Skip to main content

2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

The Offshore Environment

verfasst von : Lucy Cradden, Pauline Laporte Weywada, Mairéad Atcheson

Erschienen in: Floating Offshore Wind Energy

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

An accurate assessment of the offshore environment, including the meteorological, oceanographic and other relevant environmental conditions, is fundamental to the design of FOWTs.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Ayotte KW (2008) Computational modelling for wind energy assessment. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 96:1571–1590CrossRef Ayotte KW (2008) Computational modelling for wind energy assessment. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 96:1571–1590CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Barry R, Chorley RJ (1998) Atmopshere, weather and climate, 7th edn. Routledge, London Barry R, Chorley RJ (1998) Atmopshere, weather and climate, 7th edn. Routledge, London
Zurück zum Zitat Barthelmie RJ, Courtney MS, Højstrup J, Larsen SE (1996) Meteorological aspects of offshore wind energy: observations from the Vindeby wind farm. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 62:191–211CrossRef Barthelmie RJ, Courtney MS, Højstrup J, Larsen SE (1996) Meteorological aspects of offshore wind energy: observations from the Vindeby wind farm. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 62:191–211CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Burton T, Sharpe D, Jenkins N, Bossanyi E (2001) Wind energy handbook. Wiley, ChichesterCrossRef Burton T, Sharpe D, Jenkins N, Bossanyi E (2001) Wind energy handbook. Wiley, ChichesterCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Carta JA, Velázquez S, Cabrera P (2013) A review of measure-correlate-predict (MCP) methods used to estimate long-term wind characteristics at a target site. Renew Sustain Energ Rev 27:362–400CrossRef Carta JA, Velázquez S, Cabrera P (2013) A review of measure-correlate-predict (MCP) methods used to estimate long-term wind characteristics at a target site. Renew Sustain Energ Rev 27:362–400CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Coelingh JP, Van Wijk AJM, Holtslag AAM (1996) Analysis of wind speed observations over the North Sea. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 61:51–69CrossRef Coelingh JP, Van Wijk AJM, Holtslag AAM (1996) Analysis of wind speed observations over the North Sea. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 61:51–69CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cradden L, Harrison G, Chick J (2012) Will climate change impact on wind power development in the UK? Clim Change 115:837–852CrossRef Cradden L, Harrison G, Chick J (2012) Will climate change impact on wind power development in the UK? Clim Change 115:837–852CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cradden LC, Restuccia F, Hawkins SL, Harrison GP (2014) Consideration of wind speed variability in creating a regional aggregate wind power time series. Resources 3:215–234CrossRef Cradden LC, Restuccia F, Hawkins SL, Harrison GP (2014) Consideration of wind speed variability in creating a regional aggregate wind power time series. Resources 3:215–234CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Dee DP, Uppala SM, Simmons AJ et al (2011) The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc 137:553–597CrossRef Dee DP, Uppala SM, Simmons AJ et al (2011) The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc 137:553–597CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat DNV-RP-J101 (2011) Use of remote sensing for wind energy assessments. Det Norske Veritas (DNV), Høvik, Norway DNV-RP-J101 (2011) Use of remote sensing for wind energy assessments. Det Norske Veritas (DNV), Høvik, Norway
Zurück zum Zitat Fairall CW, Grachev AA, Bedard AJ, Nishiyama RT (1996) Wind, wave, stress, and surface roughness relationships from turbulence measurements made on R/P FLIP in the SCOPE experiment. NOAA Technical Memo. ERL ETL-268. Boulder, CO, USA Fairall CW, Grachev AA, Bedard AJ, Nishiyama RT (1996) Wind, wave, stress, and surface roughness relationships from turbulence measurements made on R/P FLIP in the SCOPE experiment. NOAA Technical Memo. ERL ETL-268. Boulder, CO, USA
Zurück zum Zitat Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (2013) MERRA reanalysis Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (2013) MERRA reanalysis
Zurück zum Zitat Harrison G, Hawkins S, Eager D, Cradden L (2015) Capacity value of offshore wind in Great Britain. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part O J Risk Reliab 229(5):360–372 Harrison G, Hawkins S, Eager D, Cradden L (2015) Capacity value of offshore wind in Great Britain. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part O J Risk Reliab 229(5):360–372
