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2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

2. The Recognition of the Right to Self-Determination in International Law

verfasst von : Juan Francisco Escudero Espinosa

Erschienen in: Self-Determination and Humanitarian Secession in International Law of a Globalized World

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The concept of self-determination has classically been linked to the idea of self-government. At the present day, a rough definition could be given for self-determination as the right of peoples to decide their own political status. However, at the beginning of the Modern Era the notion was associated rather more with concepts like national or popular sovereignty as understood during the French Revolutionary Period and opposed to the absolute power of a monarchical sovereign.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Introduction

Nächstes Kapitel The Right to Self-Determination and Unilateral Secession

Cfr. Przetacznik (1990), p. 51.

Cfr. Anaya (1993), p. 134. Calogeropoulos-Stratis (1973), p. 18.

The text of one of the passages in his many letters that address the idea of internal and external self-government runs as follows:

We certainly cannot deny to other nations that principle whereon our own government is founded, that every nation has a right to govern itself internally under what forms it pleases, and to change these forms at it’s [sic] own will: and externally to transact business with other nations thro’ [sic] whatever organ it chuses [sic], whether that be a king, convention, assembly, committee, president, or whatever it be. The only thing essential is the will of the nation.

From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 30 December 1792. Cfr. From Thomas Jefferson to Gouverneur [sic] Morris, 7 November 1792. The text may be consulted in Boyd et al. (1950), Vol. XXIV, pp. 802 and 593.

On Thomas Jefferson’s views, see Falkowski (1991).

Cfr. Lauwers and Smis (2000), p. 43.

Bakunin (1972), at IX.G.

Cfr. Przetacznik (1990), p. 51.

The Presidential speeches in which Woodrow Wilson’s views on self-determination of peoples were laid out may be consulted in Baker and Dodd (1927), 2 Vol.

Cfr. Calogeropoulos-Stratis (1973), p. 39. Whelan (1994), p. 100.

An analysis of Wilson’s views on the ideas of self-determination and self-government may be found in Pomerance (1976), pp. 1–27. Woodrow Wilson preferred the term ‘self-government’, which in his thinking implied the right to elect one’s own democratic government.

Cfr. Notter (1937), 695, pp. 68 and 69.

Cfr. Pomerance (1976), p. 17.

Cfr. Jaber (2011), p. 928.

Cfr. Baker and Dodd (1927), p. 84.

On the contents and scope of the Atlantic Charter in this respect, see Kiss (1986), p. 166. Laing (1989), 113-; and, by the same author Laing (1991), p. 250.

The third paragraph of the Atlantic Charter, the text of which may be found in 35:Supplement AJIL (1941), p. 191, referred to the right to self-government in the following terms:

Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self-government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them;

The programme presented to the United States Congress on 8 January 1918 envisaged a need to create a ‘League of Nations’, which would provide mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity. Cfr. Point XIV of the ‘Fourteen Points’, Scott (1918), pp. 359–362. Finch (1919), pp. 161–163.

On the attempts to establish a right to self-determination before the UN Charter, see Cassese (1995), at this chapter. Crawford (2007), pp. 107–131.

Cfr. Lauwers and Smis (2000), p. 44. Wilson (2009), p. 463.

Cfr. Higgins (1963), pp. 101–102. Lauwers and Smis (2000), p. 44.

Cfr. Expert opinion by Franck et al. (2000), p. 248.

Cfr. Cassese (1981), p. 96. Pomerance (1982), p. 37. Przetacznik (1990), p. 54. Ryngaert and Griffioen (2009), p. 574. General Recommendation XXI (48), adopted on 8 March 1996, in ‘Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination’, UN Doc. A/51/18, 30 September 1996, 129, p. 125, para. 9.

General Recommendation XXI (48), adopted on 8 March 1996, in ‘Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination’, UN Doc. A/51/18, 30 September 1996, 129, p. 125, para. 9.

Cfr. Cirkovic (2010), p. 908.

Cfr. Tolstykh (2015), p. 125.

Cfr. Cirkovic (2010), p. 908. Raič (2002), p. 237.

Cfr. Wilson (2009), p. 463.

