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2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

11. Time Series and Indices

verfasst von : Thomas Cleff

Erschienen in: Applied Statistics and Multivariate Data Analysis for Business and Economics

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

In the preceding chapter, we used a variety of independent variables to predict dress sales. All the trait values for sales (dependent variable) and for catalogue image size (independent variable) were recorded over the same period of time. Studies like these are called cross-sectional analyses. When the data is measured at successive time intervals, it is called a time series analysis or a longitudinal study. This type of study requires a time series in which data for independent and dependent variables are observed for specific points of time (t = 1,…, n). In its simplest version, time is the only independent variable and is plotted on the x-axis. This kind of time series does nothing more than link variable data over different periods. Figure 11.1 shows an example with a graph of diesel fuel prices by year.

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Fußnoten
1
Strictly speaking, a base shift need only be undertaken when the market basket linked to the time series is changed (see Sect. 11.5).
 
2
For more, see the information on consumer price statistics at http://​www.​destatis.​de. The site calculates the price increase rate for individuals with a personal inflation calculator.
 
3
Ernst Louis Etienne Laspeyres (1834–1913) was a court advisor and professor for economics at the universities of Basel, Riga, Dorpat, Karlsruhe, and Giessen. He got his name from his Portuguese ancestors, who came to Germany by way of France. He first used his price index to measure price trends in Hamburg.
 
4
Later in this section, the index values are multiplied by 100 only when indicated.
 
5
The German economist Hermann Paasche (1851–1925) taught at universities in Aachen, Rostock, Marburg, and Berlin. In addition to his achievements in economics, Paasche was an engaged member of the Reichstag, serving as its Vice President for more than a decade.
 
6
The shift in expenditure is also expressed by the rise of new registrations for diesel vehicles in Germany (from 34.5% to 47.8%) and in Europe (from 36.7% to 53.6%) (ACEA, European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association: http://​www.​acea.​be/​index.​php/​collection/​statistics).
 
7
\( {V}_{0,t}=\frac{\sum \limits_{i=1}^n{p}_{i,t}\cdot {q}_{i,t}}{\sum \limits_{i=1}^n{p}_{i,0}\cdot {q}_{i,0}}\ne {P}_{0,t}^L\cdot {Q}_{0,t}^L=\frac{\sum \limits_{i=1}^n{p}_{i,t}\cdot {q}_{i,0}}{\sum \limits_{i=1}^n{p}_{i,0}\cdot {q}_{i,0}}\cdot \frac{\sum \limits_{i=1}^n{q}_{i,t}\cdot {p}_{i,0}}{\sum \limits_{i=1}^n{q}_{i,0}\cdot {p}_{i,0}} \)
 
Literatur
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Metadaten
Titel
Time Series and Indices
verfasst von
Thomas Cleff
Copyright-Jahr
2019
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17767-6_11