nach oben

Erschienen in:

2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

4. Time, Frequency and Phase Synchronisation for Multimedia—Basics, Issues, Developments and Opportunities

verfasst von : Hugh Melvin, Jonathan Shannon, Kevin Stanton

Erschienen in: MediaSync

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive overview of timing. We describe the underlying concepts that comprise timing through examples and then present a range of mature, standardised and evolving techniques to improve the so-called time awareness across the full Information and Communications Technology (ICT) infrastructure over which multimedia applications operate. Although the media synchronisation community is already acutely aware of timing issues, this chapter offers some valuable insights through its holistic approach to timing.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Theoretical Foundations: Formalized Temporal Models for Hyperlinked Multimedia Documents

Nächstes Kapitel Simultaneous Output-Timing Control in Networked Games and Virtual Environments

Time

an instant (or time of day) on a selected time-scale.

Timescale

a family of time codes for a particular coordinate time that provide an unambiguous time ordering of events.

Time synchronisation

relative adjustment of two or more sources of time with the purpose of cancelling their time differences.

Frequency

refers to a rate of repetition (of an event) per unit of time and thus two clocks are frequency synchronised if they oscillate at the exact same rate.

Syntonisation

the relative adjustment of two or more frequency sources with the purpose of cancelling their frequency differences but not necessarily their phase difference.

Time Awareness

the extent to which a device, system or device/system model has an appropriate ability to sense and respond to timing signals/information.

Glossary and Definitions of Time and Frequency Terms, Recommendation ITU-R TF.686-3 (12/2013)

Weiss, M., Eidson, J., Barry, C., Broman, D., Goldin, L., Iannucci, B., Lee, E.A., Stanton, K.: Time-Aware Applications, Computers, and Communication Systems (TAACCS). NIST Technical Note 1867. NIST, National Institute of Standards and Technology, http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.1867, U.S. Department of Commerce, Feb 2015

Zhao, Y., Liu, J., Lee, E.A.: A programming model for time-synchronized distributed real-time systems. In: 13th IEEE Real Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium, 2007. RTAS ’07, Apr 2007, pp. 259–268. http://chess.eecs.berkeley.edu/pubs/325.html

Zou, J., Matic, S., Lee, E.: PtidyOS: a lightweight microkernel for Ptides real-time systems. In: Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS). IEEE (2012)

Stanton, K.: Semantics and Software APIs for the Efficient Use of Time in Time Sensitive Systems Using General Purpose Compute Hardware. WSTS, Calif (2015)

Beloqui, L., Boronat, F., Montagud, M., Melvin, H.: Understanding timelines within MPEG standards. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials 18(1), 368–400 (2016)

A. E. Society: AES67-2015: AES Standard for Audio Applications of Networks—High-Performance Streaming Audio-Over-IP Interoperability. AES, New York (2014)

IEEE: Standard for a precision clock synchronization protocol for networked measurement and control systems. IEEE Std 1588-2008 (Revision of IEEE Std 1588-2002), pp. c1–269 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1109/ieeestd.2008.4579760

IEEE: IEEE 1722—Layer 2 Transport Protocol Working Group for Time-Sensitive Streams. http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/1722/

10.

IEEE 802.1. http://www.ieee802.org/1/

11.

Romer, K., Blum, P., Meier, L.: Time Synchronization and Calibration in Wireless Sensor Networks, pp. 199–237. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ (2005)

12.

Kopetz, H., Ochsenreiter, W.: Clock synchronization in distributed real-time systems. IEEE Trans. Comput. C-36(8), 933–940 (1987). ISSN 0018-9340. https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.1987.5009516

13.

Mills, D.L.: Internet time synchronization: the network time protocol. IEEE Trans. Commun. 39(10), 1482–1493 (1991). ISSN 0090-6778. https://doi.org/10.1109/26.103043

14.

Elson, J., Girod, L., Estrin, D.; Fine-grained network time synchronization using reference broadcasts. ACM SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev. 36(SI), 147–163 (2002)

15.