Cassese (1981), p. 97.

On the ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights’, infra, this chapter, note 51.

General Recommendation XXI (48), adopted on 8 March 1996, in ‘Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination’, UN Doc. A/51/18, 30 September 1996, 129, p. 125, para. 9.

Cfr. Cirkovic (2010), p. 909.

Cassese (1981), p. 100.

Cfr. Wilson (2009), p. 463.

Cassese (1981), p. 98.

Cfr. Cirkovic (2010), p. 910.

Cfr. Pomerance (1982), pp. 14–28.

Cfr. Wengler (1957), p. 26.

Cfr. Ryngaert (2010), p. 488.

Cfr. Cassese (1979), p. 138.

Cfr. Russell (1958), p. 811.

Cfr. Cfr. Cassese (1979), p. 138.

Cfr. Pellet (1991), p. 841.

Cfr. Article 1(2) of the UN Charter.

Cfr. Article 55 of the UN Charter.

Cfr. Lauwers and Smis (2000), p. 44.

Cfr. Goodrich et al. (1969), p. 29. Levin (1962), p. 46.

Olga Shukovich affirms that Soviet doctrine was unanimous in considering that the principle of self-determination was a generally recognized principle of international law that found its confirmation in Art. 1 and 55 of the Charter. Among the authorities she cites are D.B. Levin, G.B. Starushenko, Sharmanzvashili, and G.I. Tunkin. Cfr. Shukovich (1964), p. 179, note 14.

Cfr. Brownlie (1990), p. 575. Bokor-Szegö (1970), pp. 51–52. Magarašević (1956), p. 32.

Cfr. Pomerance (1982), p. 9.

Blum (1975), p. 511.

Cfr. Lauwers and Smis (2000), p. 45.

Up to 1955, only 9 States were admitted, a consequence of the attitude of the Soviet Union within the Security Council. Gradual detente between the two superpowers led to the incorporation of 16 new States, 9 of them European, during the tenth period of sessions of the General Assembly. In 1960, 18 further States were incorporated, of which 16 were African. Thus, over this period the original 51 member States became 100 in 1960, and 127 in 1970, with an ensuing more than doubling of the number of members.

Cfr. Lauterpacht (1965), p. 271. Lauwers and Smis (2000), p. 45. McCorquodale (1992), p. 594.

An analysis of the principle of self-determination of peoples in the shape of an international custom may be found in Johnson (1973), p. 153. Emerson (1971), pp. 459–475. Laing (1991).

Cfr. Brownlie (1990), p. 513. Cassese (1991), p. 45. Cirkovic (2010), p. 907. Crawford (1988), p. 166. Gros Espiell (1979), passim. Gros Espiell (1976), p. 68. Hannum (1990), p. 45. Kiss (1986), p. 174. Orakhelashvili (2006), pp. 51–53. Oeter (2014), p. 52.

Nonetheless, there are those who deny that this is a norm in jus cogens, simply because they do not see it as a ‘jus’. Cfr. The Right of Self-Determination: Historic and Current Development on the Basis of United Nations Instruments. Study prepared by Aureliu Cristescu, Special Rapporteur of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities (1981), UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/404/Rev.1, 125, p. 23, para. 154. Blum (1975), p. 511. Pomerance (1982), pp. 70–71.

Cfr. Kelsen (1964), pp. 840 and 852.

Resolution 1514 (XV) was adopted by 89 votes to 0, with 9 abstentions (Australia, Belgium, Dominican Republic, France, Portugal, Spain, Union of South Africa, United Kingdom and US).

‘Declaration on the granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples’, UN Doc. A/RES/1514 (XV), of 14 December 1960, at para. 2.

Cfr. Cassese (1981), p. 93.

‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights’ and ‘International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’, of 16 December 1966, at Art. 1(1).

The two International Covenants were adopted by Resolution UN Doc. A/RES/2200 (XXI), of 16 December 1966, 999 UNTS (1976), No. 14669, 171–281; and 993 UNTS (1976), No. 14531, 3–12, respectively. Also 6:2 ILM (1967), 360–385. The ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights’ came into force from 23 March 1976, in accordance with Art. 49, except for Art. 41, which applied from 28 March 1979. The ‘International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’ entered into force from 3 January 1976, in accordance with its Art. 27(1).

