500. New York/London: Routledge.

Blackbourn, D. (2003). History of Germany 1780–1918: The Long Nineteenth Century (2nd ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.

Bosworth, R. (1979). Italy, the Least of the Great Powers: Italian Foreign Policy before the First World War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Bridge, F. R., & Bullen, R. (2005). The Great Powers and the European States System 1814–1914 (2nd ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.

Brooks, S. G., & Wohlforth, W. C. (2008). World Out of Balance: International Relations and the Challenge of American Primacy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRef

Bull, H., & Watson, A. (Eds.) (1984). The Expansion of International Society. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Buzan, B. (2004a) The United States and the Great Powers: World Politics in the Twenty-first Century. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Christensen, T. J., & Snyder, J. (1990). Chain gangs and passed bucks: Predicting alliance patterns in multipolarity. International Organization, 44(2), 137–168.CrossRef

Clark, C. (2007). Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia 1600–1947. London: Penguin Books.

Clark, C. (2013). The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914. London: Penguin Books.

Clark, I. (1989). The Hierarchy of States: Reform and Resistance in the International Order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Coolsaet, R. (1998). België en zijn Buitenlandse Politiek 1830–1990. Leuven: Van Halewijck.

Copeland, D. C. (2000). The Origins of Major Wars. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Correlates of War Project. (2008). State System Membership List: Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved from http://correlatesofwar.org

Correlates of War Project. (2010). National Material Capabilities Dataset V4.0. (www.correlatesofwar.org). Originally published by Singer, J. D., Bremer, S., & Stuckey, J. (1972). Capability distribution, uncertainty, and major power wars, 1820–1965. In Bruce Russett (Ed.), Peace, War, and Numbers (pp. 19–48). Beverly Hills: Sage; revised in Singer, J. D. (1987). Reconstructing the correlates of war dataset on material capabilities of states, 1816–1985. International Interactions, 14 (2), 115–132.

Dakin, D. (1979). The Congress of Vienna, 1814–1815, and its antecedents. In A. Sked (Ed.), Europe’s Balance of Power 1915–1848 (pp. 14–33). London: Macmillan.

Danilovic, V. (2002). When the Stakes are High: Deterrence and Conflicts among Major Powers. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRef

Darwin, J. (2009). The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Doise, J., & Vaïsse, M. (1992). Politique Étrangère de la France. Diplomatie ou Outil Militaire, 1871–1991? (2ième éd). Paris: Editions Le Seuil.

Doyle, M. (1986). Empires. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Echard, W. E. (1983). Napoleon III and the Concert of Europe. Baton Rouge/London: Louisiana State University Press.

Gaddis, J. L. (1987). The Long Peace: Inquiries into the History of the Cold War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gilpin, R. (1981). War and Change in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Gruner, W. D. (1992). Was there a reformed balance of power system or cooperative great power hegemony? The American Historical Review, 97, 725–732.CrossRef

Gulick, E. V. (1967). Europe’s Classical Balance of Power: A Case History of the Theory and Practice of one of the Great Concepts of European Statecraft. New York, NY: Norton & Company.

Haas, Michael. (1970). International subsystems: Stability and polarity. American Political Science Review, 64(1), 98–113.CrossRef

Haas, Mark. L. (2014). Ideological polarity and balancing in great power politics. Security Studies, 23(4), 715–753.

Hobsbawm, E. (1994). The Age of Empire 1875–1914. London: Abacus.

Hobsbawm, E. (1997). The Age of Capital: 1848–1875. London: Abacus.

Hobsbawm, E. (2008). On Empire: America, War and Global Supremacy. New York: The New Press.

Holsti, K. J. (1991). Peace and War: Armed Conflicts and International Order 1648–1989. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Hyde-Price, A. G. V. (2007). European Security in the Twenty-First Century: The Challenge of Multipolarity. London: Routledge.

Ikenberry, G. J. (2001). After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Ikenberry, G. J., & Kupchan, C. A. (1990). Socialization and hegemonic power. International Organization, 44(3), 283–315.CrossRef

Ingram, E. (2000). Hegemony, global reach, and world power: Great Britain’s long cycle. In C. Elman & M. F. Elman (Eds.), Bridges and Boundaries: Historians, Political Scientists and the Study of International Relations (223–254). Cambridge, Ma: MIT Press.

Jelavich, B. (1964). A Century of Russian Foreign Policy, 1814–1914. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott.

Jervis, R. (1982). Security regimes. International Organization, 36(2), 357–378.CrossRef

Kennedy, P. (1980). The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860–1914. London/Boston: Allen & Unwin.

Kennedy, P. (1987). The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000. New York: Random House.

Kissinger, H. A. (1994). Diplomacy. London: Simon & Schuster.

Knutsen, T. (1999). The Rise and Fall of World Orders. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Kraehe, E. E. (1992). A bipolar balance of power. The American Historical Review, 97(3), 707–715.CrossRef

Krasner, S. D. (1976). State power and the structure of international trade. World Politics, 28(3), 317–347.CrossRef

Layne, C. (1993). The unipolar illusion: Why new great powers will rise? International Security, 17(4), 5–51.CrossRef

Levy, J. S. (1983). War in the Modern Great Power System 1495–1975. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.

Lieven, D. (2015). The End of Tsarist Russia: The March to World War I & Revolution. New York: Viking.

Maddison, A. (2010). Historical statistics of the world, 1-2008 AD. Retrieved on 20-01-2016 from www.ggdc.net/maddison/historical_statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls

May, E. R. (1973). Imperial Democracy: The Emergence of America as a Great Power. New York: Harper Torchbooks.

