Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Asia Pacific Journal of Management 2/2018

05.05.2018 | Perspectives

The research-teaching “oneness” of competitive dynamics: Toward an ambicultural integration

verfasst von: Ming-Jer Chen

Erschienen in: Asia Pacific Journal of Management | Ausgabe 2/2018

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

How to integrate research and teaching is a vital but little-studied topic in business academia. In the West, pedagogy and theoretical work often make for strange bedfellows, while in the East, research and teaching are unified by the ancient philosophical notion of “oneness.” Chinese scholars adhering to the Confucian tradition devote themselves to work that goes beyond both teaching and the research-publishing impetus of their Western counterparts. Their paramount task is to be a respected teacher and to educate students of all kinds within the ethical context of caring for the greater community. The case of competitive dynamics, a management topic developed in the West, demonstrates how teaching and research may be balanced and integrated much as in the traditional Eastern pedagogical conception. This effort to bridge the divide between teaching and research is instructional for scholars seeking to transfer theory to the classroom and for researchers aiming to broaden the scope of their investigations. This paper raises a fundamental question: What does scholarship in the applied academic fields, such as management, mean in modern China and within a global context?

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Fußnoten
1
“East” and “West” are not discrete or homogenous concepts. Nonetheless, the dichotomy is constructive for symbolizing distinctions between the two groups of countries and to compare and contrast variations in institutions, cultures, and managerial and social practices. China, or Chinese business (in mainland China and overseas), and the United States, or American business, often represent the East and West paradigms, for reasons of simplicity and parsimony (Chen, 2014). I adopt this premise here.
 
2
Two companion papers in APJM (Chen, 2009, 2010a, b) relate tangentially to the topic of research and teaching integration. I share this research with rising scholars and doctoral students to demonstrate my learning in the development of competitive dynamics, such as time management and cultivating an integrative mindset.
 
3
The rise of competitive dynamics is the result of the collective effort of many scholars (Chen & Miller, 2012). The story of the growth of the field as a demonstration of research-teaching oneness, the subject of this paper, reflects in many ways my personal-professional experience. My work and life paths have illuminated one another. Therefore I have approached the current paper from personal and professional vantage points, inserting anecdotes throughout. It is my hope that this narrative will contribute to a deeper understanding of both the research and teaching arenas, and of the work-life balance of the “humane scholarly” pursuit.
 
4
Before leaving Taiwan, I studied the Chinese classics with Master Aixinjueluo Yu-Yun 愛新覺羅.毓鋆 (1905–2011), a nephew of the “Last Emperor” of China. Under his tutelage I read the works of the most illustrious philosophers from the zenith of ancient Chinese civilization (772–222 B.C.). In the course of my studies I was immersed in the work of Sun Tzu and various interpretations of his writings, which later deeply influenced my competitive dynamics research.
 
5
This approach to scholarship is not exclusive to China or the East. Referring back to Van de Ven (2007) (citing Boyer, 1990), many Western academics practice a “broader and more expansive” conception of scholarship: “[T]he work of the scholar also means stepping back from one’s investigation, looking for connections, building bridges between theory and practice.”
 
6
I appreciate an anonymous reviewer’s comment emphasizing this point, which is considered later in the paper.
 
7
The idea of Dao (道) lies at the heart of the work of virtually all Chinese philosophers, including Confucius, Lao Tzu, and Sun Tzu. Dao is both one of the simplest and most complex ideas in Chinese thinking: it expresses philosophically a “way of life,” a “law of nature,” a standard or pattern, or an overarching moral principle. Practically it conveys the idea of a method, a path or road, or a means.
 
8
I am deeply humbled by a special conference scheduled for June 2018 at Queens University, Canada, organized by a group of prominent strategy scholars around the anniversary of my 1988 dissertation publication to celebrate three decades of competitive dynamics study.
 
9
I clearly remember one Saturday morning in 1996 when I received a call from a former Columbia MBA student. He wanted to thank me for his early exposure to Chen (1996), which he said had helped him finish his first big project at the consulting firm Booz Allen. What he had read as a student in my competitive dynamics seminar was a working draft, and I was delighted to learn of the applicability and endurance of the research (which later received best paper awards from AMR and the Academy’s Business Policy and Strategy division).
 
