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2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

The Persistence of Tradition: The Economists in the Law Faculties and in the Higher Institutes of Business Studies

verfasst von : Simone Misiani, Manuela Mosca

Erschienen in: An Institutional History of Italian Economics in the Interwar Period — Volume I

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The economists teaching in Italian universities formed influential schools which produced the country’s elites. The relationship between these schools and fascism is varied and complex. Despite some particular features due to fascist legislation, the development of the Italian system of university education did not differ from that of other European countries. The investigation conducted in this chapter on the universities’ transition from the liberal age to the fascist “era” offers a description of the salient episodes marking the relationship between the economists and the regime. The reconstruction of both institutional and theoretical aspects, accompanied by a careful study of the political and social context, forms the basis for a tentative interpretation of the history of Italy between the two world wars.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Italian Economists and the Fascist Regime: Only an Ambiguous and Painful Continuity?

Nächstes Kapitel The Faculties of Political Sciences and Schools for Advanced Corporative Studies

Liberal era refers to the period prior to the rise of fascism in the early 1920s.

The royal universities were located in Bologna, Cagliari, Catania, Genoa, Macerata, Messina, Modena, Naples, Padua, Palermo, Parma, Pavia, Pisa, Rome, Sassari, Siena and Turin.

The free universities were Camerino, Ferrara, Perugia and Urbino.

The four university institutes were: the Higher Technical Institute in Milan, the Turin Polytechnic Institute, the Genoa Naval School, and the Social Sciences Institute in Florence.

The founding of the Milan University opened the cultural question in Italy and Europe of the recognition of the university degree in Economics and Business. However, from the legal point of view Bocconi University was equated to the other royal higher education institutes.

Alessio, Arias, Cassola, De Francisci, De Viti de Marco, Einaudi, Fanno, Flora, Graziadei, Graziani, Griziotti, Lorenzoni, Loria, Majorana, Masci, Masé Dari, Natoli, Nitti, Pantaleoni, Ricci, Sella, Sensini, Sitta, Supino, Tangorra, Tivaroni, Tombesi and Zorli.

Bachi, Camboni, Criscuoli, Devilla, Rossi, Vinelli and Virgilii.

Ballarini, Boggiano Pico, Broglio d’Ajano, Cabiati, Carano-Donvito, Caronna-Bona, De Pietri-Tonelli, De’ Stefani, Fenoglio, Fleres, Fubini, Giovannini, Gorini, Labriola Arturo, Leone, Licciardello, Luzzatti, Mariotti, Marray, Marsili Libelli, Mauri, Merenda, Michels, Musco, Nina, Porri, Prato, Racca, Satta, Scherma, Segni and Tenerelli.

Gobbi, full professor at the Technical Institute in Milan.

Berlingieri at the Genoa Naval School, Dalla Volta and Marinelli at the Social Sciences Institute in Florence.

Garino-Canina at the Turin Polytechnic Institute.

Only Genoa offered Economics and Commercial Policy as well. Bocconi added History, Geography, Politics and Statistics and the other higher institutes also taught industrial economics.

Giovanni Gentile was Minister of Education from 1922 to 1924. His reform underwent numerous major changes over the years. Barucci (2018) points out that “Between 1920 and 1943 in Italy the panorama changed radically, and it was not only because of the classification of university teaching due to the Gentile law; indeed, it only came about through a long slow erosion of the same”. Cf. in general Ricuperati (1994).

See Favero (2015, 343). This subject was made an elective from 1923 and remained so after the reform of 1935.

On this, see Sapelli (1981).

Cesare Maria De Vecchi was Minister of National Education from 1935 to 1936 (the Ministry of Public Education had changed its name in 1929, but returned to the original name in 1943).

Giuseppe Bottai was Minister of the Corporations (1929–1932) and then of National Education (1936–1943).

We will later return to the issue of the oath of loyalty to fascism required of university teachers.

The Commission of Solons was also called Commission of the 18. Four members were academics: Gino Arias, Francesco D’Ercole, Corrado Gini and Santi Romano.

Thus wrote Bottai in his report accompanying the Charter. Regarding the university, he said: “The university has the purpose of promoting science on a level of great moral and political responsibility and of providing the scientific culture needed to conduct administration and the professions”. Universities, XIX Declaration, in Education Charter, Meeting of the Grand Council of Fascism of 15 February 1939-XVII.

Italy entered the war on 10th June 1940. On Bottai, see Pomante (2018).