Id., at Art. 1(3).

Cfr. ‘Centre for Civil and Political Rights General Comment No. 12: Article 1 (Right to Self-Determination) The Right to Self-Determination of Peoples’, Adopted at the Twenty-first Session of the Human Rights Committee, on 13 March 1984’, in ‘Compilation of General Comments and General Recommendations Adopted by Human Rights Treaty Bodies, Note by the Secretariat’, UN Doc. HRI/GEN/Rev.1, 29 July 1994, 107, p. 13, para. 6.

Cfr. Milano (2014), p. 43, http://www.qil-qdi.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/CRIMEA_Enrico-Milano_FINAL.pdf. Van den Driest (2015), p. 337.

Cfr. Lauwers and Smis (2000), p. 45.

On Resolution 2625 (XXV) see also Arangio-Ruiz (1979), Johnson (1973), Rosenstock (1971).

‘Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in Accordance with the UN Charter’ UN Doc. A/RES/2625 (XXV), Annex, 24 October 1970, at ‘The Principle of Equal Rights and Self-Determination of Peoples’, para. 1.

Cfr. Van den Driest (2015), p. 338. Vidmar (2011), p. 367; and, by the same author Vidmar (2015), p. 369.

Cfr. Johnson (1973), p. 155. Lauwers and Smis (2000), p. 46.

Cfr. Chowdhury (1977), p. 73. Johnson (1973), p. 148. White (1981), p. 148.

‘Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe Final Act’, Helsinki, 1 August 1975. This is available from http://www.osce.org/helsinki-final-act?download=true. 14:5 ILM (1975), 1292–1325, p. 1293.

More specifically on the right to self-determination in the ‘Helsinki Final Act’ the following may be consulted: Arangio-Ruiz (1983), pp. 523–552. Cassese (1977), pp. 83–110. Salo (1991), pp. 307–321.

Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, ‘Charter of Paris for a New Europe’, Paris, 21 November 1990, at ‘Friendly Relations among Participating States’, para. 7. http://www.osce.org/mc/39516?download=true. 30:1 ILM (1991), 193–208.

World Conference on Human Rights, ‘Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action’, 25 June 1993, UN Doc. A/CONF.157/24, 53, p. 20, Part I, para. 2. 32:6 ILM (1993), 1661–1687.

Cfr. Van den Driest (2015), p. 337. Kapustin (2015), p. 102.

Cfr. ‘Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe Final Act’, Helsinki, 1 August 1975, supra, this chapter, note 61, at Sect. 1(a) ‘Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating States’, Principle VIII ‘Equal rights and self-determination of peoples’.

Cfr. Cassese (1995), p. 285. Jia (2009), p. 33.

Cfr. Van den Driest (2015), p. 338.

The text of Art. 20(1) is as follows:

All peoples shall have the right to existence. They shall have the unquestionable and inalienable right to self-determination. They shall freely determine their political status and shall pursue their economic and social development according to the policy they have freely chosen.

The ‘African Charter on Human and People’s Rights’ was adopted on 27 June 1981 and entered into force on 21 October 1981, OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/67/3 rev.5, http://www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/treaties/7770-file-banjul_charter.pdf. It may also be seen in 21:1 ILM (1982), 58–68.

Cfr. Scelle (1957), pp. 385–391. Virally (1983), p. 60.

Cfr. Lauterpacht (1965), p. 270. Virally (1983), p. 60.

Cfr. Kapustin (2015), p. 104. Wilson (2009), p. 465.

Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970), Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1971, 16-66. Western Sahara, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1975, 12-176. East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1995, 90–277.

Supreme Court of Canada, Reference re Secession of Quebec [1998] 2 SCR 217. 115 International Law Reports (1999), 536, p. 278, para. 114. http://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/1643/index.do. 37:6 ILM (1998), 1342–1377.

Cfr. Przetacznik (1990), p. 95.

Cfr. Umozurike (1972), p. 198.

