Tokenizing the Future

In recent decades, the internet has undergone rapid development and profoundly changed our lives. From simple information exchange (known as Web 1.0) to complex social networks and global marketplaces (known as Web 2.0), the web has revolutionized our understanding of communication, economy, and society. Now, we stand at the beginning of a new era: Web3. This book aims to provide you with an in-depth insight into the concepts, technologies, and potential of Web3 and to show how it will shape the internet of the future. When Tim Berners-Lee articulated his vision of the World-Wide Web (WWW), he envisioned it as a new infrastructure that would facilitate innovative interactions among users and promote new forms of collaboration, especially within the research community.

The internet has undergone a profound transformation, evolving from an academic-military experiment into the dominant infrastructure of the platform-based Web 2.0, and is now potentially transitioning toward a decentralized Web3. While this evolution is often portrayed as a primarily technical process, this chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding the socio-political and institutional conditions necessary for the scaling and stabilization of such innovations. Grounded in transition theory and the Multi-Level Perspective (MLP), the chapter offers an ex-post analysis of the internet’s development as a socio-technical transition, shaped by developments such as the World Wide Web, search engines and the rise of commercial platforms. It then turns to Web3 as a niche innovation characterized by decentralized architectures, blockchain-based ownership models, and user data sovereignty. These developments both challenge and introduce alternative logics to the dominant logic of centralized platforms. The chapter demonstrates the applicability of MLP to digital infrastructures and stimulates new questions about how socio-technical transitions unfold in this context. Drawing on the concept of strategic niche management, it explores how decentralized technologies might be shielded, nurtured, and empowered to mature further and play a role in shaping possible future configurations of the internet. The chapter concludes by identifying landscape pressures, such as regulatory shifts and public concerns over data privacy, that may create windows of opportunity for systemic change and offers practical insights into how stakeholders can strategically shape such transitions.

Digital identities are the key for trustworthy digital transactions. Only if all actors in a process or ecosystem securely know with whom they are act digital trust will be ensured. Unique identification of legal or natural entities as well as their objects is the basement for a digital identity that allow the verification of companies (Do they really exist?), of the person acting on behalf of that company (Do they really exist?) and of their authorization (Is Alice authorized to act on behalf of company A?).

The 2017 study entitled “Payments 4.0” deals with the digitization of payment processes (Bruck in “Payment transactions 4.0”—what impact does this have… Payment Transactions 4.0., n.d.). It not only deals with the digitalization of cash, but also describes the growing interest in blockchain. In particular, the study emphasizes potential interaction innovations, new business models and new communication solutions that go hand in hand with blockchain technologies. Digital and flexible adaptation is also seen as a necessity. Business models that are based on blockchain technologies and allow users to interact both actively and passively with the blockchain require the use of blockchain wallets. Such wallets are user-unfriendly, which makes user acceptance more difficult and inhibits their spread. The hurdle lies in the effort involved with a blockchain wallet (Hajjar in What’s a DEFI wallet and how to choose the right one for my business. RIF., n.d.).

In 2019, according to the study “Sustainability in the context of blockchain technology” (Culotta et al. in Sustainability in the context of blockchain technology: Application examples, challenges, and action fields.), the German government was one of the first governments in the world to address the issue of the sustainability of blockchain technologies. The study emphasizes the need for the sustainable use of blockchain technologies in connection with the government's sustainability and climate protection goals. It emphasizes that not all blockchains are resource- and energy-intensive. According to the white paper “Blockchain: fundamentals, applications and potential” (Blockchain—Fraunhofer Fit. (n.d.). https://www.fit.fraunhofer.de/content/dam/fit/de/documents/Blockchain_WhitePaper_Fundamentals-Applications-Potentials.pdf ), a trend is also emerging: the growing popularity of decentralized systems and the increasing attractiveness of programmable blockchains and smart contracts. These developments have not only sparked interest in digital currencies, but also the range of different blockchain platforms and their applications in industry and everyday life.