The royal universities were located in Bari, Bologna, Cagliari, Catania, Florence, Genoa, Macerata, Messina, Milan, Modena, Naples, Padua, Palermo, Parma, Pavia, Perugia, Pisa, Rome, Sassari, Siena, Turin and Trieste.

The free universities were Camerino, Ferrara, Urbino and the Catholic University of Milan.

Apart from the 27 faculties of law, the other 30 were distributed as follows: 12 faculties of economics and business, 6 of political sciences, 1 of economic science, 8 of agriculture and plus 3 others.

In this book, see the chapter by Bientinesi and Cini, as well as Gentile (2003) and Mangoni (1994)

The MAIC was the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, in operation until 1921.

Royal decree 17 June 1928, n. 1314. The archive where there is a trace of the activity of this branch of education on the eve of the transfer is found in the Central State Archive (ACS), Public Education Ministry, General coordination Technical education, 1925–1940.

E. Ferri to B. Mussolini, 25th July 1929, in ACS Ministry of Public Education, General coordination Higher education, DG. II, University legislation and statutes (1923–1938), envelope 48.

On this, see Romani (1977).

Italian Ministry of National Education (1931). The institutes were founded in the following years: Venice 1868, Genoa 1884, Bari 1886, Milan 1902, Rome 1906, Catania 1919, Naples and Trieste 1920, Palermo 1922, Florence 1926 and Bologna 1929 (Mio and Saccon 2015, 381).

The Dean of Genoa contacted the Minister for the Economy (Belluzzo), with a letter of protest dated 21 June 1927. ACS, Public Education Ministry, General coordination Higher education, DG. II, University legislation and statutes (1923–1938), envelope 51, file “Reform of higher institutes of economics and business”. Other examples are the cases of the universities of Sapienza and Bari (Strangio 2006, 14; Ritrovato 2013).

The essay by Altamura (2015) revolves around the loss of this specific function and of the connection of the Higher School of Commerce in Bari with the city’s Chamber of Commerce.

See, for example, the case of Catania (Travagliante 2015).

This figure is contained in the file of papers related to the University of Ferrara’s application to open a Faculty of Economics and Business: in ACS, Public Education Ministry, General coordination Higher education, DG. II, University legislation and statutes (1923–1938), envelope 48, file “Proposals for the creation of new faculties and degree courses”.

G. Bottai’s report to the Prime Minister in 1938, in ACS, Public Education Ministry, General coordination Higher education, DG. II, University legislation and statutes (1923–1938), envelope 48.

See Bortolutz and Vallata (2018).

The new statute of the Royal Higher Institute of Economics and Business in Venice was approved under the deanship of the mathematician Carlo Alberto Dell’Agnola with Royal decree 20 April 1939, n. 1029, recognising the plan for a new academic organisation with the creation of three faculties: Economics and Business, Arts, and Architecture. As well as the degree in Economics and Business, the Economics and Business Faculty issued degrees in Economics and Law, Accounting and Business Administration. See Annual Report Royal Higher Institute of Economics and Business of Venice for 1939–1940.

The plan envisaged that the new faculties would not be a burden on state finances, except for the cost of two permanent positions, as they could rely on the revenue of enrolments and the resources of the school (both for staff and private funding).

The system’s interconnection emerged from teachers’ biographies, like those of Attilio Cabiati and Gino Zappa, based in Genoa, who were advocates of the reform of the organization of Bocconi: see Massa Piergiovanni (1992). For other High schools, see Tagliaferri (1971, 1974), Di Vittorio (1987), and Farolfi (1988).

The faculties of political sciences were located in Florence, Padua, Pavia, Perugia and Rome. In this volume, see the chapter by Bientinesi and Cini.

The eight faculties of agriculture were in Bari, Bologna, Florence, Milan, Naples, Perugia, Pisa and Turin.

Normally for high schools qualified lecturers were not envisaged.

The inclusion of this brief aside in this chapter is due to the affinity of Statistics with the other economic subjects, and the historiographical vacuum regarding the birth of the faculties of statistics.

See Favero and Trivellato (2011).

ACS, Ministry of Public Education, General coordination Higher education, DG. II, University legislation and statutes (1923–1938), envelope 52.

Ivi.

It was the Catholic University, already discussed, which among other faculties also had Law and Political, Economic and Commercial Science (1931). The latter also issued the degree in Economics and Business. From 1936, it was recognised as an autonomous faculty, following the separation from Political Sciences. For a history of the teaching organisation, see Carera (2010).

For instance, an important conference on trade union and corporatist studies that took place in Ferrara in 1932.