Zurück zum Zitat Hasager CB (2014) Offshore winds mapped from satellite remote sensing. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Energ Environ 3:594–603CrossRef Hasager CB (2014) Offshore winds mapped from satellite remote sensing. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Energ Environ 3:594–603CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hasager CB, Barthelmie RJ, Christiansen MB et al (2006) Quantifying offshore wind resources from satellite wind maps: study area the north sea. Wind Energ 9(1–2):63–74CrossRef Hasager CB, Barthelmie RJ, Christiansen MB et al (2006) Quantifying offshore wind resources from satellite wind maps: study area the north sea. Wind Energ 9(1–2):63–74CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hasager CB, Pena A, Christiansen MB et al (2008) Remote sensing observation used in offshore wind energy. IEEE J Sel Top Appl Earth Obs Remote Sens 1(1):67–79CrossRef Hasager CB, Pena A, Christiansen MB et al (2008) Remote sensing observation used in offshore wind energy. IEEE J Sel Top Appl Earth Obs Remote Sens 1(1):67–79CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hawkins S (2012) A high resolution reanalysis of wind speeds over the British Isles for wind energy integration. PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh Hawkins S (2012) A high resolution reanalysis of wind speeds over the British Isles for wind energy integration. PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh
Zurück zum Zitat Hess P, Brezowsky H (1952) Catalogue of european large-scale weather situations (Katalog der Großwetterlagen Europas) (in German). Bad Kissingen, Germany Hess P, Brezowsky H (1952) Catalogue of european large-scale weather situations (Katalog der Großwetterlagen Europas) (in German). Bad Kissingen, Germany
Zurück zum Zitat IEC 61400-1 (2005) Wind turbines—Part 1: design requirements. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), Geneva, Switzerland IEC 61400-1 (2005) Wind turbines—Part 1: design requirements. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), Geneva, Switzerland
Zurück zum Zitat IEC 61400-3 (2009) Wind turbines—Part 3: design requirements for offshore wind turbines. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), Geneva, Switzerland IEC 61400-3 (2009) Wind turbines—Part 3: design requirements for offshore wind turbines. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), Geneva, Switzerland
Zurück zum Zitat James PM (2007) An objective classification method for Hess and Brezowsky Grosswetterlagen over Europe. Theoret Appl Climatol 88:17–42CrossRef James PM (2007) An objective classification method for Hess and Brezowsky Grosswetterlagen over Europe. Theoret Appl Climatol 88:17–42CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kendon M, McCarthy M (2015) The UK’s wet and stormy winter of 2013/2014. Weather 70(2):40–47CrossRef Kendon M, McCarthy M (2015) The UK’s wet and stormy winter of 2013/2014. Weather 70(2):40–47CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lange B, Højstrup J (2001) Evaluation of the wind-resource estimation program WAsP for offshore applications. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 89:271–291CrossRef Lange B, Højstrup J (2001) Evaluation of the wind-resource estimation program WAsP for offshore applications. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 89:271–291CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lange B, Larsen S, Hojstrup J, Barthelmie RJ (2004) Importance of thermal effects and sea surface roughness for offshore wind resource assessment. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 92:959–988CrossRef Lange B, Larsen S, Hojstrup J, Barthelmie RJ (2004) Importance of thermal effects and sea surface roughness for offshore wind resource assessment. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 92:959–988CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Manwell JF, McGowan JG, Rogers AL (2009) Wind characteristics and resources. In: Wind energy explained, 2nd edn. Wiley, pp 23–89 Manwell JF, McGowan JG, Rogers AL (2009) Wind characteristics and resources. In: Wind energy explained, 2nd edn. Wiley, pp 23–89
Zurück zum Zitat Palma JMLM, Castro FA, Ribeiro LF et al (2008) Linear and nonlinear models in wind resource assessment and wind turbine micro-siting in complex terrain. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 96:2308–2326CrossRef Palma JMLM, Castro FA, Ribeiro LF et al (2008) Linear and nonlinear models in wind resource assessment and wind turbine micro-siting in complex terrain. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 96:2308–2326CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Palutikof JP, Brabson BB, Lister DH, Adcock ST (1999) A review of methods to calculate extreme wind speeds. Meteorol Appl 6:119–132CrossRef Palutikof JP, Brabson BB, Lister DH, Adcock ST (1999) A review of methods to calculate extreme wind speeds. Meteorol Appl 6:119–132CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Peña A, Hasager CB, Gryning SE et al (2009) Offshore wind profiling using light detection and ranging measurements. Wind Energ 12:105–124CrossRef Peña A, Hasager CB, Gryning SE et al (2009) Offshore wind profiling using light detection and ranging measurements. Wind Energ 12:105–124CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Petersen EL, Mortensen NG, Landberg L et al (1998) Wind power meteorology. Part I: climate and turbulence. Wind Energ 1:25–45CrossRef Petersen EL, Mortensen NG, Landberg L et al (1998) Wind power meteorology. Part I: climate and turbulence. Wind Energ 1:25–45CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Plate EJ (1982) Engineering meteorology: fundamentals of meteorology and their application to problems in environmental and civil engineering. Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co, Amsterdam Plate EJ (1982) Engineering meteorology: fundamentals of meteorology and their application to problems in environmental and civil engineering. Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co, Amsterdam