The following text delves into the multifaceted realm of decentralization within the context of blockchain technology. It navigates through key concepts, challenges, and trade-offs associated with decentralization, drawing insights from pioneers like Satoshi Nakamoto. The exploration extends to diverse applications, ranging from decentralized applications (DApps) to Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) and the innovative realm of Decentralized Science (DeSci). Additionally, the text addresses the inherent vulnerabilities in decentralized blockchains, dissecting potential threats and attacks while spotlighting the evolving landscape of security measures. This comprehensive overview captures the essence of decentralization's impact on technology, applications, and the intricate balance between security and innovation.

Ethereum, a smart contract Layer 1 blockchain, faces scalability limits despite its robust architecture. Layer 2 (L2) solutions such as Channels, Plasma, Rollups and Validiums aim to boost throughput by offloading execution while retaining Ethereum’s security. Rollups, the leading L2 approach, introduce new actors (Sequencer, Prover, Verifier) which raise decentralization concerns. To address this, a framework defining decentralization levels (0–2) has emerged, guiding L2s toward greater trustlessness. While most L2s remain centralized, the community is actively progressing toward scaling Ethereum in a decentralized way.

As blockchain technology steadily spreads into various sectors of society, its broader adoption barriers are becoming more present. Apart from all its benefits, limitations on the user experience include backups, protection, and payments, as well as the prevalent need for embedded user information and digital goods. This paper analyzes existing obstacles for decentralized economies and outlines solutions using abstracted smart contract standardizations for Ethereum-based blockchains. A derived development curve illustrates how a secure, efficient, and user-friendly experience evolves across different tech stacks. These new standardizations facilitate smoother onboarding and herald a new social and identity era of enhanced interoperability for decentralized ledger technology.

Within the Internet, user accounts became essential anchor points of data. In traditional account management, these user entities are mainly controlled by centralized platforms, often leading to numerous issues, including data breaches and privacy violations. As a counterpart, decentralized Web3 accounts have transformed how information can be stored, shared, and monetized, leading to user-centric control and security within the last decade. This paper analyzes the evolution of identity handling on the Internet and the pressing need for a dedicated identity protocol. It critically examines the influence of centralized platform policies and legal challenges regarding user interactions. In conjunction with the findings, the article portrays the fundamental architecture for secure and privacy-conserving management used to embed fair relationship models and shows future opportunities.

In the context of a digital era characterized by innovation and technological disruption (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, in Blockchain and smart contracts, 2023 [1]), tokenization represents a significant milestone that has a central influence on the transformation of our economy and society. The transfer of assets, identities and authentication methods to the digital sphere not only opens up new perspectives, but also presents challenges and opportunities. In this exciting paradigm shift, I intend to make a substantial contribution to a seminal chapter that takes an in-depth look at the current developments and applications of tokenization (BTC-ECHO GmbH, NFT (Non Fungible Token), 2023 [2]).

Any given week Web3 security incidents land in news sites or social media. This is not just a matter of the total amount of “hacks” happening but of a trademark of public blockchain technologies: the information is open to everyone. When a project’s funds get drained anyone can watch it in real-time, if a convoluted multi-stage attack is carried out anyone can analyze it, when a wallet tries to scatter funds they can be tracked (with some exceptions). The blockchain’s transparency made it clear for every player in the ecosystem: security should be the baseline, not a last-minute patch. It should be noted that not every security incident is rooted in a Decentralized Application (DApp) vulnerability. This chapter focuses on the security risks of smart contracts, but most thefts of funds out there are related to scams, social engineering, phishing, and the like. These techniques are well-known by traditional Web2 cybercriminals, they need some additional twists but the main target is still the same: the end user. Although security awareness training is out of the scope of this chapter, it is a cornerstone on the road to mass adoption.

In recent years, Decentralized Finance (DeFi) has emerged as a transformative and disruptive force within the financial industry. DeFi concepts find adoption in other industries like gaming or enterprise software. The decentralized nature of DeFi leverages blockchain technology, allowing for trustless and permissionless financial transactions, thereby challenging traditional financial intermediaries.

Programmable money enables digital currency to carry embedded spending conditions, allowing transactions to reflect individual values such as sustainability, fairness, or personal goals. When combined with self-sovereign identity and verifiable credentials, it becomes possible to enforce spending rules—e.g., restricting funds to eco-certified products or tying disbursement to academic performance—while preserving user privacy and autonomy. This integration fosters intentional and prosocial financial behavior. Key challenges remain in standardization, privacy protection, and infrastructure development, but the approach offers a promising path toward more ethical and value-aligned financial systems.