On the economists’ schools in Italy in these years, see Barucci et al. (2017, 21–22 and 110–111).

The planning of the previous generation gave way to an ideological and propagandistic vision that sought to valorise the results obtained from the Regime’s economic policy (Zingali 1933).

The investigation on the textbooks by Faucci and Giocoli, in this volume, shows the small extent to which corporatism altered the essence of the economic theory taught in universities. In general: “it was almost becoming a ritual … to start and finish a work … by mentioning the virtues of corporatism, and directing harsh criticism at neoclassical theory” (Barucci et al. 2017, 19).

This point has been of interest to historiography in recent years. Studies have appeared on the question of the application of the race laws and the problem of post-war reinstatement of individual universities: see, for instance, Pelini and Pavan (2009).

Remember that Einaudi was a consultant of the Rockefeller Foundation (Gemelli 2005) and correspondent for the Economist for almost forty years (Marchionatti 2000).

See Università degli studi di Firenze (1983).

The Economic Commission for the Constituent Assembly was one of the preliminary commissions set up by the Ministry of the Constitution in October 1945 to examine the issues that would be debated by the Constituent Assembly, the legislative organism that after the fall of fascism drafted the Italian Constitution which is still in force.

Altamura, F. (2015). L’insegnamento delle discipline economiche a Bari tra le due guerre. Da centro di formazione regionale a periferia del sistema. In P. Barucci, S. Misiani, & M. Mosca (Eds.), La cultura economica tra le due guerre (pp. 237–253). Milano: FrancoAngeli.

Barucci, P. (2018). Il capitalismo e la cultura economica in Italia fra le due guerre. Mimeo.

Barucci, P., Misiani, S., & Mosca, M. (Eds.). (2017). La cultura economica italiana (1889–1943). Milano: FrancoAngeli.

Betti, C. (2006). La formazione universitaria dei maestri. In G. di Bello (Ed.), Formazione e società della conoscenza (pp. 29–40). Firenze: Firenze University Press.

Bortolutz, M., & Vallata, G. (2018). Appendice I-III. In R. Cairoli & A. Trampus (Eds.), I rapporti internazionali nei 150 anni di storia della Ca’ Foscari (pp. 211–295). Edizioni Ca’ Foscari: Venezia.

Carera, A. (Ed.). (2010). Per una comunità educante. La formazione e la didattica. Milano: Vita e Pensiero.

De Vecchi, C. M. (1937). Bonifica fascista della cultura. Milano: Mondadori.

Di Vittorio, A. (1987). Cultura e Mezzogiorno. La Facoltà di Economia e Commercio di Bari (1886–1986). Bari: Cacucci.

Farolfi, B. (1988). I cinquant’anni della Facoltà dì Economia e Commercio dell’Università di Bologna (1937–1987). Roma: Bulzoni.

Favero, G. (2015). La statistica nell’università italiana tra le due guerre. In P. Barucci, S. Misiani, & M. Mosca (Eds.), La cultura economica tra le due guerre (pp. 339–347). FrancoAngeli: Milano.

Favero, G., & Trivellato, U. (2011, April). La Statistica nell’Università di Padova: un percorso emblematico dalla Restaurazione all’età repubblicana. Rivista di Storia Economica, XXVII(1), 21–59.

Gemelli, G. (2005). Un imprenditore scientifico e le sue reti di relazioni internazionali: Luigi Einaudi, la Fondazione Rockefeller e la professionalizzazione della ricerca economica in Italia. Le carte e la storia, 1, 189–202.

Gentile, E. (2003). La Facoltà di Scienze politiche nel periodo fascista. In F. Lanchester (Ed.), Passato e Presente delle Facoltà di Scienze politiche (pp. 47–56). Giuffré: Milano.

Italian Ministry of National Education. (1931). Università e Istituti Superiori Italiani. Italica, 8(3), 74–78.

Mangoni, L. (1994). Scienze politiche e Architettura: nuovi profili professionali nell’Università italiana durante il fascismo. In I. Porciani (Ed.), L’Università tra Otto e Novecento: i modelli europei e il caso italiano (pp. 381–398). Napoli: Jovene.

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Titel: The Persistence of Tradition: The Economists in the Law Faculties and in the Higher Institutes of Business Studies
verfasst von: Simone Misiani
Manuela Mosca
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: An Institutional History of Italian Economics in the Interwar Period — Volume I
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-32979-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-32980-8

Copyright-Jahr: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32980-8_3