4. The Real Gas Closed Cycles

For these types of cycle, point 1 at the start of compression may be positioned indifferently to the right of the upper limit curve (as in the case shown in the figure) or to the left of the lower limit curve.

A reactor with a nominal electrical power of 200  M W. Operative between 1963 and 1987. In 1969, the significant oxidisation of the mild steel in the steam generator by carbon dioxide forced them to reduce the maximum temperatures of the carbon dioxide to 360 ^∘ C, reducing the useful power by about 20 %.

John Fox Jennens Malone, an Englishman, was born at Wallsend on Tyne in 1880 and died in 1959 at Newcastle upon Tyne. At eighteen years of age he entered the merchant navy and served for fourteen years. In the 1920s, he began to test heat engines with liquids as the working fluids and, in 1927, he completed a small water engine of 50 HP. Malone wrote in 1931 that “Trials by three different independent engineers gave 27 % indicated efficiency” [22] (a value that was two to three times greater than that of the steam engines used at the time on ships and locomotives). In 1932, Malone founded the Malone Instrument Co. Ltd, but his engine with liquid as its working fluid enjoyed no success, thanks also to the rapid growth of the high powered steam turbines and the internal combustion engines. In a letter of 1939, Malone gave vent to his bitterness: “there is one fact, a study of liquids as mediums in thermodynamics will teach an engineer more about the art of thermodynamics than all the universities on earth, or the memory men who infest them, and knowledge for knowledge’s sake is better than their parasitical life” [23].