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Erschienen in:
The Nordic Region (NORDEN) – History and the Present Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

8. The Region of Knowledge-Based Economy

verfasst von : Ryszard M. Czarny

Erschienen in: A Modern Nordic Saga : Politics, Economy and Society

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

A knowledge-based economy is characterized primarily by the above-average investment in human capital, development of ICT networks and assigning a leading role of innovative solutions to all areas of social and economic life. The full implementation of these objectives is the main indicator for creative and entrepreneurial societies and competitive economies. The Nordic countries are nearing the full realization of these principles of the new, open, conducive to innovation, and technologically driven advanced economy.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Ecology as Trademark
Nächstes Kapitel Energy – Political and Economic Implications for the Nordic Countries
Fußnoten
1
While defining KBE, one may often come across the thesis stating that traditional resources such as natural resources or existing comparative criteria of countries such as, for example, the number of population, commodities, or social income have become obsolete.
 
2
The selection of these particular countries (excluding Norway and Iceland) is not random at all. Despite the numerous common traits that bind these countries together, Iceland and Norway have a separate economic profile (economy based on crude oil, gas, and fishing), and also, they are not part of the European Union.
 
3
KAM 2009 application will serve as the primary source for this analysis. It is available on World Bank websites. For supplementary sources, I have chosen the reports developed by other institutions such as Fraser Institute, OECD, or International Economic Forum.
 
4
See: Piech K., Innowacje w rozwoju gospodarczym w kierunku pomiaru i współczesnej roli państwa, Warszawa 2009.
 
5
See also: Słownik Języka Polskiego PWN, http://​sjp.​pwn.​pl/​ (retrieved: October 29. 2011), J.M.Fiszer, Gospodarka narodowa oparta na wiedzy, in: Gospodarka oparta na wiedzy. Aspekty międzynarodowe, (D. Rosati – ed.), Warszawa 2007; S. Kwiatkowski, Bogactwo wiedzy, in: A.Kukliński, Gospodarka oparta na wiedzy, pp. 245 ff; Z. Chojnicki, Wiedza dla gospodarki w perspektywie OECD, in: A. Kukliński, Gospodarka oparta na wiedzy.
 
6
This is the arithmetic mean of the results achieved by those countries in the four given fields (pillars).
 
7
It is about the indicator of the general knowledge development potential which measures the ability of the country to generate, absorb, and spread the knowledge, and it also constitutes average results achieved in the three following pillars: Education and Training, Innovation System, and Information Infrastructure.
 
9
See: Science, technology and innovation in Europe 2013 edition, http://​ec.​europa.​eu/​eurostat
 
12
See: Economic Freedom of the World Report. 2012 Annual Report, http://​www.​freetheworld.​com/​2012/​EFW2012-complete.​pdf.
 
13
It is worth adding that the GDP growth rate in Sweden estimated 5.3 % in 2009.
 
14
HDI has been developed by the UN in order to assess and evaluate socio-economic development. Three basic areas of life – health (assessed upon the average life expectancy indicator), education (average number of years of study, expected number of years of study) life standard (measured by the income per capita) make up the HDI indicator. Information regarding the HDI are available at http://​hdr.​undp.​org/​.
 
15
It is about the KAM which is available in its entity on the World’s Bank website: http://​data.​worldbank.​org/​indicator/​ (retrieved: November 29, 2011).
 
16
The quality of internal regulations (e.g. system of property protection including intellectual property, fight against corruption, and support of entrepreneurship) and external regulations i.e. trade and commerce (i.e. tariff and non-tariff barriers, commerce as a percentage of GDP) is fundamental for the development of KBE in a given country.
 
17
Heritage Foundation provides the World Bank with the data on tariff and non-tariff barriers., see: Index of Economic Freedom available at: Heritage Foundation, http://​www.​heritage.​org/​index/​Country/​.
 
18
This report presents data from the 1996–2009 period for six variables : democratic freedoms, political stability, governance effectiveness, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, and corruption level, see: http://​info.​worldbank.​org/​governance/​wgi/​index.​asp.
 