Zurück zum Zitat Pramod Jain PD (2011) Wind resource assessment. In: Wind energy engineering. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, New York Pramod Jain PD (2011) Wind resource assessment. In: Wind energy engineering. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, New York
Zurück zum Zitat Pryor SC, Barthelmie RJ, Kjellström E (2005) Potential climate change impact on wind energy resources in northern Europe: analyses using a regional climate model. Clim Dyn 25:815–835CrossRef Pryor SC, Barthelmie RJ, Kjellström E (2005) Potential climate change impact on wind energy resources in northern Europe: analyses using a regional climate model. Clim Dyn 25:815–835CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Rienecker MM, Suarez MJ, Gelaro R et al (2011) MERRA: NASA’s modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications. J Clim 24:3624–3648CrossRef Rienecker MM, Suarez MJ, Gelaro R et al (2011) MERRA: NASA’s modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications. J Clim 24:3624–3648CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Risien CM, Chelton DB (2006) A satellite-derived climatology of global ocean winds. Remote Sens Environ 105:221–236CrossRef Risien CM, Chelton DB (2006) A satellite-derived climatology of global ocean winds. Remote Sens Environ 105:221–236CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Saha S, Moorthi S, Pan H-L et al (2010) The NCEP climate forecast system reanalysis. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 91:1015–1057CrossRef Saha S, Moorthi S, Pan H-L et al (2010) The NCEP climate forecast system reanalysis. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 91:1015–1057CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Sempreviva AM, Barthelmie RJ, Pryor SC (2008) Review of methodologies for offshore wind resource assessment in European seas. Surv Geophys 29:471–497CrossRef Sempreviva AM, Barthelmie RJ, Pryor SC (2008) Review of methodologies for offshore wind resource assessment in European seas. Surv Geophys 29:471–497CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Skamarock WC, Klemp JB, Dudhia J et al (2008) A description of the advanced research WRF version 3. NCAR Techical Note Skamarock WC, Klemp JB, Dudhia J et al (2008) A description of the advanced research WRF version 3. NCAR Techical Note
Zurück zum Zitat Smith DA, Harris M, Coffey AS et al (2006) Wind lidar evaluation at the Danish wind test site in Høvsøre. Wind Energ 9:87–93CrossRef Smith DA, Harris M, Coffey AS et al (2006) Wind lidar evaluation at the Danish wind test site in Høvsøre. Wind Energ 9:87–93CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Strahler AH, Strahler AN (1992) Modern physical geography, 4th edn. Wiley, New York Strahler AH, Strahler AN (1992) Modern physical geography, 4th edn. Wiley, New York
Zurück zum Zitat Taylor PK, Kent EC, Yelland MJ, Moat BI (1999) The accuracy of marine surface winds from ships and buoys. In: Proceedings of the CLIMAR 99, WMO workshop on advances in marine climatology, Vancouver, Canada, 8–15 Sept 1999 Taylor PK, Kent EC, Yelland MJ, Moat BI (1999) The accuracy of marine surface winds from ships and buoys. In: Proceedings of the CLIMAR 99, WMO workshop on advances in marine climatology, Vancouver, Canada, 8–15 Sept 1999
Zurück zum Zitat Troen I, Lundtang Petersen E (1989) European wind atlas. Risø Laboratory, Roskilde Troen I, Lundtang Petersen E (1989) European wind atlas. Risø Laboratory, Roskilde
Zurück zum Zitat Uppala SM, KÅllberg PW, Simmons AJ et al (2005) The ERA-40 re-analysis. Quart J Royal Meteorol Soc 131:2961–3012CrossRef Uppala SM, KÅllberg PW, Simmons AJ et al (2005) The ERA-40 re-analysis. Quart J Royal Meteorol Soc 131:2961–3012CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Van Wijk AJM, Beljaars ACM, Holtslag AAM, Turkenburg WC (1990) Evaluation of stability corrections in wind speed profiles over the North Sea. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 33:551–566CrossRef Van Wijk AJM, Beljaars ACM, Holtslag AAM, Turkenburg WC (1990) Evaluation of stability corrections in wind speed profiles over the North Sea. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 33:551–566CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Watson S, Hughes J (2014) Mesoscale modelling of the UK offshore wind resource. In: Proceedings of the European wind energy association annual event. Barcelona, Spain, 10–3 Mar 2014 Watson S, Hughes J (2014) Mesoscale modelling of the UK offshore wind resource. In: Proceedings of the European wind energy association annual event. Barcelona, Spain, 10–3 Mar 2014