10
There are some interesting research-teaching contrasts (or “tensions”) between the schools where I have taught. Columbia and Penn/Wharton emphasizes publishing in a very few selective scholarly outlets. At UVA/Darden, teaching is paramount, and case and book writing is recognized as research. As further evidence of Darden’s teaching orientation, faculty maintain an open-door policy: posting office hours is taboo and professors are expected to meet with students at any time, unlike conventional policies whereby office hours are the norm.
 
11
A student from my 2003 MBA seminar who wrote a technical note on indirect competition returns every year to teach a session of the course. A fan of AMC since his first exposure to the concept, he has applied the AMC ideas and tools in his work as his career has progressed, starting as a junior consultant in a multinational firm in the computer services industry, then as director and subsequently partner of one of the firm’s international joint ventures, now as vice president of a virtual e-platform provider for retail business. It is a rewarding experience in itself to catch up on this student’s intellectual and professional advancements each year when he returns to campus.
 
12
The conference has been sponsored by leading Chinese universities including Cheng Kung (2010), Chengchi (2011 and 2014), Fudan (2012), Tsinghua-SEM (School of Economics and Management) (2013), and Peking-Guanghua (2015). Since 2016, Chinese executives and EMBAs/DBAs I have taught have hosted the event.
 
13
“East Meets West” was the theme of the 2011 Academy of Management annual meeting and the topic for a special AMJ (2015) issue, as part of my Academy presidential obligations.
 
14
A Shanzhai product is a more inexpensive version of a well-known product. It is designed to meet demands for low price by a set of specific consumers, roughly equivalent to a “knockoff” in the United States. Shanzhai reflects the Chinese innovation characteristics of incremental innovation, which improves a product’s cost or time-to-market without drastically changing the technology, and localization, which adapts existing technologies for a local market.
 
15
The habit of starting work early (3–4 a.m.) and talking on the phone or undertaking other interactions only in late afternoon (5–6 p.m.) continues today. To stay “disconnected,” I still do not even open my laptop until 10 a.m., writing only with pen and pencil in the early hours when I work on research, (including this paper, which was in “indirect competition” with my MBA and EMBA teaching, among other tasks).
 