20
The first of the presented indicators has a fundamental significance. Non-material goods i.e. copyright, industrial property rights, know-how (i.e. what makes up the intellectual capital) are one of the main factors which mostly decide on the position of businesses and their competitiveness.
 
21
The presented data are much important because as has been mentioned above, in accordance with some concepts, KBE should be defined from the entrepreneurial perspective. When there is a good economic situation for entrepreneurs, it encourages the process of shaping of the new economy, see: Report, Doing Business 2011, Making the difference for entrepreneurs, IBRD, World Banks, Washington, 2010.
 
22
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development – OECD, international organization with economic profile established under The Convention on Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development signed by 20 countries on December 14th 1960.
 
23
It is about the charges for the use of intellectual property, i.e. payments and receipts between residents and non-residents for authorized use of proprietary rights (such as: patents, trademarks, copyright, industrial processes and projects including business secrets and franchising) and for use (e.g. through license agreements) and neighboring rights. Data in USD.
 
25
For countries with at least 1 million inhabitants in 2013, European patent aplications per mio inhabitant, http://​www.​epo.​org/​about-us/​annual-reports-statistics/​annual-report/​2013/​statistics-trends/​patent-applications.​html#tab=​6, (retrieved: November 20, 2015). Iceland was not ranked among the 50 countries.
 
27
Based on the data available by the USPTO, http://​www.​uspto.​gov/​.
 
29
Among the top ten European countries, only Belgium and Netherlands occupy higher positions than the Nordic states, see: http://​data.​uis.​unesco.​org/​?​queryid=​142.
 
30
See: R. M. Czarny, “Razem jesteśmy silniejsi”. Świat Norden w trzynastu odsłonach, Scandinavium, Kielce 2014, pp. 79–97.
 
31
ICT (stands for I nformation and C ommunication T echnologies). A branch of telecommunication and information technologies which is responsible for technology of transmitting information, by using logical tools to control the transmission and data transmission with the help of various utilities. It is now considered to be one of the most fundamental branches of IT.
 
32
The ICT Development Index (IDI) is a composite index combining 11 indicators into one benchmark measure that serves to monitor and compare developments in information and communication technology (ICT) across countries
 
33
See: Chart Box 2.13; Individuals using the Internet, Europe, 2011 and 2012, after: Measuring The Information Society 2013.
 
34
See: The Global Information Technology Report 2010–2011. Transformations 2.0., Global Economic Forum Geneva 2011, http://​www3.​weforum.​org/​docs/​WEF_​GITR_​Report_​2011.​pdf.
 
35
On the other hand, Finland and Denmark close the list of the top twenty most developed countries, see: Human Development Index: http://​hdr.​undp.​org.
 
37
The digital manufacturing progressively spreading around the world.
 
38
NRI – Networked Readiness Index. The World Economic Forum’s Networked Readiness Index measures the willingness of countries to use the possibilities offered by ITC. It is published annually. NRI aims to improve the understanding of ICT’s influence on competitiveness of various countries. It consists of three elements: ICT environment offered by a given country or community (with regard to the market, legal solutions, and political infrastructure), readiness of the key shareholders in a country (natural persons, companies, and governments) to use ITC technologies among these entities; see: http://​en.​wikipedia.​org/​wiki/​Networked_​Readiness_​Index.
 
39
See: It is worth noticing that in comparison with the 2013 data, Denmark’s position in 2014 has changed from 8th to 13th thus leaving the top ten.
 
40
The transformation process connected with the KBE has been going on for almost 20 years there.
 
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Cleaver, K. (2003). Wstępna strategia tworzenia gospodarki opartej na wiedzy. In A. Kukliński (Ed.), Gospodarka oparta na wiedzy: Perspektywy Banku światowego. Warszawa: “Rewasz”.
Czarny, R. M. (2014). Razem jesteśmy silniejsi. Świat Norden w trzynastu odsłonach. Kielce: Scandinavium.
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Metadaten
Titel
The Region of Knowledge-Based Economy
verfasst von
Ryszard M. Czarny
Copyright-Jahr
2017
Buch
A Modern Nordic Saga : Politics, Economy and Society

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-42362-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-42363-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2017

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42363-0_8