Zurück zum Zitat Weissman DE, Bourassa MA, Tongue J (2002) Effects of rain rate and wind magnitude on seawinds scatterometer wind speed errors. J Atmos Oceanic Technol 19:738–746CrossRef Weissman DE, Bourassa MA, Tongue J (2002) Effects of rain rate and wind magnitude on seawinds scatterometer wind speed errors. J Atmos Oceanic Technol 19:738–746CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Wilczak JM, Oncley SP, Stage SA (2001) Sonic anemometer tilt correction algorithms. Bound-Layer Meteorol 99:127–150CrossRef Wilczak JM, Oncley SP, Stage SA (2001) Sonic anemometer tilt correction algorithms. Bound-Layer Meteorol 99:127–150CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat World Meteorological Organization (2008) Guide to meteorological instruments and methods of observation, 7th edn. WMO-No. 8, Geneva, Switzerland, pp I.15–1 to I.15–11–II.2–10 to II.2–11 World Meteorological Organization (2008) Guide to meteorological instruments and methods of observation, 7th edn. WMO-No. 8, Geneva, Switzerland, pp I.15–1 to I.15–11–II.2–10 to II.2–11
Zurück zum Zitat Barstow SF, Kollstad T (1991) Field trials of the directional waverider. In: Proceedings of the 1st international offshore and polar engineering conference (ISOPE), Edinburgh, UK, 11–16 Aug 1991 Barstow SF, Kollstad T (1991) Field trials of the directional waverider. In: Proceedings of the 1st international offshore and polar engineering conference (ISOPE), Edinburgh, UK, 11–16 Aug 1991
Zurück zum Zitat Barstow S, Mørk G, Lønseth L et al (2003) WORLDWAVES: fusion of data from many sources in a user-friendly software package for timely calculation of wave statistics in global coastal waters. In: Proceedings of the 13th international offshore and polar engineering conference (ISOPE), Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 25–30 May 2003 Barstow S, Mørk G, Lønseth L et al (2003) WORLDWAVES: fusion of data from many sources in a user-friendly software package for timely calculation of wave statistics in global coastal waters. In: Proceedings of the 13th international offshore and polar engineering conference (ISOPE), Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 25–30 May 2003
Zurück zum Zitat Barstow SF, Mørk G, Lønseth L, Mathisen JP (2009) WorldWaves wave energy resource assessment from the deep ocean to the coast. In: Proceedings of the 8th European wave and tidal energy conference (EWTEC), Uppsala, Sweden, 7–10 Sept 2009 Barstow SF, Mørk G, Lønseth L, Mathisen JP (2009) WorldWaves wave energy resource assessment from the deep ocean to the coast. In: Proceedings of the 8th European wave and tidal energy conference (EWTEC), Uppsala, Sweden, 7–10 Sept 2009
Zurück zum Zitat Battjes JA (1978) Engineering aspects of ocean waves and currents. Seminar on safety of structures under dynamic loading. Trondheim, Norway Battjes JA (1978) Engineering aspects of ocean waves and currents. Seminar on safety of structures under dynamic loading. Trondheim, Norway
Zurück zum Zitat Benoit M, Frigaard P, Schaffer HA (1997) Analysing multidirectional wave spectra. In: Proceedings of the 27th IAHR congress, IAHR seminar: multidirectional waves and their interaction with structures, San Francisco, USA, 10–15 Aug 1997 Benoit M, Frigaard P, Schaffer HA (1997) Analysing multidirectional wave spectra. In: Proceedings of the 27th IAHR congress, IAHR seminar: multidirectional waves and their interaction with structures, San Francisco, USA, 10–15 Aug 1997
Zurück zum Zitat Bitner-Gregersen EM, Haver S (1989) Joint long term description of environmental parameters for structural response calculation. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international workshop on wave hindcasting and forecasting, Vancouver, B.C. Canada, 25–28 Apr 1989 Bitner-Gregersen EM, Haver S (1989) Joint long term description of environmental parameters for structural response calculation. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international workshop on wave hindcasting and forecasting, Vancouver, B.C. Canada, 25–28 Apr 1989
Zurück zum Zitat Bitner-Gregersen EM, Haver S (1991) Joint environmental model for reliability calculations. In: Proceedings of the 1st international offshore and polar engineering conference (ISOPE), Edinburgh, UK, 11–16 Aug 1991 Bitner-Gregersen EM, Haver S (1991) Joint environmental model for reliability calculations. In: Proceedings of the 1st international offshore and polar engineering conference (ISOPE), Edinburgh, UK, 11–16 Aug 1991
Zurück zum Zitat Challenor PG, Foale S, Webb DJ (1990) Seasonal changes in the global wave climate measured by the Geosat altimeter. Int J Remote Sens 11(12):2205–2213CrossRef Challenor PG, Foale S, Webb DJ (1990) Seasonal changes in the global wave climate measured by the Geosat altimeter. Int J Remote Sens 11(12):2205–2213CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI) (2015) MIKE 21 wave modelling, MIKE 21 spectral waves FM, short description. DHI, Denmark Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI) (2015) MIKE 21 wave modelling, MIKE 21 spectral waves FM, short description. DHI, Denmark