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Barney, J. 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1): 99–120.CrossRef Barney, J. 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1): 99–120.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Barney, J. B., & Zhang, S. 2009. The future of Chinese management research: A theory of Chinese management versus a Chinese theory of management. Management and Organization Review, 5(1): 15–28. Barney, J. B., & Zhang, S. 2009. The future of Chinese management research: A theory of Chinese management versus a Chinese theory of management. Management and Organization Review, 5(1): 15–28.
Zurück zum Zitat Boyer, E. L. 1990. Scholarship reconsidered: Priorities of the professoriate. Princeton: Carnegie Foundation. Boyer, E. L. 1990. Scholarship reconsidered: Priorities of the professoriate. Princeton: Carnegie Foundation.
Zurück zum Zitat Brew, A., & Boud, D. 1995. Teaching and research: Establishing the vital link with learning. Higher Education, 29(3): 261–273.CrossRef Brew, A., & Boud, D. 1995. Teaching and research: Establishing the vital link with learning. Higher Education, 29(3): 261–273.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bruton, G. D., Peng, M. W., Ahlstrom, D., Stan, C., & Xu, K. 2015. State-owned enterprises around the world as hybrid organizations. Academy of Management Perspectives, 29(1): 92–114.CrossRef Bruton, G. D., Peng, M. W., Ahlstrom, D., Stan, C., & Xu, K. 2015. State-owned enterprises around the world as hybrid organizations. Academy of Management Perspectives, 29(1): 92–114.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Chen, C. H. 2010a.What management research do we need in China?. Chinese Journal of Management, 7(9): 1272–1276 (in Chinese). Chen, C. H. 2010a.What management research do we need in China?. Chinese Journal of Management, 7(9): 1272–1276 (in Chinese).
Zurück zum Zitat Chen, H. H. 2008a. Competitive advantage in the Post-Porter era. Harvard Business Review (traditional Chinese), September: 66–69. Chen, H. H. 2008a. Competitive advantage in the Post-Porter era. Harvard Business Review (traditional Chinese), September: 66–69.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen, M.-J. 1988. Competitive strategic interaction: A study of competitive actions and responses. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park. Chen, M.-J. 1988. Competitive strategic interaction: A study of competitive actions and responses. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen, M.-J. 1996. Competitor analysis and interfirm rivalry: Toward a theoretical integration. Academy of Management Review, 21(1): 100–134.CrossRef Chen, M.-J. 1996. Competitor analysis and interfirm rivalry: Toward a theoretical integration. Academy of Management Review, 21(1): 100–134.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Chen, M.-J. 2002. Transcending paradox: The Chinese “middle way” perspective. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 19(2): 179–199.CrossRef Chen, M.-J. 2002. Transcending paradox: The Chinese “middle way” perspective. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 19(2): 179–199.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Chen, M.-J. 2008b. Reconceptualizing the competition-cooperation relationship: A transparadox perspective. Journal of Management Inquiry, 17(4): 288–304.CrossRef Chen, M.-J. 2008b. Reconceptualizing the competition-cooperation relationship: A transparadox perspective. Journal of Management Inquiry, 17(4): 288–304.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Chen, M.-J. 2009. Competitive dynamics research: An insider’s odyssey. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 26(1): 5–25.CrossRef Chen, M.-J. 2009. Competitive dynamics research: An insider’s odyssey. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 26(1): 5–25.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Chen, M.-J. 2010b. Reflecting on the process: Building competitive dynamics research. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 27(1): 9–24.CrossRef Chen, M.-J. 2010b. Reflecting on the process: Building competitive dynamics research. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 27(1): 9–24.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Chen, M.-J. 2014. Becoming ambicultural: A personal quest, and aspiration for organizations. Academy of Management Review, 39(2): 119–137.CrossRef Chen, M.-J. 2014. Becoming ambicultural: A personal quest, and aspiration for organizations. Academy of Management Review, 39(2): 119–137.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Chen, M.-J. 2016a. Academic entrepreneurship: The journey of competitive dynamics from zero to N. Quarterly Journal of Management, 1(3): 1–16 (in Chinese). Chen, M.-J. 2016a. Academic entrepreneurship: The journey of competitive dynamics from zero to N. Quarterly Journal of Management, 1(3): 1–16 (in Chinese).