Cfr. Charney (2001), p. 457. Wilson (2015), p. 465.

Cfr. Buchheit (1978), p. 87. Gros Espiell (1976), p. 55.

Cfr. Berndtsson and Johansson (2015), p. 451. Carrillo Salcedo (1976), p. 33. Cassese (1995), p. 332. Christakis (2014), pp. 736 and 739. Van den Driest (2015), p. 351. Gros Espiell (1976), p. 56. Hilpold (2015), p. 251. By the same author Hilpold (2006), pp. 247–288; and Hilpold (2009), pp. 47–61. Jia (2009), p. 32. Ker-Lindsay (2013), p. 841. Marxsen (2014), p. 385. Oeter (2014), p. 53. Röben (2010), p. 1071. Vidmar (2015), p. 370. Wilson (2009), p. 466. Yee (2010), p. 777.

Cfr. Castellino (2014), p. 30. Wilde (2011), p. 152.

Cfr. Crawford (1998), p. 107.

Cfr. Id., pp. 114–115. Ker-Lindsay (2013), p. 841. Nanda (1979), p. 72. Wilson (2009), p. 466.

Cfr. Cassese (1995), pp. 118–124. Crawford (2007), pp. 107–131. Wilson (2009), pp. 465 and 480.

See Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, 136–271. Accordance with the International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo, Advisory Opinion, supra, Chap. 1, note 3.

Cfr. Peters (2011), p. 108. Yee (2010), p. 778.

Cfr. Crawford (2000), p. 32. Hilpold (2009), p. 55. Ker-Lindsay (2013), p. 841. Müllerson (2009), pp. 18–19. Ryngaert and Griffioen (2009), p. 575.

Cfr. Cassese (1995), pp. 311 and 347.

Cfr. Kapustin (2015), pp. 101–103. Johnson (1973), p. 157. Röben (2010), p. 1074. Ryngaert and Griffioen (2009), p. 575.

Cfr. Kapustin (2015), pp. 102–103.

Cfr. Gros Espiell (1976), p. 55; and, by the same author, Study on Implementation of United Nations Resolutions Relating to the Right of Peoples under Colonial and Alien Domination to Self-Determination, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/377, 1976.

Cfr. Berndtsson and Johansson (2015), p. 450.

Cfr. Kirgis (1994), p. 307.

Cfr. Berndtsson and Johansson (2015), p. 450.

Cfr. Id., p. 451. Kirgis (1994), p. 308. McFarlane and Sabanadze (2013), pp. 624–625.

Cfr. Berndtsson and Johansson (2015), p. 451.

Cfr. East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), Judgment, supra, this chapter, note 70, p. 102, para. 29. Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, supra, this chapter, note 104, p. 81, para. 88.

Cfr. Binder (1993), p. 236. Jaber (2011), p. 929. Johnson (1973), p. 148. Ryngaert and Griffioen (2009), p. 575.

Cfr. Shany (2014), p. 234. Vidmar (2015), p. 366.

Cfr. Supreme Court of Canada, Reference re Secession of Quebec, supra, this chapter, note 71, p. 281, para. 123.

Cfr. Tancredi (2012), p. 91.

Cfr. Jaber (2011), p. 930.

Cfr. Shany (2014), p. 236.

Cfr. Gros Espiell (1976), p. 52.

100

This conclusion is also supported by the debates that preceded adoption of the ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights’ in which States managed to agree on the universal nature of the principle and its application to all peoples, not just colonial peoples. Cfr. Bossuyt (1987), p. 32. Cassese (1981), p. 94.

101

Cfr. Ryngaert and Griffioen (2009), p. 576.

102

Cfr. Bossuyt (1987), pp. 32 and 33.

103

Cfr. Jaber (2011), p. 930.

104

Cfr. Id., p. 929.

105

The Right of Self-Determination: Historic and Current Development on the Basis of United Nations Instruments. Study prepared by Aureliu Cristescu, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/404/Rev.1, supra, this chapter, note 47, p. 41.

106

Cfr. Lauwers and Smis (2000), p. 55. Raič (2002), p. 262.