Zurück zum Zitat Der-Kiureghian A, Liu P-L (1986) Structural reliability under incomplete probability information. J Eng Mech ASCE 112(1):85–104CrossRef Der-Kiureghian A, Liu P-L (1986) Structural reliability under incomplete probability information. J Eng Mech ASCE 112(1):85–104CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat DNV-RP-C205 (2010) Environmental conditions and environmental loads. Det Norske Veritas (DNV), Høvik, Norway DNV-RP-C205 (2010) Environmental conditions and environmental loads. Det Norske Veritas (DNV), Høvik, Norway
Zurück zum Zitat Forristal GZ (1978) On the statistical distribution of wave heights in a storm. J Geophys Res Oceans 83(C5):2353–2358CrossRef Forristal GZ (1978) On the statistical distribution of wave heights in a storm. J Geophys Res Oceans 83(C5):2353–2358CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Goda Y (2000) Random sea and design of maritime structures, 2nd edn. Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering, World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore Goda Y (2000) Random sea and design of maritime structures, 2nd edn. Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering, World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore
Zurück zum Zitat Guedes Soares C (1984) Representation of double-peaked spectra. Ocean Eng 11:185–207CrossRef Guedes Soares C (1984) Representation of double-peaked spectra. Ocean Eng 11:185–207CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gunther H, Hasselmann S, Janssen PAEM (1992) The WAM model cycle 4. DKRZ technical report no. 4, Hamburg, Oct 1992 Gunther H, Hasselmann S, Janssen PAEM (1992) The WAM model cycle 4. DKRZ technical report no. 4, Hamburg, Oct 1992
Zurück zum Zitat Hasselmann K (1962) On the non-linear energy transfer in a gravity-wave spectrum, Part 1: general theory. J Fluid Mech 12:481–500MathSciNetCrossRefMATH Hasselmann K (1962) On the non-linear energy transfer in a gravity-wave spectrum, Part 1: general theory. J Fluid Mech 12:481–500MathSciNetCrossRefMATH
Zurück zum Zitat Hasselmann K (1963) On the non-linear energy transfer in a gravity-wave spectrum, Part 2: conservation laws, wave-particle correspondence, irreversibility. J Fluid Mech 15:273–281MathSciNetCrossRefMATH Hasselmann K (1963) On the non-linear energy transfer in a gravity-wave spectrum, Part 2: conservation laws, wave-particle correspondence, irreversibility. J Fluid Mech 15:273–281MathSciNetCrossRefMATH
Zurück zum Zitat Hasselman K, Barnett TP, Bouws E et al (1973) Measurements of wind-wave growth and swell decay during the Joint North Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP). Dtsch Hydrogr Z, Suppl 12:A8 Hasselman K, Barnett TP, Bouws E et al (1973) Measurements of wind-wave growth and swell decay during the Joint North Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP). Dtsch Hydrogr Z, Suppl 12:A8
Zurück zum Zitat Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) (2013) Manual for real-time quality control of in-situ surface wave data: a guide to quality control and quality assurance of in-situ surface wave observations, ver. 1.0. June 2013 Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) (2013) Manual for real-time quality control of in-situ surface wave data: a guide to quality control and quality assurance of in-situ surface wave observations, ver. 1.0. June 2013
Zurück zum Zitat Komen GJ, Cavaleri L, Donelan M et al (1994) Dynamics and modelling of ocean waves. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeCrossRefMATH Komen GJ, Cavaleri L, Donelan M et al (1994) Dynamics and modelling of ocean waves. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeCrossRefMATH
Zurück zum Zitat Krogstad HE, Barstow SF (1999) Satellite wave measurements for coastal engineering applications. Coast Eng 37:283–307CrossRef Krogstad HE, Barstow SF (1999) Satellite wave measurements for coastal engineering applications. Coast Eng 37:283–307CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Mathiesen M, Mayer AK, Kvingedal B (2014) Hywind Buchan deep—Metocean design basis, rev. 2. Statoil document number RE2014-002, May 2014 Mathiesen M, Mayer AK, Kvingedal B (2014) Hywind Buchan deep—Metocean design basis, rev. 2. Statoil document number RE2014-002, May 2014
Zurück zum Zitat Munk WH (1950) Origin and generation of waves. In: Proceedings of the 1st international conference on coastal engineering, long beach, California. ASCE, pp 1–4 Munk WH (1950) Origin and generation of waves. In: Proceedings of the 1st international conference on coastal engineering, long beach, California. ASCE, pp 1–4
Zurück zum Zitat Ochi MK, Hubble EN (1976) Six-parameters wave spectra. In: Proceedings of the 15th coastal engineering conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 1–17 July 1976 Ochi MK, Hubble EN (1976) Six-parameters wave spectra. In: Proceedings of the 15th coastal engineering conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 1–17 July 1976