Zurück zum Zitat Chen, M.-J. 2016b. Competitive dynamics: Eastern roots, Western growth. Cross Cultural and Strategic Management, 23(4): 510–530.CrossRef Chen, M.-J. 2016b. Competitive dynamics: Eastern roots, Western growth. Cross Cultural and Strategic Management, 23(4): 510–530.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Chen, M.-J., & Miller, D. 1994. Competitive attack, retaliation and performance: An expectancy-valence framework. Strategic Management Journal, 15(2): 85–102.CrossRef Chen, M.-J., & Miller, D. 1994. Competitive attack, retaliation and performance: An expectancy-valence framework. Strategic Management Journal, 15(2): 85–102.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Chen, M.-J., & Miller, D. 2010. West meets East: Towards an ambicultural approach to management. Academy of Management Perspecitves, 24(4): 17–24.CrossRef Chen, M.-J., & Miller, D. 2010. West meets East: Towards an ambicultural approach to management. Academy of Management Perspecitves, 24(4): 17–24.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Chen, M.-J., & Miller, D. 2012. Competitive dynamics: Themes, trends, and a prospective research platform. Academy of Management Annals, 6(1): 135–210.CrossRef Chen, M.-J., & Miller, D. 2012. Competitive dynamics: Themes, trends, and a prospective research platform. Academy of Management Annals, 6(1): 135–210.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Chen, M.-J., & Miller, D. 2015. Reconceptualizing competitive dynamics: A multidimensional framework. Strategic Management Journal, 36(5): 758–775.CrossRef Chen, M.-J., & Miller, D. 2015. Reconceptualizing competitive dynamics: A multidimensional framework. Strategic Management Journal, 36(5): 758–775.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Chen, M.-J., Su, K., & Tsai, W. 2007. Competitive tension: The awareness-motivation-capability perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1): 101–118.CrossRef Chen, M.-J., Su, K., & Tsai, W. 2007. Competitive tension: The awareness-motivation-capability perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1): 101–118.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Daft, R. L., & Lewin, A. Y. 2008. Perspective-rigor and relevance in organization studies: Idea migration and academic journal evolution. Organization Science, 19(1): 177–183.CrossRef Daft, R. L., & Lewin, A. Y. 2008. Perspective-rigor and relevance in organization studies: Idea migration and academic journal evolution. Organization Science, 19(1): 177–183.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat DeSarbo, W. S., Grewal, R., & Wind, J. 2006. Who competes with whom? A demand-based perspective for identifying and representing asymmetric competition. Strategic Management Journal, 27(2): 101–129.CrossRef DeSarbo, W. S., Grewal, R., & Wind, J. 2006. Who competes with whom? A demand-based perspective for identifying and representing asymmetric competition. Strategic Management Journal, 27(2): 101–129.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gimeno, J., & Woo, C. Y. 1996. Hypercompetition in a multimarket environment: The role of strategic similarity and multimarket contact in competitive de-escalation. Organization Science, 7(3): 322–341.CrossRef Gimeno, J., & Woo, C. Y. 1996. Hypercompetition in a multimarket environment: The role of strategic similarity and multimarket contact in competitive de-escalation. Organization Science, 7(3): 322–341.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gulati, R. 2007. Tent poles, tribalism, and boundary spanning: The rigor-relevance debate in management research. Academy of Management Journal, 50(4): 775–782.CrossRef Gulati, R. 2007. Tent poles, tribalism, and boundary spanning: The rigor-relevance debate in management research. Academy of Management Journal, 50(4): 775–782.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hambrick, D. C. 1994. What if the academy actually mattered?. Academy of Management Review, 19(1): 11–16. Hambrick, D. C. 1994. What if the academy actually mattered?. Academy of Management Review, 19(1): 11–16.
Zurück zum Zitat Hambrick, D. C. 1997. Teaching as leading. In D. C. Hambrick (Eds.). Researchers hooked on teaching: 242–254. London: Sage. Hambrick, D. C. 1997. Teaching as leading. In D. C. Hambrick (Eds.). Researchers hooked on teaching: 242–254. London: Sage.
Zurück zum Zitat Han, W. 2009. The mission of management scholars. China Management Magazine, April: 64–68 (in Chinese). Han, W. 2009. The mission of management scholars. China Management Magazine, April: 64–68 (in Chinese).
Zurück zum Zitat Healey, M. 2005. Linking research and teaching exploring disciplinary spaces and the role of inquiry-based learning. In R. Barnett (Eds.). Reshaping the university: New relationships between research, scholarship and teaching: 67–78. Maidenhead: Open University Press/McGraw-Hill. Healey, M. 2005. Linking research and teaching exploring disciplinary spaces and the role of inquiry-based learning. In R. Barnett (Eds.). Reshaping the university: New relationships between research, scholarship and teaching: 67–78. Maidenhead: Open University Press/McGraw-Hill.
Zurück zum Zitat Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. A., & Hoskisson, R. E. 2015. Strategic management: Competitiveness and globalization, 11th ed. Cincinnati: Cengage Learning. Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. A., & Hoskisson, R. E. 2015. Strategic management: Competitiveness and globalization, 11th ed. Cincinnati: Cengage Learning.
Zurück zum Zitat Hsu, J. T. 2012. Li Yuan Lu (In Praise of YUAN): Sayings of Aixinjueluo YuYun (禮元錄《毓老師說》). Kaohsiung: Holo Publishing (河洛圖書出版社). Hsu, J. T. 2012. Li Yuan Lu (In Praise of YUAN): Sayings of Aixinjueluo YuYun (禮元錄《毓老師說》). Kaohsiung: Holo Publishing (河洛圖書出版社).