DeFi, or decentralized finance, is inextricably linked to the rise of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology. It is both a large-scale vision for a new way of conducting financial transactions and an umbrella term for various decentralized financial products and services known as protocols. While DeFi owes its existence to the launch of the Ethereum blockchain and smart contracts in 2015, it saw its major period of growth, known as DeFi Summer, in 2020.

The world is currently undergoing a remarkable transformation, driven by technological advancements that were once impossible. The evolution from Web 1.0 to Web 2.0 has played a pivotal role in shaping today’s digital landscape. We are at the forefront of Web 3.0, a paradigm with boundless potential to create a more promising future. Web 3.0 introduces several key features, including decentralization, smart contracts, data ownership, privacy protection, and decentralized applications (DApps), creating a more precise, efficient, and interconnected web environment. Within this evolving digital landscape, Decentralized Finance (DeFi) stands as a revolutionary force in the financial sector, aiming to establish an open and decentralized ecosystem for various financial activities. At the heart of this transformation is tokenization, which represents ownership of tangible assets as digital tokens on blockchain ledgers. This innovation has harnessed the power of blockchain technology to digitize real-world assets, encompassing real estate, equities, bonds, art, and commodities. These digital tokens are divisible, transferable, and programmable, enhancing liquidity, reducing friction in asset transfer, broadening the investor base, and infusing greater fluidity into the market. Transparency and security are crucial advantages of Real-World Asset (RWA) tokenization. Embedded smart contracts within tokens automate dividend distributions and compliance enforcement functions, eliminating the need for intermediaries and extra charges. The RWA tokenization market is still in its infancy stage but exhibits promising signs of growing adoption and an increasing total value locked (TVL). As of June, RWAs have climbed to the 10th position in DeFi sectors, up from 13th place just a few weeks earlier tracked by DeFi Llama. According to a report by BCG, tokenized assets are projected to reach a market valuation of US$16 trillion by 2030. In summary, integrating RWAs into the Web 3.0 landscape signifies a profound shift in the financial paradigm. Tokenization, along with the principles of Real World DeFi, holds the potential to democratize access to wealth, foster financial inclusion, and reshape conventional notions of ownership and investment. As we continue on this transformative journey, the global financial landscape is at the tipping point of an era where the benefits of tangible assets become universally accessible, transcending geographical and socioeconomic constraints.

This chapter explores the transformative impact of integrating Helium Blockchain and LoRaWAN in urban innovation, focusing on AI-driven solutions in environmental monitoring, smart parking, crowd management, and urban gardening. Helium Blockchain, with its decentralized network and Proof-of-Coverage mechanism, ensures secure, scalable infrastructure for IoT devices. LoRaWAN complements this by offering low-power, long-range communication capabilities. Through detailed case studies, we demonstrate how these technologies enhance urban management, sustainability, and citizen engagement, showcasing practical implementations and their outcomes in real-world scenarios.

As blockchain heralds a digital renaissance, decentralized accounts become the centerpieces of our online interactions. This shift is making the development of token-based economies and social spheres increasingly important. This paper will explain the foundational principles of decentralized societies, their integration dynamics, and the embedment of identity-related tokens. Within the analysis, user data guidelines will be defined to foster consensual interactions.

In the following paper, the topic of economics within the metaverse is explained, exploring its evolution and transformative impact. The metaverse emerges from the progression of the internet, traversing Web 1.0 to Web 3.0, with distinct characteristics at each phase. From the one-way information flow of Web 1.0 to the interactive user-generated content of Web 2.0, culminating in the decentralized and blockchain-driven Web 3.0, the metaverse represents a fusion of virtual and real worlds. Its development unfolds through four stages: budding, growth, acceleration, and maturity, signifying advancements in technology and societal impact.

The importance of data for almost every digitization endeavor is undisputed—in the business as well as in private and social contexts. However, a significant challenge arises from the fact that a few large companies, due to their market power and capital, have access to vast amounts of data. These companies possess a substantial volume of data, and many of them offer free services through which they gain access to user data and the right to monetize that data—of course on a voluntary basis. The use of these free services is essentially paid for with the user data. Although government regulations and policies of course define important framework conditions, this is a challenge to the competitive landscape, particularly for individuals and, notably, for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The imbalance in data access, control and monetization can become an obstacle for these entities, impacting their competitiveness in the digital age.