Zurück zum Zitat Pierson WJ, Moskowitz L (1964) A proposed spectral form for fully developed wind seas based on the similarity theory of S.A. Kitaigorodskii. J Geophys Res 69(24):5181–5190CrossRef Pierson WJ, Moskowitz L (1964) A proposed spectral form for fully developed wind seas based on the similarity theory of S.A. Kitaigorodskii. J Geophys Res 69(24):5181–5190CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Pontes MT, Athanassoulis GA, Barstow S et al (1996) An atlas of the wave energy resource in Europe. J Offshore Mech Arct Eng 118(4):307–309CrossRef Pontes MT, Athanassoulis GA, Barstow S et al (1996) An atlas of the wave energy resource in Europe. J Offshore Mech Arct Eng 118(4):307–309CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Prince-Wright R (1995) Maximum likelihood models of joint environmental data for TLP design, In: Proceedings of the 14th international conference in offshore mechanics and arctic engineering, vol 2, ASME, New York, USA, pp 535–445 Prince-Wright R (1995) Maximum likelihood models of joint environmental data for TLP design, In: Proceedings of the 14th international conference in offshore mechanics and arctic engineering, vol 2, ASME, New York, USA, pp 535–445
Zurück zum Zitat Ris RC, Holthuijsen LH, Booij N (1999) A third-generation wave model for coastal regions: 2. Verification. J Geophys Res 104(C4):7667–7681CrossRef Ris RC, Holthuijsen LH, Booij N (1999) A third-generation wave model for coastal regions: 2. Verification. J Geophys Res 104(C4):7667–7681CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Sarpkaya T, Isaacson M (1981) Mechanics of wave forces on offshore structures. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, Melbourne Sarpkaya T, Isaacson M (1981) Mechanics of wave forces on offshore structures. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, Melbourne
Zurück zum Zitat Smith H, Maisondieu C (2014) Resource assessment for Cornwall, Isles of Scilly and PNMI—Task 1.2 of WP3 from the MERiFIC Project: marine energy in far peripheral and island communities. MERiFIC Project, University of Exeter and Ifremer, Apr 2014 Smith H, Maisondieu C (2014) Resource assessment for Cornwall, Isles of Scilly and PNMI—Task 1.2 of WP3 from the MERiFIC Project: marine energy in far peripheral and island communities. MERiFIC Project, University of Exeter and Ifremer, Apr 2014
Zurück zum Zitat Strekalov SS, Tsyploukhin VP, Massel SR (1972) Structure of sea wave frequency spectrum. In: Proceedings of the 13th international conference on coastal engineering, vol 1. ASCE, pp 307–314 Strekalov SS, Tsyploukhin VP, Massel SR (1972) Structure of sea wave frequency spectrum. In: Proceedings of the 13th international conference on coastal engineering, vol 1. ASCE, pp 307–314
Zurück zum Zitat Torsethaugen K (1993) A two peaked wave spectrum model. In: Proceedings of the 12th international conference on offshore mechanics and arctic engineering (OMAE), Glasgow, UK, 20–24 June 1993 Torsethaugen K (1993) A two peaked wave spectrum model. In: Proceedings of the 12th international conference on offshore mechanics and arctic engineering (OMAE), Glasgow, UK, 20–24 June 1993
Zurück zum Zitat Tucker MJ (1993) Recommended standard for wave data sampling and near real-time processing. Ocean Eng 20:459–474CrossRef Tucker MJ (1993) Recommended standard for wave data sampling and near real-time processing. Ocean Eng 20:459–474CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Tucker MJ, Pitt EG (2001) Waves in ocean engineering. In: Bhattacharyya R, McCormick ME (eds) Elsevier ocean engineering series, vol 5. Elsevier Science & Technology, Oxford Tucker MJ, Pitt EG (2001) Waves in ocean engineering. In: Bhattacharyya R, McCormick ME (eds) Elsevier ocean engineering series, vol 5. Elsevier Science & Technology, Oxford
Zurück zum Zitat WAMDI Group (1988) The WAM model—a third generation ocean wave prediction model. J Phys Oceanogr 18(12):1775–1810CrossRef WAMDI Group (1988) The WAM model—a third generation ocean wave prediction model. J Phys Oceanogr 18(12):1775–1810CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Winterstein S, Ude TC, Cornell CA et al (1993) Environmental parameters for extreme response: inverse FORM with omission sensitivity. In: Proceedings of the ICOSSAR-93, Innsbruck, Austria, 9–13 Aug 1993 Winterstein S, Ude TC, Cornell CA et al (1993) Environmental parameters for extreme response: inverse FORM with omission sensitivity. In: Proceedings of the ICOSSAR-93, Innsbruck, Austria, 9–13 Aug 1993
Zurück zum Zitat Young IR (1999) Wind generated ocean waves. In: Bhattacharyya R, McCormick ME (eds) Elsevier ocean engineering series, vol 2. Elsevier Science & Technology, Oxford Young IR (1999) Wind generated ocean waves. In: Bhattacharyya R, McCormick ME (eds) Elsevier ocean engineering series, vol 2. Elsevier Science & Technology, Oxford
Zurück zum Zitat Albini P, Musson RMW, Gomez Capera AA et al (2013) Global historical earthquake archive and catalogue (1000-1903). GEM technical report 2013-01 V1.0.0, GEM Foundation, Pavia, Italy Albini P, Musson RMW, Gomez Capera AA et al (2013) Global historical earthquake archive and catalogue (1000-1903). GEM technical report 2013-01 V1.0.0, GEM Foundation, Pavia, Italy
