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2022 | Buch

Introduction Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Third Generation Internet Revealed

Reinventing Computer Networks with IPv6

verfasst von: Lawrence E. Hughes

Verlag: Apress

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

This book covers the inexorable exhaustion of the IPv4 address space, the interim fix to this based on Network Address Translation (NAT) and Private Addresses, and the differences between IPv4 and IPv6. It will help you understand the limitations and problems introduced by the use of NAT and introduce you to the far simpler network and software designs possible, using a larger, unified address space.

IPv6, a mature and viable replacement for IPv4, is currently used by more than 36% of all global Internet traffic. Wireless telephone service providers in many countries have migrated their networks to IPv6 with great success. The elimination of NAT and Private Addresses has vastly simplified network design and implementation. Further, there are now enough public addresses allocated to accommodate all anticipated uses for the foreseeable future.

Most networking products and software, especially open-source software, are already fully IPv6 compliant. Today, no business should purchase obsolete products that support only IPv4. The global IPv6 Forum estimates that there are millions of networking professionals still needing to learn the fundamentals of IPv6 technologies to move forward. This book is for them. With plans in place for a shutdown of IPv4 on global networks (“Sunset IPv4”) the time to learn is now. If you want a job in IT, especially network hardware or software, and you don’t know IPv6, you are already obsolete.

What You Will Learn

This book serves as a guide to all relevant Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standards Request for Comments (RFCs), organized by topic and discussed in plain language Understand how IPv6 makes viable technologies such as multicast (for efficient global audio/video streaming), IPsec VPNs (for better security), and simpler VoIP Take “edge computing” to the limit by eliminating intermediary servers made necessary by IPv4 NAT–for example, making connections directly from my node to yours Discover how organizations can introduce IPv6 into existing IPv4 networks (“Dual Stack”), and then eliminate the legacy IPv4 aspects going forward (“Pure IPv6”) for the mandates going into place now (for example, US DoD requirements to move all networks to Pure IPv6)Recognize that 5G networking (the Grand Convergence of conventional networks and wireless service) depends heavily on the advanced features IPv6

Who This Book Is For

Networking professionals. Readers should have at least some familiarity with the precursor protocol (IPv4) and legacy TCP/IP based networks. Some knowledge of network models, such as DoD four-layer model or OSI 7-layer model, is helpful to understand where the Internet Protocol fits into the larger picture. For network software developers using the Sockets API (in UNIX, Windows, etc.), this book will help you to understand the extensions to that API needed to work with IPv6.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
This book is an update and expansion of my 2010 ebook, The Second Internet. That ebook has been available on the main website of the global IPv6 Forum ( http://ipv6forum.com ) since 2010 with some 500,000 downloads worldwide. This book is actually still about the new Internet based on IPv6, but since 2010 I have realized that the ARPANET is not phase 1 of the First Internet; it IS the First Internet. That makes the Internet based on IPv4 (still what most people are using today) the real Second Internet, which makes the new Internet being created now, based on IPv6, the Third Internet.
Lawrence E. Hughes
Chapter 2. History of Computer Networks Up to IPv4
Abstract
A long time ago (in a galaxy not too far away), regular people started connecting computers together. A few brave souls tried to do this with dial-up 1200-baud modems over phone lines. Pioneers brought up Bulletin Board Systems (BBSs; message boards that one person at a time could dial into and exchange short messages, and later small files, with each other). I brought up the eighth BBS in the world, in Atlanta, in about 1977, using code from the original CBBS in Chicago (created by Ward Christensen and Randy Suess). I used a modem donated by my friend Dennis Hayes (of Hayes Microcomputer Products). Later there were thousands of online Bulletin Board Systems, all over the world. Soon there followed commercial “information utilities” like CompuServe and The Source, which were like giant Bulletin Board Systems (BBSs) with many more features. Tens of thousands of users could connect to these simultaneously. It was like the first crude approximation to the Internet of today, based on circuit-switched connections over telephone lines. Everything was text oriented (non-graphical) and very slow. 1200 bits/second was typical at first, although later modems with speeds of 2400 bits/second, 9600 bits/second, 14.4 Kbps, 28.8 Kbps, and finally 56 Kbps were developed and came into widespread use. Later these modems were primarily used to dial into an ISP to connect to the Internet, and some people are still using them this way.
Lawrence E. Hughes
Chapter 3. Review of IPv4
Abstract
This chapter is a brief review of IPv4, the foundation protocol of the Second Internet. I am covering it in this chapter to help you understand what is new and different in IPv6. It is not intended to be comprehensive. There are many great books listed in the bibliography if you wish to understand IPv4 at a deeper level. The reason IPv4 is relevant in this book is because the design of IPv6 is based heavily on that of IPv4. First, IPv4 can be considered one of the great achievements in IT history, based on its worldwide success, so it was a good model to copy from. Second, there were several attempts to do a new design “from the ground up” with IPv6 (a “complete rewrite”). These involved really painful migration and interoperability issues. You need to understand what the strengths and weaknesses of IPv4 are to see why IPv6 evolved the way it did. You can think of IPv6 as “IPv4 on steroids,” which takes into account the radical differences in the way we do networking today and fixing problems that were encountered in the first three decades of the IP-based Internet, as network bandwidth and the number of nodes increased exponentially. We are doing things over networks today that no one could have foreseen a quarter of a century ago, no matter how visionary they were.
Lawrence E. Hughes
Chapter 4. The Depletion of the IPv4 Address Space
Abstract
Some people today are aware that the folks in charge of the Internet are running out (or have already run out) of public IPv4 addresses. Most of them are not aware that this is not the first time we’ve faced this or just how low that pool of addresses is today. The majority of Internet users are either completely oblivious to what is going on and think that the Internet will go on like it has, forever. If they have heard any rumors about an address shortage, they have a blind faith that the people in charge can simply work some magic and the problem will go away. Well, they did once, in the mid-1990s (with NAT and private addresses), and they have found another trick with Carrier-Grade NAT to extend the lifetime of IPv4 even longer. However, each of these stopgap measures has caused major new problems. IPv4 is simply at its end of life, and it is time to start using its successor, IPv6.
Lawrence E. Hughes
Chapter 5. IPv6 Deployment Progress
Abstract
This chapter presents the progress to date in the deployment of IPv6. There are many sources of information on this. We are now in the rapid adoption phase (finally).
Lawrence E. Hughes
Chapter 6. IPv6 Core Protocols
Abstract
This chapter introduces the new concepts and technical specifics of IPv6, the foundation of the Third Internet. Since IPv6 is based heavily on IPv4, the approach will be to describe the differences between the two. This will help those who already are familiar with IPv4 to make the leap to IPv6. The subchapter headings are intentionally similar to those in Chapter 3, to allow you to compare the old and the new, topic by topic. Again, there is no intent to be comprehensive. There is a lot of content available on all aspects of IPv6 listed in the bibliography and/or available online. The ultimate references are the RFCs, so this chapter includes hyperlinks to the relevant ones, for those who want to drill deeper on specific topics.
Lawrence E. Hughes
Chapter 7. IPsec and IKEv2
Abstract
This chapter covers two advanced protocols for TCP/IP called IPsec and IKEv2. IPsec is for “Internet Protocol Security” and adds authentication and encryption at the Internet Layer. IKEv2 is the Internet Key Exchange protocol for use with IPsec, and the current version is 2. You can use IPsec without IKEv2 with manual key management, but this is not scalable or particularly secure. Both IPsec and IKEv2 are available for IPv4 and IPv6, but NAT breaks both IPsec itself and IKEv2, so IPsec works far better over IPv6 (where there is no NAT to break them). IPsec was created for both IPv4 and IPv6, in RFC 1825, “Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol,” August 1995:

              This memo describes the security mechanisms for IP version 4 (IPv4) and IP version 6 (IPv6) and the services that they provide.
Lawrence E. Hughes
Chapter 8. Transition Mechanisms
Abstract
This chapter covers a variety of protocols and mechanisms that were created to simplify the introduction of IPv6 into the Internet. The goal is not to make an abrupt transition from all-IPv4 to all-IPv6 on some kind of “flag day” (as happened in the transition from the First Internet to the Second Internet). That would be unbelievably disruptive and unlikely to succeed. The goal is to gradually add new capabilities that take advantage of IPv6, or work far better over it (e.g., IPsec VPN, SIP, IPTV, and most other multicast), while continuing to use IPv4 for those things that work tolerably well over IPv4 with NAT (e.g., web, email, FTP, SSH, and most client-server with intermediary servers). This allows immediate alleviation of the most grievous problems caused by widespread deployment of NAT and other shortcomings of IPv4 while allowing a longer, more controlled migration of those protocols that do not benefit as much from IPv6. Eventually, all protocols and applications will be migrated (with a few exceptions – likely Skype can never be ported to IPv6, being heavily based on NAT traversal), and IPv4 can quietly be dropped from operating systems and hardware. However, this will probably be 5–10 years from now. As more and more applications are transitioned to IPv6, that will take the pressure off the remaining stock of IPv4 addresses.
Lawrence E. Hughes
Chapter 9. IPv6 on Mobile Devices
Abstract
My telco in Singapore (M1) was providing IPv6 service on their cellular dataplan if you knew how to configure your phone. The trick on Android was to change your service type to “LTE/3G/2G” and set the APN protocol to “IPv4/IPv6.” On iPhone no special settings were required – it just worked. In the United States, my service from AT&T includes IPv4 and IPv6 with no configuration required – it just works out of the box. They allocate a /64 block for every phone. My phone currently has block 2600:380:b0d0:f919::/64 allocated. Note that with AT&T I can see both Wi-Fi and dataplan IPv6 addresses at the same time.
Lawrence E. Hughes
Chapter 10. DNS
Abstract
DNS (the Domain Name System) is a critical part of today’s Internet. Without it, we would have to keep massive (and always out-of-date) directories (like telephone books), where you could look up the name of some site (such as Dell’s pages about their PCs) and then find the “telephone number” (IP address) of that page, which you would then “dial” (type into your browser). This is clearly not very practical. DNS is such a complex and critical topic for both IPv4 and IPv6 that I have included a chapter just for it.
Lawrence E. Hughes
Chapter 11. The Future of Messaging with No NAT
Abstract
In the Second Internet (the one being used by most people today, based on IPv4), most nodes do not have public (globally routable) IP addresses. There are simply not enough of these to go around. Those addresses have mostly all been allocated. Today most Internet users are second-class netizens, with only private addresses. These are addresses that work only in their subnet and cannot accept incoming connections. This has a major impact on messaging.
Lawrence E. Hughes
Chapter 12. IPv6-Related Organizations
Abstract
There are quite a few international- and national-level organizations involved in making this transition from the Second Internet to the Third Internet work. This chapter lists the most prominent ones but does not claim to be comprehensive.
Lawrence E. Hughes
Chapter 13. IPv6 Projects
Abstract
There are various projects you can do for free, given the information in this book and open source components (or evaluation versions of Microsoft products) readily available on the Internet.
Lawrence E. Hughes
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Third Generation Internet Revealed
verfasst von
Lawrence E. Hughes
Copyright-Jahr
2022
Verlag
Apress
Electronic ISBN
978-1-4842-8603-6
Print ISBN
978-1-4842-8602-9
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-8603-6

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