In this chapter, we would like to give an overview of in-game items, their creation, their importance for the long-term motivation of players and the business models of the manufacturers. We will then look at the possibilities of NFT-based in-game items and provide an assessment of how we believe Web3 technologies can be used to improve the gaming experience, increase security and at the same time enable completely new applications. As the name Web3 suggests, it is a further development of Web1 and subsequently Web2. Web1 represents the first and earliest form of the Internet from around 1989, which could be used by normal users. Web1 is generally understood to mean only the reading of information. Users were not yet able to create information themselves, as the infrastructure was complex and generally not available privately. Web1 was the emergence of the Internet, which was characterized by search engines, reading emails and viewing websites.

This chapter explores the transformative potential of Web3 within Decentralized Science (DeSci), an emerging movement and concept expected to revolutionize science. Leveraging Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and inherent capabilities such as smart contracts, Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) and governance tokens, DeSci aims to address some of the longstanding challenges of modern science such as funding acquisition, collaboration efficiency, and transparent ownership. Given the novelty of DeSci and Web3, important challenges and limitations need to be considered. These challenges include technological limitations, ethical concerns and governance issues. To address these challenges, this chapter presents a series of recommendations for the advancement of DeSci. These recommendations emphasize the establishment of robust educational frameworks to enhance Web3 and DeSci literacy, the formulation of comprehensive governance models to guide ethical decision-making, and the implementation of best practices to ensure technological efficiency and integrity within the DeSci ecosystem.

In high-frequency trading, arbitrage is widespread both in traditional finance and in cryptocurrency markets. However, little research has examined it in digital collectibles. Opportunities arise from offers on multiple markets for similar collectibles. For example, a collectible trading card is bought on market A and sold at a premium on market B. This might affect the less sophisticated consumer buyer. To investigate its impact, an empirical analysis of historical arbitrage in non-fungible token (NFT) markets on the Ethereum blockchain was conducted. Using data mining, over 26,000 Ethereum transactions were identified and enriched with market data, including Ethereum price, trading volumes, and network transaction costs. Additionally, the correlation with blockchain-specific trading phenomenons such as maximal extractable value (MEV) or the broader decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystem is tested. The study reveals that NFT arbitrage is a lucrative yet competitive sector, contributing to less than five percent of the total MEV profits of trading bots on Ethereum. In total, a small group of approximately 150 trading bots dominate NFT arbitrage, generating around $3 million in profit over the course of three years. The profit distribution is highly uneven, with a few bots earning the majority of the profits. External factors like Ethereum gas prices and total MEV profits present no statistically significant impact on NFT arbitrage profits, while a significant correlation with NFT trading volumes is noted. Finally, case studies examining how inefficiencies occur, establish a basis for understanding market dynamics in the developing NFT landscape.

The following research aims at showing how the unprotected digitalisation of the data in the advertising sector can have a negative impact on its business side. According to a new research, privacy is one of the central problems for the digital data-driven advertising, as it creates negative perceptions (Sutanto et al. in MIS Q 37:1141–1164, 2013). Therefore when working with data structures, it has to be carefully considered how this information and value produced out of it is stored and managed. The digital advertising industry is not different from its privacy concerns. Its complex environment makes the entire process expensive and ineffective. Issues like lack of transparency, accountability or even fraud can lead to massive financial problems for the business. However, with its capacity to provide secure and immutable data verification and confirmation, blockchain technology has the potential to address those problems and advance the future of the advertising sector.

In the past, the focus on blockchain-technology was on increasing transparency for increased sustainability in the agri-food industry. However, scholars and practitioners have only recently thought about the influence and role of blockchain use on increasing the industry's trust through transparency. Blockchain-technology has been proposed as an innovation to address actor’s trust issues and marketing challenges in sustainable product chains. This paper adds to this growing body of work by examining the role of blockchain in building trust with an explicit focus on the sustainable agri-food industry.

The manufacturing industry has recently faced obstacles, such as increased competition, shorter life cycles, and crises, leading to uncertainty. With the emergence of the internet and affordable automation devices, companies can analyze processes in detail and collect a vast amount of data, often referred to as the new oil due to its value for future technologies. In this context, cooperation is essential, as companies often need help in tackling these challenges.