McKeown, T. J. (1983). Hegemonic stability theory and 19th-century tariff levels in Europe. International Organization, 37(1), 73–91.CrossRef

Mearsheimer, J. J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: W.W. Norton.

Medlicott, W. N. (1956). Bismarck, Gladstone and the Concert of Europe. London: University of London/The Athlone Press.

Meinecke, F. (1916). Einführung. In L. von Ranke, Die Großen Mächte. Leipzig: Insel-Verlag. Retrieved from http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/buch/3017/1

Modelski, G. (1987). Long Cycles in World Politics. London: Macmillan.CrossRef

Modelski, G., & Thompson, W. R. (1988). Seapower in Global Politics, 1494–1993. Seattle: University of Washington.CrossRef

Mosse, W. E. (1958). The European Powers and the German Question 1848–1871: With Special Reference to England and Russia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

O’Brien, P. K. (2002). The Pax Britannica and American hegemony: Precedent, antecedent or just another history? In P. K. O’Brien & A. Cleese (Eds.), Two Hegemonies: Britain, 1846–1914, and the United States, 1941–2001 (pp. 3–64). Aldershot: Ashgate.

Organski, A. F. K., & Kugler, J. (1981). The War Ledger. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Ray, J. L., & Singer, J. D. (1973). Measuring the concentration of power in the international system. Sociological Methods & Research, 1(4), 403–437.CrossRef

Rendall, M. (2006). Defensive realism and the Concert of Europe. Review of International Studies, 32(3), 523–540.CrossRef

Renouvin, P. (1955). Histoire des Relations Internationales. 6 Le XIXe Siècle. 2 De 1871 à 1914: L’apogée de L’Europe. Paris: Hachette.

Rich, N. (1985). Why the Crimean War? A Cautionary Tale. Hanover: University Press of New England.

Rich, N. (1992). Great Power Diplomacy, 1814–1914. Boston: McGraw-Hill.

Rosecrance, R. N. (1963). Action and Reaction in World Politics: International Systems in Perspective. Boston/Toronto: Little, Brown & Company.

Ruggie, J. G. (1992). Multilateralism: The anatomy of and institution. International Organization, 46(3), 561–598.CrossRef

Schroeder, P. W. (1972). Austria, Britain and the Crimean War: The Destruction of the European Concert. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Schroeder, P. W. (1977). Quantitative studies in the balance of power: An historian’s reaction. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 21(1), 1–21.

Schroeder, P. W. (1986). The 19th-century international system: Changes in the structure. World Politics, 39(1), 1–26.

Schroeder, P. W. (1992). Did the Vienna settlement rest on a balance of power? The American Historical Review, 97(3), 683–706.CrossRef

Schroeder, P. W. (1994a). Historical reality versus neorealist theory. International Security, 19(1), 108–148.CrossRef

Schroeder, P. W. (1994b). The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Schroeder, P. W. (1994c). Balance of power and political equilibrium—A response. The International History Review, 16(4), 745–754.CrossRef

Schroeder, P. W. (2000). International politics, peace, and war, 1815–1914. In T. C. W. Blanning (Ed), The Nineteenth Century, (158–209). (Short Oxford History of Europe). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Schroeder, P. W. (2004a). Alliances, 1815–1945: Weapons of power and tools of management. In D. Wetzel, R. Jervis, & J. S. Levy (Eds.), Systems, Stability and Statecraft: Essays on the International History of Modern Europe by Paul W. Schroeder, (195–222) , New York: Palgrave Macmillan. (Originally published in K. Knorr (Ed.). (1976). Historical Dimensions of National Security Problems. Lawrence, KS: The University Press of Kansas,)

Sheehan, M. (1996). The Balance of Power: History and Theory. London: Routledge.CrossRef

Simpson, G. (2004). Great Powers and Outlaw States: Unequal Sovereigns in the International Legal Order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Sked, A. (Ed.) (1979). Europe’s Balance of Power 1815–1848. London: Macmillan.

Stein, A. A. (1984). The hegemon’s dilemma: Great Britain, the United States, and the international economic order. International Organization, 38(2), 355–386.CrossRef

Tammen, R. L., Kugler, J., Lemke, D., Stamm, A. C., Abdollahian, M., Alsharabia, C., et al. (2000). Power Transitions: Strategies for the 21st Century. London/New York: Chatman House Publishers/Seven Bridges Press.

Taylor, A. J. P. (1954). The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1914. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Tombs, R. (2000). Politics. In T. C. W. Blanning The Nineteenth Century (10–46). (Short Oxford History of Europe). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

von Ranke, L. (2014) Die Großen Mächte. In Die Gesammelte Werke Leopold von Rankes. Dinslaken:Asklepiosmedia (Kindle Edition) (originally published in 1833).

Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.

Waltz, K. N. (1997). Evaluating theories. American Political Science Review, 91(4), 913–917.CrossRef

Wayman, F. W. (1984). Bipolarity and war: The role of capability concentration and alliance patterns among major powers, 1816–1965. Journal of Peace Research, 21(1), 61–78.CrossRef

Webster, C. K. (1951). The Foreign Policy of Palmerston, 1830–1841: Britain, the Liberal Movement and the Eastern Question (Vol. I & II). London: Bell & Sons.

Wohlforth, W. C. (1999). The stability of a unipolar world. International Security, 24(1), 5–41.CrossRef

Wright, M. (Ed.) (1975). Theory and Practice of the Balance of Power 1486–1914. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield.

Zakaria, F. (1998). From Wealth to Power. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Titel: The Nineteenth Century: Multipolar, Bipolar or Unipolar?
verfasst von: Goedele De Keersmaeker
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Polarity, Balance of Power and International Relations Theory
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-42651-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-42652-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42652-5_4