The role of the emergent property of resource in the evolution of distributive altruism based on spatial reciprocity

One of the most significant problems in interdisciplinary research fields, including evolutionary biology, ecology, economics and sociology is to explain social behaviors such as cooperation. Cooperation seems to be difficult to reconcile with natural selection. Why should an individual help another under Darwinian selection? This paper focuses on the altruism in distribution. It seems obvious that giving out nothing is more adaptive than giving resources to others. However, at least we humans, as innately social animals, sometimes share resources with others in our daily social life. We develop an evolutionary model with the distribution dilemma game and investigate the evolution of distributive altruism based on spatial reciprocity, especially by paying attention to the effect of the emergent properties of the resource during distribution.