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2022 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

9. The Second Recursion Theorem

verfasst von : George Tourlakis

Erschienen in: Computability

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The recursion theorem is attributed to Kleene, but it was embedded in a somewhat different format in Gödel’s first incompleteness theorem proof (Gödel (Monatshefte für Math Phys 38:173–198)), where, via his substitution function and the fixed point lemma, he constructed a sentence of Peano Arithmetic (PA) that said “I am not a theorem”.
The analogues in Kleene’s proof of his second recursion theorem (He has also stated and a proved a “first recursion theorem”. See Chap. 13.) are the S-m-n functions (instead of the Gödel substitution function) and the second recursion theorem itself (instead of the fixpoint lemma of Gödel (Monatshefte für Math Phys 38:173–198); Carnap (Logische Syntax der Sprache (Springer, Berlin, 1934))).

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Fußnoten
1
He has also stated and a proved a “first recursion theorem”. See Chap. 13.
 
2
Introduced as a, provably within formal arithmetic, primitive recursive function.
 
3
Actually the fixed point lemma entered only implicitly in Gödel’s proof in Gödel (1931), but Carnap (1934) teased it out and explicitly formulated it.
 
4
Also known as the diagonalisation lemma (or diagonal lemma in Boolos 1979).
 
5
There is a convergent computation of y steps of the i-th URM that verifies input x.
 
6
Functions viewed extensionally have, as we know, infinitely many ϕ-indices (see also Corollary 9.4.2 below). However, we allow the definite article “the” here thinking rather of the intentional object for our \(\lambda z\vec x_{n}.f\big (S^{n}_{1}(z, z), \vec x_{n}\big )\) —i.e., the URM at location i— and also of the URM at location \(S^{n}_{1}(i, i)\) that computes \(\lambda \vec x_{n}.f\big (S^{n}_{1}(i, i), \vec x_{n}\big )\). Cf. Theorem 5.​7.​1 and its corollaries, in particular Corollary 5.​7.​3.
 
7
As distinguished from the fixed point theorem of PA.
 
8
The lay person —also, Sherlock Holmes— will say “elementary” as a synonym for “easy”. Mathematicians use the term more technically. They mean that the tools used in the proof are “not advanced” —but the task may still be very hard. E.g., the prime number theorem, that says \(\lim _{x\to \infty }\frac {\pi (x)}{x/\log x}=1\) has a proof that uses complex variable calculus and one that does not. Arguably, the latter is harder, but it is called the “elementary” one.
 
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat G. Boolos, The Unprovability of Consistency; An Essay in Modal Logic (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1979)MATH G. Boolos, The Unprovability of Consistency; An Essay in Modal Logic (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1979)MATH
Zurück zum Zitat K. Gödel, Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme I. Monatshefte für Math. Phys. 38, 173–198 (1931) (Also in English in M. Davis, The Undecidable (Raven Press, Hewlett, 1965), pp. 5–38) K. Gödel, Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme I. Monatshefte für Math. Phys. 38, 173–198 (1931) (Also in English in M. Davis, The Undecidable (Raven Press, Hewlett, 1965), pp. 5–38)
Zurück zum Zitat A.A. Muchnik, Solution of Post’s reduction problem and of certain other problems in the theory of algorithms. I (Russian). Tr. Mosk. Mat. Obs. 7, 391–405 (1958) A.A. Muchnik, Solution of Post’s reduction problem and of certain other problems in the theory of algorithms. I (Russian). Tr. Mosk. Mat. Obs. 7, 391–405 (1958)
Zurück zum Zitat H. Rogers, Theory of Recursive Functions and Effective Computability (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967)MATH H. Rogers, Theory of Recursive Functions and Effective Computability (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967)MATH
Zurück zum Zitat R.M. Smullyan, Theory of Formal Systems. Number 47 in Annals of Math. Studies (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1961) R.M. Smullyan, Theory of Formal Systems. Number 47 in Annals of Math. Studies (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1961)
Zurück zum Zitat O. Veblen, J.W. Young, Projective Geometry, vol. I (Ginn and Company, Boston, 1916)MATH O. Veblen, J.W. Young, Projective Geometry, vol. I (Ginn and Company, Boston, 1916)MATH
Zurück zum Zitat R.L. Wilder, Introduction to the Foundations of Mathematics (Wiley, New York, 1963) R.L. Wilder, Introduction to the Foundations of Mathematics (Wiley, New York, 1963)
Metadaten
Titel
The Second Recursion Theorem
verfasst von
George Tourlakis
Copyright-Jahr
2022
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83202-5_9