107

Cfr. Hannum (1993), p. 35. Raič (2002), p. 262. The Events in East Pakistan, 1971. A Legal Study by the Secretariat of the International Commission of Jurists (Geneva: International Commission of Jurists, 1972), 98, p. 70. http://icj.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/1972/06/Bangladesh-events-East-Pakistan-1971-thematic-report-1972-eng.pdf. Final Report and Recommendations. International Meeting of Experts on Further Study of the Concept of the Rights of Peoples, UNESCO, Paris, 27-30 November 1989, UNESCO Doc. SHS-89/CONF.602/7, 22 February 1990, 18, p. 7, para. 22. Oeter (2012), p. 115; and, by the same author Oeter (2014), p. 53.

108

Hannum (1993), p. 35. Ryngaert and Griffioen (2009), p. 575.

109

Cfr. The Right of Self-Determination: Historic and Current Development on the Basis of United Nations Instruments. Study prepared by Aureliu Cristescu, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/404/Rev.1, supra, this chapter, note 47, p. 41. Hannum (1993), p. 35.

110

Cfr. Lauwers and Smis (2000), p. 56.

111

Cfr. Jaber (2011), p. 931.

112

Cfr. Ryngaert and Griffioen (2009), p. 576.

113

Cfr. Van den Driest (2015), p. 351. Vidmar (2011), p. 364.

114

115

Cfr. Cassese (1981), p. 101. Jaber (2011), p. 932. Lauwers and Smis (2000), p. 56.

116

Cfr. Jaber (2011), p. 933. Lauwers and Smis (2000), p. 57.

117

118

Cfr. Anaya (1993), p. 140.

119

Cfr. Id., p. 140.

120

Cfr. Blay (1986), p. 443.

121

See supra, Sect. 2.2.2., note 82.

122

Cfr. Perkins (1981), p. 75.

123

Cfr. Przetacznik (1990), p. 101.

124

Cfr. ‘Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in Accordance with the UN Charter’ UN Doc. A/RES/2625 (XXV), Annex, 24 October 1970, at ‘The Principle of Equal Rights and Self-Determination of Peoples’, para. 8.

Cfr. Ker-Lindsay (2013), p. 839. Muharremi (2010), p. 879.

125

Cfr. ‘Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe Final Act’, Helsinki, 1 August 1975, supra, this chapter, note 61, ‘Questions relating to Security in Europe’ 1. (a) Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating States, at IV.

The participating States will respect the territorial integrity of each of the participating States.

Cfr. Ker-Lindsay (2013), p. 839. Urrutia Libarona (2012), p. 109.

126

‘Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe Final Act’, Helsinki, 1 August 1975, supra, this chapter, note 61, ‘Questions relating to Security in Europe’ 1. (a) Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating States, at I.

127

Cfr. Ibid.

128

Cfr. Van den Driest (2015), p. 353. Peters (2011), p. 106.

129

Cfr. Van den Driest (2015), p. 353. Walter (2014), p. 19.

130

Cfr. Accordance with the International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo, Advisory Opinion, supra, Chap. 1, note 3, 403–626, p. 437, para. 80. Walter (2014), p. 19.

131

Cfr. Christakis (2011), p. 84. Corten (2011), p. 90. Falkowski (1991), p. 229. Ingravallo (2012), p. 228. Lauwers and Smis (2000), p. 62. Marxsen (2015), p. 13. Muharremi (2010), p. 879. Röben (2010), pp. 1068 and 1079. Walter (2014), p. 22.

132

Cfr. Vidmar (2012), p. 161.

133

Cfr. Peters (2011), p. 106. Vashakmadze and Lippold (2010), p. 632.

134

Cfr. Vidmar (2011), p. 369.

135

Cfr. Walter (2014), at 21 and 23.

136

Cfr. Crawford (1998), p. 85. Ker-Lindsay (2013), p. 840. Tamayo Álvarez (2014), p. 102.

Russian doctrine also takes this line, as may be seen from various authors such as I.P. Blischenko, S.V. Chernichenko, the Russian Association of International Law, and N.V. Ostroukhov. Cfr. Merezhko (2015), pp. 176–182.

137

Dugard and Raič (2006), p. 134.

