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2021 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

The Power of Technology in the US and China: A Comparison

verfasst von : Vittorio Valli

Erschienen in: Comparative Economic Studies in Europe

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Technology is a key factor for economic development and economic power. This chapter tries to evaluate the sources and the impact of technological power and its changes in the US and China in the 2000–2018 years in a comparative way. The analysis of capital accumulation, education, R.&D. activities, learning by doing processes, industrialization and de-industrialization, structural change, and the different stages of the Fordist model of development, contributes to explain why at present the US is the top world technological power and why China has been rapidly catching up since the radical economic reforms started in 1978. The two giant economies have unevenly grown in capital formation, knowledge and exports and in key-sectors, such as ICT, motor vehicles, energy, renewables, etc. At present, in some niches or sub-sectors China has already exceeded, or will soon exceed, the US, given the larger demographic and industrial size and the still higher dynamism of the economy.

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Fußnoten
1
See Valli (2019) for a general comparative assessment of China’s and American economies.
 
2
See Kaldor (1957) and Kaldor and Mirrlees (1962).
 
3
See, for example Foray (2004).
 
4
Expected years of schooling can be defined as the number of years of schooling that a child of school entrance age can expect to receive if prevailing patterns of age-specific enrolment rates persist throughout life.
 
5
See ARWU (2019). Moreover, other rankings by American, British and Russian institutions provide somewhat similar results, giving prominence to American and British Universities, though often changing the order of the ranking, because of the different methodologies they use.
 
6
For the analysis of income and educationinequalities in China and India, see, for example, Saccone (2012).
 
7
See IIE (2019).
 
8
See Arrow (1962) and the second endogenous model by Lucas (1988).
 
9
See IFR (2019).
 
10
This is one of main “advantages of economic backwardness” introduced by Gerschenkron in his classic 1962 book.
 
11
See, for example, Valli (2017) for the phases of economic and technological ascent of Japan and South Korea.
 
12
See Export.gov (2019).
 
13
See Atkinson and Foote (2019), pp. 36–37. See also NSB (2019).
 
14
See World Bank (2019b).
 
15
See Valli (2015) and Valli and Saccone (2009).
 
16
In Sect. 7 we will see how some disaggregated aspects of structural change are historically associated to the different phases of the Fordist model of economic development in the two countries.
 
17
See MARKlines (2018).
 
18
See IEA (2019a).
 
19
On the economic development and the technological upgrade of China see also Musu (2018), Valli (2015, Chapter 2), Naughton (2018).
 
20
See Gerschenkron (1962).
 
21
See Valli (2018, Chapter 2) on the first wave of Fordist model of development in the US and the second wave in Europe and Japan, and Valli (2015, paragraph 2.13) on the third wave in China. The Fordist model had positive effects on growth, wages and working time, but also several negative implications as regards the rise in work intensity, labor fragmentation, and alienation in the large Fordist manufacturing plants.
 
22
For more examples of technological upgrading in China, see Valli (2015, pp. 55–64).
 
23
See Andreff and Balcet (2013).
 
24
See SIPRI (2019).
 
25
See, for example, Mazzucato (2013). See also Gordon (2016).
 
26
See EU-EDGAR (2019).
 
27
See Zheng et al. (2019), for an analysis of the main causes of CO2 emissions slowing down growth in China.
 
28
See the final speech of the UN Secretary-general Antonio Guterrez at the 2019 Madrid Conference.
 
29
See IEA (2019b).
 
30
See IEA (2019c).
 
31
See Valli (2018), paragraph 10.4 for a more extensive analysis of Obama’s environmental policy.
 
32
See Millyvirta (2019).
 
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Metadaten
Titel
The Power of Technology in the US and China: A Comparison
verfasst von
Vittorio Valli
Copyright-Jahr
2021
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48295-4_16