Ganeriwal, S., Kumar, R., Srivastava, M.B.: Timing-sync protocol for sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, SenSys ’03, New York, NY, USA, pp. 138–149. ACM (2003). ISBN 1-58113-707-9. https://doi.org/10.1145/958491.958508

16.

Maroti, M., Kusy, B., Simon, G., Ledeczi, A.: The flooding time synchronization protocol. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, SenSys ’04, New York, NY, USA, pp. 39–49. ACM (2004). ISBN 1-58113-879-2. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031495.1031501

17.

TinyOS WG. Tinyos, Apr 2016. http://www.tinyos.net/

18.

Mills, D.L.: Improved algorithms for synchronizing computer network clocks. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. (TON) 3(3):245–254 (1995)

19.

Mills, D.L.: Computer Network Time Synchronization: The Network Time Protocol, 1st edn. CRC Press (2006). ISBN 978-0849358050

20.

Mills, D.L.: Network time protocol (version 3) specification, implementation and analysis (1992)

21.

Mills, D.L.: Precision synchronization of computer network clocks. ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev. 24(2):28–43 (1994)

22.

Eidson, J.C.: Measurement, Control, and Communication Using IEEE 1588 (Advances in Industrial Control). Springer (2006). ISBN 978-1846282508

23.

Eidson, J.C., Lee, K.: IEEE 1588 standard for a precision clock synchronization protocol for networked measurement and control systems. In: Sensors for Industry Conference, 2002. 2nd ISA/IEEE, pp. 98–105. IEEE (2002)

24.

ITU-T Rec. G.8261, ITU-T Rec. G.8262, ITU-T Rec. G.8264

25.

IEEE. http://standards.ieee.org/about/get/802/802.3.html

26.

Time Sensitive Networking Task Group. http://www.ieee802.org/1/pages/tsn.html

27.

IEEE: Status of IEEE 802.11 TGmc. http://www.ieee802.org/11/Reports/tgm_update.htm

28.

Never Lost Indoors—The Promise of Wi-Fi® Location. http://www.wi-fi.org/beacon/rolf-de-vegt/never-lost-indoors-the-promise-of-wi-fi-location

29.

IEEE 802.1 TSN. http://www.ieee802.org/1/pages/tsn.html

30.

Frank, A., Weisberg, P.: Operating Systems—Structure of Operating Systems

31.

Eidson, J.C., Stanton, K.B.: Timing in cyber physical systems: the last inch problem. In: International Symposium on Precision Clock Synchronization for Measurement Control and Communications (ISPCS), pp. 19–24 (2015)

32.

P. SIG: Precision Time Measurement. https://pcisig.com/sites/default/files/specification_documents/ECN_PTM_Revision1a_31_Mar_2013.pdf. Accessed 09 2016

33.

Olsen, D.: Time Accuracy Requirements in Audio Networks (2007)

Titel: Time, Frequency and Phase Synchronisation for Multimedia—Basics, Issues, Developments and Opportunities
verfasst von: Hugh Melvin
Jonathan Shannon
Kevin Stanton
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: MediaSync
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-65839-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-65840-7

Copyright-Jahr: 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65840-7_4

Neuer Inhalt

Bildnachweise

VDI-Icon, Profil Icon, inhalt2, Springer Professional Modul/© Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, Nachhaltigkeitsaward Key Visual/© Cometis AG/Global ESG Monitor | Daniel Rupp | Generiert mit KI, Search Icon, Banner Hanser, Interview Entropie Bild 1/© Bernhard Weßling, Joerg Schweinsberg/© Datacore Software, Smart Factory Symbolbild/© TensorSpark | Generated with AI | Getty Images, Zeitschrift Wissensmanagement Cover, PatentFit-Logo/© Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, Sustainibility Finance/© Robert Kneschke / stock.adobe.com / Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, Zukunftswerkstatt Sales Excellence 2024/© AndreyPopov / Getty Images / iStock, 2023_Antrieb/© supervisuell

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Neuer Inhalt

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.