Zurück zum Zitat American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) (2013) Guide for building and classing floating offshore wind turbine installations. ABS Guideline #195. Houston, TX, USA American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) (2013) Guide for building and classing floating offshore wind turbine installations. ABS Guideline #195. Houston, TX, USA
Zurück zum Zitat Battisti L, Fedrizzi R, Brighenti A, Laakso T (2006) Sea ice and icing risk for offshore wind turbines. In: Proceedings of the OWEMES 2006, Civitavecchia, Italy, 20–22 Apr 2006 Battisti L, Fedrizzi R, Brighenti A, Laakso T (2006) Sea ice and icing risk for offshore wind turbines. In: Proceedings of the OWEMES 2006, Civitavecchia, Italy, 20–22 Apr 2006
Zurück zum Zitat Boon J (2004) Secrets of the tide: tide and tidal current analysis and predictions, storm surges and sea level trends. Horwood Publishing Ltd, Chichester Boon J (2004) Secrets of the tide: tide and tidal current analysis and predictions, storm surges and sea level trends. Horwood Publishing Ltd, Chichester
Zurück zum Zitat Boyer TP, Antonov JI, Baranova OK et al (2013) World ocean database 2013. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 72, Ed. Levitus S, Technical Ed. Mishonov A. Silver Spring, MD, USA, 209 pp Boyer TP, Antonov JI, Baranova OK et al (2013) World ocean database 2013. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 72, Ed. Levitus S, Technical Ed. Mishonov A. Silver Spring, MD, USA, 209 pp
Zurück zum Zitat DNV-OS-J101 (2014) Design of offshore wind turbine structures. Det Norske Veritas (DNV), Høvik, Norway DNV-OS-J101 (2014) Design of offshore wind turbine structures. Det Norske Veritas (DNV), Høvik, Norway
Zurück zum Zitat DNV-OS-J103 (2013) Design of floating wind turbine structures. Det Norske Veritas (DNV), Høvik, Norway DNV-OS-J103 (2013) Design of floating wind turbine structures. Det Norske Veritas (DNV), Høvik, Norway
Zurück zum Zitat DNV-RP-C205 (2010) Environmental conditions and environmental loads. Det Norske Veritas (DNV), Høvik, Norway DNV-RP-C205 (2010) Environmental conditions and environmental loads. Det Norske Veritas (DNV), Høvik, Norway
Zurück zum Zitat Health and Safety Executive (2003) An appraisal of existing seismic hazard estimates for the UK continental shelf. Research report 166. ISBN 0 7176 2778 0 Health and Safety Executive (2003) An appraisal of existing seismic hazard estimates for the UK continental shelf. Research report 166. ISBN 0 7176 2778 0
Zurück zum Zitat IEA Wind (2012) Expert group study on recommended practices, 13. Wind energy projects in cold climates, edn 1. International Energy Agency, May 2012 IEA Wind (2012) Expert group study on recommended practices, 13. Wind energy projects in cold climates, edn 1. International Energy Agency, May 2012
Zurück zum Zitat IEA Wind Task 19 (2012) State-of-the-art of wind energy in cold climates. International Energy Agency, Oct 2012 IEA Wind Task 19 (2012) State-of-the-art of wind energy in cold climates. International Energy Agency, Oct 2012
Zurück zum Zitat IEC 61400-3 (2009) Wind turbines—part 3: design requirements for offshore wind turbines. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), Geneva, Switzerland IEC 61400-3 (2009) Wind turbines—part 3: design requirements for offshore wind turbines. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), Geneva, Switzerland
Zurück zum Zitat Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) (2015) Manual for real-time quality control of in-situ current observations: a guide to quality control and quality assurance of acoustic Doppler current profiler observations, Version 2.0. Oct 2015 Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) (2015) Manual for real-time quality control of in-situ current observations: a guide to quality control and quality assurance of acoustic Doppler current profiler observations, Version 2.0. Oct 2015
Zurück zum Zitat ISO 19901-1 (2005) Petroleum and natural gas industries—specific requirements for offshore structures part 1: Metocean design and operating considerations. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland ISO 19901-1 (2005) Petroleum and natural gas industries—specific requirements for offshore structures part 1: Metocean design and operating considerations. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland
Zurück zum Zitat ISO 19901-2 (2004) Petroleum and natural gas industries—specific requirements for offshore structures part 2: seismic design procedures and criteria. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland ISO 19901-2 (2004) Petroleum and natural gas industries—specific requirements for offshore structures part 2: seismic design procedures and criteria. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland
Zurück zum Zitat ISO 19901-4 (2003) Petroleum and natural gas industries—specific requirements for offshore structures part 3: geotechnical and foundation design considerations. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland ISO 19901-4 (2003) Petroleum and natural gas industries—specific requirements for offshore structures part 3: geotechnical and foundation design considerations. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland
Zurück zum Zitat ISO 19904-1 (2006) Petroleum and natural gas industries—floating offshore structures and mobile offshore units. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland ISO 19904-1 (2006) Petroleum and natural gas industries—floating offshore structures and mobile offshore units. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland
Zurück zum Zitat ISO 19906 (2010) Petroleum and natural gas industries—artic offshore structures. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland ISO 19906 (2010) Petroleum and natural gas industries—artic offshore structures. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson DR, Boyer TP (2015) Regional climatology of the East Asian seas: an introduction. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 79. Silver Spring, MD, USA, pp 37 Johnson DR, Boyer TP (2015) Regional climatology of the East Asian seas: an introduction. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 79. Silver Spring, MD, USA, pp 37
Zurück zum Zitat Jonathan P, Ewans K (2013) Statistical modelling of extreme ocean environments for marine design: a review. Ocean Eng 62:91–109CrossRef Jonathan P, Ewans K (2013) Statistical modelling of extreme ocean environments for marine design: a review. Ocean Eng 62:91–109CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Matsumoto K, Takanezawa T, Ooe M (2000) Ocean tide models developed by assimilating TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data into hydrodynamical model: a global model and a regional model around Japan. J Oceanogr 56:567–581CrossRef Matsumoto K, Takanezawa T, Ooe M (2000) Ocean tide models developed by assimilating TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data into hydrodynamical model: a global model and a regional model around Japan. J Oceanogr 56:567–581CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat National Geophysical Data Center/World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (2016) Global historical tsunamic database. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.7289/V5PN93H7. Accessed 28 Mar 2016 National Geophysical Data Center/World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (2016) Global historical tsunamic database. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.​7289/​V5PN93H7. Accessed 28 Mar 2016
Zurück zum Zitat NORSOK Standard (2007) N-003 action and action effects, edn 2. Sept 2007 NORSOK Standard (2007) N-003 action and action effects, edn 2. Sept 2007
Zurück zum Zitat Oliver EC, Sheng J, Thompson KR, Urrego Blanco JR (2012) Extreme surface and near-bottom currents in the northwest Atlantic. Nat Hazards 64:1425–1446CrossRef Oliver EC, Sheng J, Thompson KR, Urrego Blanco JR (2012) Extreme surface and near-bottom currents in the northwest Atlantic. Nat Hazards 64:1425–1446CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Pawlowicz R, Beardsley B, Lentz S (2002) Classical tidal harmonic analysis including error estimates in MATLAB using T TIDE. Comput Geosci 28:929–937CrossRef Pawlowicz R, Beardsley B, Lentz S (2002) Classical tidal harmonic analysis including error estimates in MATLAB using T TIDE. Comput Geosci 28:929–937CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Pugh DT (1996) Tides, surges and mean sea-level (reprinted with corrections). Wiley, Chichester Pugh DT (1996) Tides, surges and mean sea-level (reprinted with corrections). Wiley, Chichester
Zurück zum Zitat Seidov D, Baranova OK, Biddle M et al (2013) Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian seas regional climatology, Regional Climatology Team. NOAA/NCEI Seidov D, Baranova OK, Biddle M et al (2013) Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian seas regional climatology, Regional Climatology Team. NOAA/NCEI
Zurück zum Zitat Storchak DA, Di Giacomo D, Bondár I et al (2013) Public release of the ISC-GEM global instrumental earthquake catalogue (1900-2009). Seismol Res Lett 84(5):810–815CrossRef Storchak DA, Di Giacomo D, Bondár I et al (2013) Public release of the ISC-GEM global instrumental earthquake catalogue (1900-2009). Seismol Res Lett 84(5):810–815CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Zijl F, Verlaan M, Gerritsen H (2013) Improved water-level forecasting for the Northwest European Shelf and North Sea through direct modelling of tide, surge and non-linear interactions. Ocean Dyn 63:823–847CrossRef Zijl F, Verlaan M, Gerritsen H (2013) Improved water-level forecasting for the Northwest European Shelf and North Sea through direct modelling of tide, surge and non-linear interactions. Ocean Dyn 63:823–847CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
The Offshore Environment
verfasst von
Lucy Cradden
Pauline Laporte Weywada
Mairéad Atcheson
Copyright-Jahr
2016
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29398-1_2