The digital landscape has undergone an extraordinary metamorphosis in recent years, with the metaverse captivating the collective imagination of individuals, industries, and the academic community. This transformation marks a momentous leap in the way we engage with virtual environments, transcending traditional boundaries and ushering in a new era of innovation. At the nexus of this technological revolution and the evolving nature of work, the metaverse is poised to redefine the very concept of virtual workrooms and collaboration.

In today's rapidly evolving digital world, the idea of the metaverse is gaining traction, capturing the interest of both tech enthusiast individuals and enterprises. Within this shifting landscape, distributed ledger technologies are emerging as an important backbone infrastructure. This integration of distributed ledger technologies and particularly blockchain solutions into the metaverse hold immense promise, especially in the context of Web3 aligned decentralization, authentication, and user empowerment.

The Industrial Metaverse extends Industry 4.0 by merging physical and virtual environments into an integrated platform for collaboration, simulation, and intelligent automation. Enabled by technologies such as Digital Twins, IIoT, AI, VR/AR, and photorealistic rendering, it offers new opportunities to accelerate innovation cycles, enhance sustainability and improve resilience in manufacturing. This chapter explores the technological foundations of the Industrial Metaverse and demonstrates its potential through the use of synthetic data for AI-based production systems. Two case studies on object recognition and automated quality inspection illustrate how simulation-based data generation and domain randomization address data scarcity and the Sim2Real gap, enabling more robust and cost-efficient AI applications. Although high implementation costs, integration challenges and user acceptance remain barriers, collaboration between research and industry shows promising pathways to overcome them. The Industrial Metaverse emerges as a disruptive enabler of future industrial production, driving digital transformation beyond current approaches.

Tokenisation in a DLT context is the creation of a digital, DLT-based representation of something of value. This chapter will provide an introduction to the concept, including its history, current legal frameworks and the process to then discuss its benefits.

Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are unique digital assets that represent verifiable ownership of items such as art, collectibles and virtual property. Enabled by blockchain technology and smart contracts, NFTs differ from fungible assets like Bitcoin in that each token is indivisible and distinct. Early experiments with NFTs began on platforms like Namecoin and Bitcoin, but widespread adoption was driven by Ethereum due to its programmable infrastructure and the introduction of NFT standards like ERC721 and ERC1155. These standards formalized NFT creation, ownership and transfer, fostering interoperability across decentralized applications. Smart contracts, primarily written in Solidity, provide the automation and logic behind NFT functionality, ensuring secure and immutable transactions. ERC721 defines a framework for unique, single-token ownership, while ERC1155 introduces a multi-token model supporting both fungible and non-fungible assets with greater efficiency. Recent innovations such as inscriptions store metadata directly in blockchain transaction calldata, as seen with Bitcoin Ordinals. This demonstrates new approaches to digital asset representation beyond traditional token standards. NFTs continue to evolve as a foundational technology for digital ownership and decentralized economies.

The rise of blockchain technology has transformed digital finance, with decentralized finance (DeFi) enabling permissionless, transparent financial services like lending, trading and saving. While DeFi has largely focused on crypto-native assets, a new frontier is emerging through the tokenization of real-world assets (RWA), bringing assets like bonds, commodities and real estate onchain. This bridges traditional finance and DeFi, unlocking liquidity, fractional ownership and programmable yield. Despite benefits such as transparency, and accessibility, RWA tokenization introduces new risks such as legal, custodial and ownership risks. As infrastructure and regulation mature, tokenized RWA could significantly expand DeFi’s impact on global finance.

This chapter examines the tokenisation of tangible assets, highlighting how blockchain and smart contracts are reshaping financial markets. It reviews key legal frameworks, especially Germany’s Electronic Securities Act (eWpG), and compares major blockchain platforms. The benefits of tokenisation—including increased liquidity, fractional ownership, and automated compliance—are discussed, alongside a practical case study of tokenised gold. The chapter concludes by addressing regulatory and technological challenges, emphasizing the need for global standards and interoperability to fully realize the potential of asset tokenisation.