Zurück zum Zitat Leung, K. 2012. Indigenous Chinese management research: Like it or not, we need it. Management and Organization Review, 8(1): 1–5.CrossRef Leung, K. 2012. Indigenous Chinese management research: Like it or not, we need it. Management and Organization Review, 8(1): 1–5.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat MacMillan, I. C., McCaffery, M. L., & Van Wijk, G. 1985. Competitor’s responses to easily imitated new products: Exploring commercial banking product introductions. Strategic Management Journal, 6(1): 75–86CrossRef MacMillan, I. C., McCaffery, M. L., & Van Wijk, G. 1985. Competitor’s responses to easily imitated new products: Exploring commercial banking product introductions. Strategic Management Journal, 6(1): 75–86CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat McCloskey, D. N. 2016. Bourgeois equality: How ideas, not capital or institutions, enriched the world. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. McCloskey, D. N. 2016. Bourgeois equality: How ideas, not capital or institutions, enriched the world. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Zurück zum Zitat McGrath, R. G. 2013. The end of competitive advantage: How to keep your strategy moving as fast as your business. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press. McGrath, R. G. 2013. The end of competitive advantage: How to keep your strategy moving as fast as your business. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press.
Zurück zum Zitat McGrath, R. G., Chen, M.-J., & MacMillan, I. C. 1998. Multimarket maneuvering in uncertain spheres of influence: Resource diversion strategies. Academy of Management Review, 23(4): 724–740.CrossRef McGrath, R. G., Chen, M.-J., & MacMillan, I. C. 1998. Multimarket maneuvering in uncertain spheres of influence: Resource diversion strategies. Academy of Management Review, 23(4): 724–740.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Mintzberg, H. 2004. Managers not MBAs: A hard look at the soft practice of managing and management development. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler. Mintzberg, H. 2004. Managers not MBAs: A hard look at the soft practice of managing and management development. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
Zurück zum Zitat Pacheco, D. F., & Dean, T. J. 2015. Firm responses to social movement pressures: A competitive dynamics perspective. Strategic Management Journal, 36(7): 1093–1104.CrossRef Pacheco, D. F., & Dean, T. J. 2015. Firm responses to social movement pressures: A competitive dynamics perspective. Strategic Management Journal, 36(7): 1093–1104.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Porter, M. E. 1980. Competitive strategy: Techniques for analyzing industries and competition. New York: Free Press. Porter, M. E. 1980. Competitive strategy: Techniques for analyzing industries and competition. New York: Free Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Schuster, J. H., & Finkelstein, M. J. 2006. The American faculty: The restructuring of academic work and careers. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Schuster, J. H., & Finkelstein, M. J. 2006. The American faculty: The restructuring of academic work and careers. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith, K. G., Ferrier, W. J., & Ndofor, H. 2001. Competitive dynamics research: Critique and future directions. In M. Hitt, R. E. Freeman, & J. Harrison (Eds.). Handbook of strategic management, 315–361. London: Blackwell. Smith, K. G., Ferrier, W. J., & Ndofor, H. 2001. Competitive dynamics research: Critique and future directions. In M. Hitt, R. E. Freeman, & J. Harrison (Eds.). Handbook of strategic management, 315–361. London: Blackwell.
Zurück zum Zitat Tsai, W., Su, K. H., & Chen, M. J. 2011. Seeing through the eyes of a rival: Competitor acumen based on rival-centric perceptions. Academy of Management Journal, 54(4): 761–778.CrossRef Tsai, W., Su, K. H., & Chen, M. J. 2011. Seeing through the eyes of a rival: Competitor acumen based on rival-centric perceptions. Academy of Management Journal, 54(4): 761–778.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Tsai, Y. L. 2016. Internationalization and theoretical innovation of Chinese management research. Chinese Journal of Management, 13(8): 1135–1149 (in Chinese). Tsai, Y. L. 2016. Internationalization and theoretical innovation of Chinese management research. Chinese Journal of Management, 13(8): 1135–1149 (in Chinese).
Zurück zum Zitat Tsui, A. S. 2006. Contextualization in Chinese management research. Management and Organization Review, 2(1): 1–13.CrossRef Tsui, A. S. 2006. Contextualization in Chinese management research. Management and Organization Review, 2(1): 1–13.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Tsui, A. S. 2013. The spirit of science and socially responsible scholarship. Management and Organization Review, 9(3): 375–394.CrossRef Tsui, A. S. 2013. The spirit of science and socially responsible scholarship. Management and Organization Review, 9(3): 375–394.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Tversky, A. 1977. Features of similarity. Psychological Review, 84(4): 327–352.CrossRef Tversky, A. 1977. Features of similarity. Psychological Review, 84(4): 327–352.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Van de Ven, A. H. 2007. Engaged scholarship: A guide for organizational and social research. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Van de Ven, A. H. 2007. Engaged scholarship: A guide for organizational and social research. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Metadaten
Titel
The research-teaching “oneness” of competitive dynamics: Toward an ambicultural integration
verfasst von
Ming-Jer Chen
Publikationsdatum
05.05.2018
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Asia Pacific Journal of Management / Ausgabe 2/2018
Print ISSN: 0217-4561
Elektronische ISSN: 1572-9958
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-018-9583-y

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2018

Asia Pacific Journal of Management 2/2018 Zur Ausgabe