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Erschienen in:
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2021 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. Thematic Introduction

verfasst von : Johann Wagner

Erschienen in: Border Management in Transformation

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

State borders define a national territory. Sovereign nationhood is also defined in relation to the understanding of a modern and secure state, whether a state is able to effectively control crossings of its borders, and also being able to oversee and manage it.

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Nächstes Kapitel Methodical Structure of the Work
Fußnoten
1
Treaty on European Union. Article 2 TEU. ABL 2008, C 115/13 of 9th May 2008.
 
2
Treaty on European Union. Article 3 Par. 2 TEU. ABL 2008, C 115/13 of 9th May 2008.
 
3
Sauerland and Springer Gabler Publishing House (eds) [1].
 
4
Gaertner [2].
 
5
Ibid.
 
6
Commission Recommendation 06/XI/2006 C (2006) 5186 final establishing a common “Practical Handbook for Border Guards (Schengen Handbook)” ‘Border surveillance’ (Definition no. 11) […]. ‘Border control’ (Definition no. 13) […]. P. 10.
 
7
Treaty on European Union—Consolidated Versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (2016/C 202/01). Article 3 (5).
 
8
UNWTO Annual Report [3].
 
9
Ibid.
 
10
Federal Criminal Police Office (Bundeskriminalamt—BKA) definition cybercrime: “Under, Cybercrime or, ICT crime is understood to mean crimes committed by taking advantage of modern information and communication technology, or against this. These are:
(a)
all offenses for which elements of IT are included in the factual criterions (cybercrime), or in which ICT is/was used in the planning, preparation or execution,
 
(b)
offenses relating to data networks such as the Internet, and cases of threat of information technology. This includes all unlawful acts against the integrity, availability and authenticity of electronic, magnetic or otherwise not immediately perceptible stored or transmitted data (hacking, computer sabotage, data manipulation, misuse of telecommunications, etc.).” Available from: https://​www.​bka.​de/​nn_​205932/​DE/​ThemenABisZ/​Deliktsbereiche/​InternetKriminal​itaet/​internetKriminal​itaet_​_​node.​html?​_​_​nnn=​true. (Accessed on 15th August 2016).
 
 
11
IATA—International Air Transportation Association.
ICAO—International Civil Aviation Organisation.
INTERPOL—International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO).
IOM—International Organisation for Migration.
OSCE—Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
UNHCR—United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
UNODC—United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
UNCTED—United Nations Counter-Terrorism Executive Directorate.
UNOCT—United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism.
UNCTITF—United Nations Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force.
UNCCT—United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre.
WCO—World Customs Organisation.
 
12
Federal Agency for Civic Education (Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung—BPB) (2009): Acquis Communautaire (frz. common vested rights) encompasses all rights and obligations that are binding on all EU MS. This includes both the EU Treaty and the EC Treaty (primary law), on the other hand, the regulations, directives, decisions and recommendations of the EU institutions (EC, the EU and EP Council) were adopted and still be (secondary legislation), and the decisions of the European Court of Justice (ECJ). Available from: https://​www.​bpb.​de/​nachschlagen/​lexika/​pocket-europa/​16627/​acquis-communautaire. (Accessed on 16th August 2016).
 
13
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union—Consolidated Versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (2016/C 202/01). Art. 67.
 
14
Regulation (EC) no. 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15th March 2006 […] (Schengen Borders Code). Art. No. 1 Definitions: Internal borders' [..].
 
15
Note from the author: The research focuses here primarily on Europe, Central Asia, North Africa, and the Middle East.
 
16
Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29th April 2004 on the right of EU citizens and their family members to move freely within the territory of the Member States and reside amending Regulation (EEC) No. 1612/68 and repealing Directives 64/221/EEC, 68/360/EEC, 72/194/EEC, 73/148/EEC, No 75/34/EEC 75/35/EEC, 90/364/EEC, 90/365/EEC and 93/96/EEC. Available from: https://​eur-lex.​europa.​eu/​legal-content/​EN/​TXT/​HTML/​?​uri=​URISERV:​l33152&​from=​EN. (Accessed on 17th August 2016).
 
17
IBM Guidelines for Western Balkans [6].
 
18
OSCE Border Security and Management Concept BSMC (2005), MC.DOC/2/05 (2005).
 
19
Treaty on European Union. Article 2 TEU. ABI 2008, C 115/13 of 9th May 2008. (Hereinafter referred to as “the Schengen Agreement”) between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic concerning the gradual abolition of checks at the common borders of 19th June 1990 Schengen Implementing Conventions Updated version (status: 31st March 2006).
 
20
Regulation (EU) 2016/399 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9th March 2016 on a Union Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code).
 
21
Commission Recommendation of 06/XI/2006 establishing a common “Practical Handbook for Border Guards (Schengen Handbook)” to be used by Member States’ competent authorities when carrying out the border control of persons.
 
22
EU Schengen Catalogue 1 (2002): External borders control, Removal and readmission—recommendations and best practices.
 
23
EU Schengen Catalogue 2 (2002): Schengen Information System Sirene—recommendations and best practices.
 
24
EU Schengen Catalogue 3 (2003): Issuing of visa—recommendations and best practices.
 
25
EU Schengen Catalogue 4 (2003): Police Co-operation—recommendations and best practices.
 
26
IBM Guidelines for Western Balkans [6].
 
27
OSCE Border Security and Management Concept BSMC (2005), MC.DOC/2/05 (2005).
 
28
Police Cooperation Convention for Southeast Europe, also „Vienna Convention“ (2006).
 
29
Council Decision 2008/615/JHA of 23rd June 2008 on the stepping up of cross-border cooperation, particularly in combating terrorism and cross-border crime (“Prüm Decision”).
 
30
Note of the author: The police jargon distinguishes between a general and special situation assessment. While the general assessment plans all daily service operations, a special assessment is carried out in case of sudden danger, for example cross-border crisis management.
 
31
Federal Bureau of Investigation—FBI. “Mission—As an intelligence–driven and a threat–focused national security organization with both intelligence and law enforcement responsibilities, the mission of the FBI is to protect and defend the United States against terrorist and foreign intelligence threats, to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international agencies and partners.” Available from: https://​www.​fbi.​gov/​. (Accessed on 22nd August 2016).
 
32
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) was created in December 1991. In the adopted Declaration the participants of the Commonwealth declared their interaction on the basis of sovereign equality. At present the CIS unites: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine. Available from: https://​www.​cisstat.​com/​eng/​cis.​htm (Accessed on 23rd August 2016).
 
33
Note of the author: The term profiling is not equivalent to the definition of the operational case analysis (German: Operative Fallanalyse—OFA), which according to Hoffmann and Musolff (2000, Case Analysis and Criminal Profile, p. 18): „[…] the criminal profile an extensive description outlines of a yet unidentified offender, which is derived from the reconstruction and interpretation of his actions and behaviour […].” Moreover, profiling is the first and quick assessment of the person in the context of the travel group, travel agents and travel route, and their personal belongings and relevant questions during the border control. Occasionally, the term screening is used instead of profiling.
 
34
UNDP [7].
 
Literatur
1.
2.
Gaertner H (2005) Internationale Sicherheit, p 48
3.
4.
5.
Gehler M (2009) Grenzen in Europa (Borders in Europe)
6.
7.
Metadaten
Titel
Thematic Introduction
verfasst von
Johann Wagner
Copyright-Jahr
2021
Buch
Border Management in Transformation

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-62727-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-62728-7

Copyright-Jahr: 2021

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62728-7_1