138

Cfr. Supreme Court of Canada, Reference re Secession of Quebec, supra, this chapter, note 71, p. 284, para. 131.

With a similar stance, Judge Abdul Gadire Koroma gave a dissenting opinion saying that the ‘Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in Accordance with the UN Charter’, ‘leaves no doubt that the principles of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of States prevail over the principle of self-determination’. ‘Dissenting Opinion of Judge Koroma‘, Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo, Advisory Opinion, supra, Chap. 1, note 3, p. 476, para. 22. http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/141/141-20100722-ADV-01-02-BI.pdf.

Cfr. Jia (2009), pp. 40 and 41. Van den Driest (2015), p. 354.

139

Cfr. Van den Driest (2015), p. 352. Merezhko (2015), p. 181. Ryngaert and Griffioen (2009), p. 491.

140

Cfr. Kuznetsov and Tuzmukhamedov (2009), p. 214.

141

Cfr. Corten (2011), p. 94. Walter (2014), p. 25. Wilde (2011), p. 152.

142

Cfr. Röben (2010), p. 1079.

143

Cfr. Ibid.

144

Cfr. Vidmar (2012), p. 163. See also, by the same author Vidmar (2015), p. 367; and Vidmar (2011), p. 370.

145

Cfr. Kaikobad (2011), p. 57.

146

Cfr. Expert opinion by Franck et al. (2000), p. 248.

147

Cfr. Lauwers and Smis (2000), p. 58.

148

Brownlie (1990), p. 599.

149

150

Cfr. Cassese (1981), p. 101. Nawaz (1965), p. 84. Wambaugh (1920), p. 2.

151

Cfr. Kaikobad (2011), p. 63.

152

Cfr. Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970), Advisory Opinion, supra, this chapter, note 70, p. 31, para. 52.

Cfr. Crawford (2007), p. 101. Ofuatey-Kodjoe (1977), p. 150.

153

Cfr. UN Doc. A/RES/1514 (XV), of 14 December 1960, at para. 5.

Cfr. Shaw (1997), pp. 481–482.

154

Cfr. McCorquodale (1994), p. 872. Tolstykh (2015), p. 126.

The first author to refer to considering self-determination as linked to human rights was Higgins (1963), p. 105. For later views, see also Chen (1981), pp. 88–94. The Right of Self-Determination: Historic and Current Development on the Basis of United Nations Instruments. Study prepared by Aureliu Cristescu, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/404/Rev.1, supra, this chapter, note 47, p. 4, para. 27. The Right of Self-Determination: Implementation of the United Nations Resolutions. Study prepared by Héctor Gros Espiell, Special Rapporteur of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities (1980), UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/405/Rev.1, 86, p. 2, para. 10. Dinstein (1976), pp. 106–107.

155

See supra, Sect. 2.1.3.

156

157

Cfr. McCorquodale (1994), p. 872. Peters (2009), p. 543.

158

See supra, Sect. 2.2.2, note 92.

159

Cfr. Kaikobad (2011), p. 61.

160

See supra, Sect. 2.1.3, note 47.

161

Cfr. Kaikobad (2011), p. 64.

Anaya, S.J. 1993. A Contemporary Definition of the International Norm of Self-Determination. TLCP 3: 131–164.

Arangio-Ruiz, G. 1979. The United Nations Declaration on Friendly Relations and the System of the Sources of International Law. Alphen aan den Rijn: Sijthoff & Noordhoff.

———. 1983. Autodeterminazione dei popoli e diritto internazionale. Dalla Carta delle Nazioni Unite allAtto di Helsinki (CSCE). RSPI 50: 523–552.

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Berndtsson, J., and P. Johansson. 2015. Principles on a Collision Course? State Sovereignty Meets Peoples Right of Self-Determination in the Case of Kosovo. Cambridge RIA 28: 445–461.

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Titel: The Recognition of the Right to Self-Determination in International Law
verfasst von: Juan Francisco Escudero Espinosa
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Self-Determination and Humanitarian Secession in International Law of a Globalized World
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-72621-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-72622-9

Copyright-Jahr: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72622-9_2