Customer retention and word-of-mouth recommendations provide critical competitive advantages in saturated markets. Traditional customer loyalty programs face limitations in creating deep consumer engagement. This chapter explores how Web3 technologies including blockchain, smart contracts, and digital collectibles can enhance customer loyalty through psychological ownership mechanisms. Psychological ownership describes the feelings of attachment and ownership individuals develop toward objects or experiences, independent of legal ownership. We examine how Web3 technologies enable brands to offer consumers verifiable ownership stakes in brand elements, potentially increasing identification and engagement. Through analysis of existing frameworks and case studies, we identify key psychological drivers of brand ownership and propose a systematic approach for implementing Web3-enabled engagement models.

In recent years, a growing trend has emerged within Web3: Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs). They have evolved into a multi-functional tool used in a variety of industries and business contexts, starting with digital artwork and collectibles (Park et al., in. IT Professional 24(1), 9–14 (2022) [1]).

Tackling the pressing challenges of climate change and environmental degradation, the Paris Agreement and the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) stand as pivotal frameworks guiding global efforts (United Nations, The Paris Agreement 2015). The Paris Agreement, an accord within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), represents a collective commitment to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 °C, compared to pre-industrial levels. This goal is intricately aligned with the broader ambitions of the UN’s SDGs.

This article examines the evolution of Digital Art and the emergence of Crypto Art, tracing roots from early computer-based practices in the 1960s to the transformative impact of NFTs as observed in 2024. It distinguishes “Digital Fine Art” from NFT collectibles, outlines key technical classifications (on-chain, off-chain, dynamic NFTs, generative art), and surveys major blockchain ecosystems (Ethereum, Polygon, Tezos, Solana, Cardano, Flow, Bitcoin Ordinals). We analyze how NFTs challenge traditional market mechanisms by increasing accessibility, transparency, and enabling direct artist–collector relationships, while reshaping intermediary roles through curation and community dynamics. We illuminate legal aspects, including the separation of token ownership from IP rights, smart contract enforceability, and fractionalization. Despite crypto market volatility, evidence suggests Crypto Art’s market dynamics are distinct, with growing institutional recognition and new collector demographics. Developments are changing rapidly; today’s conditions may shift tomorrow, and thus the field warrants continuous observation and periodic reassessment of the current state.

This article examines the domain of decentralization, a concept closely connected to Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technologies, as well as Web3-based projects. It starts by exploring the technical foundations of decentralization and its pivotal role in the success of Bitcoin and the evolution of its technology. Following this, it examines the potential for ownership and control in applications built on these protocols or similar decentralized technologies. The article further categorizes the opportunities for decentralized ownership and control into four emerging tiers: distributed governance, distributed protocol token, distributed software, and applications of this software that offer decentralized asset ownership in various sectors. Emphasis is placed on how decentralization can disrupt the status quo by shifting power to individual users, thereby ushering in a new era of digital ownership, autonomy, and privacy.

The metaverse is poised to revolutionize the way we interact and conduct business. This paper explores the key challenges of rights enforcement in the metaverse, including the regulation of avatars, anonymity, evidence and jurisdiction. It also examines potential solutions, including collaboration with platforms, digital identities, and the potential of decentralized justice.

In a constantly changing digital landscape, companies are continuously challenged to rethink and realign their business models. The evolution of the internet has taken us from static websites to social media to a new promising era in the form of the Metaverse. In this immersive, connected environment, physical and digital realities merge, creating entirely new opportunities and challenges for business strategies.

This research study was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung [BMBF]) from 2021 to 2023 and focused on increasing end-customer trust in industrially manufactured products. The project was part of the “2 + 2 Projects” series, which aims to strengthen international cooperation and the exchange of knowledge between two countries by involving one industry and one research partner from each participating country. The main objective was to ensure transparency and traceability of product quality by documenting tests performed during manufacturing in a blockchain and making the test results accessible to consumers in an abstracted form. The research involved the implementation of a system in which information was provided from different sources and devices. This enabled an immutable record covering the entire history of the product along the supply chain. Trustworthiness should be increased by using a trustworthy technology as data storage. This was ensured by analyzing existing cybersecurity standards and examining their applicability to blockchain technology. The application of this technology offers end customers the opportunity to gain detailed insights into the testing history of their specific product by simply scanning a QR code.