nach oben

Erschienen in:

2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

6. Towards Responsive Law Reform

verfasst von : Teleiai Lalotoa Mulitalo Ropinisone Silipa Seumanutafa

Erschienen in: Law Reform in Plural Societies

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

How can the challenges identified in the last two chapters be effectively addressed? A starting point is to acknowledge that the State must create collaborative and meaningful partnerships between the customary legal system and the state legal system to allow for a suitable law reform framework for Samoa. The responses to the issues raised can be formulated under the following broad headings:

creating public awareness programmes;

facilitating professional training and law making guidelines;

identifying key state responsibilities;

village sector accountability;

managing funding constraints;

developing a local jurisprudence; and

adopting legislative drafting techniques relevant to drafting laws in a plural society.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel State Focused Law Reform: Constitutional Offices, Institutions and Agents

Nächstes Kapitel A Suitable Law Reform Framework for Pluralist Countries

Interviews in Samoa with: VC2 Respondent 5 (15 March 2011); SOH Respondent 1 (8 April 2011).

Interviews in Samoa with: GWR Respondent 1 (21 March 2011); GWR Respondent 2 (21 March 2011).

Interview with SOH Respondent 7 (Samoa, 22 March 2011).

Interview with SOH Respondent 6 (Samoa, 12 April 2011).

Mgbako and Baehr (2011), p. 186.

Email from Officer of the Office of the Clerk of the Legislative Assembly, Samoa to Lalotoa Mulitalo, Costs of Acts and Regulations (2 April 2013). Copies of Acts and Regulations may be obtained from the Legislative Assembly in the Samoan or English language at the cost of 40 sene (cents) (AUD$0.20) per page excluding GST. Copies of the Constitution, the Standing Orders and List of Acts of Parliament each cost ST$65 (approximately AUD$32).

The Acts and some regulations may be accessed at the Parliament of Samoa’s official website, http://www.parliament.gov.ws/. They are also accessible at the Samoa Legal Information Institute (SamLII), official website www.samlii.org. The costs are unaffordable to the general public where most are involved in subsistence farming and lack access to internet facilities (see Chap. 1).

Some of the words of the Samoan language may be perceived differently by different readers. It must be clarified at the outset it is not a legal document and it cannot be relied upon in any court proceedings.

Interview with MOJ Respondent 5 (Samoa, 1 April 2011).

Interview with GEC Respondent 6 (Samoa, 22 December 2010).

Interview with MOJ Respondent 1 (Samoa, 28 March 2011).

Ibid.

Interview with MOJ Respondent 3 (Samoa, 7 March 2013). This is where for example a village council decision of ‘banishment’ is declared unconstitutional and therefore void. The court and the state cannot return the plaintiff to the village; he or she returns only if called and accepted back by the village. Similarly, there is little benefit where the village council are found guilty of burning and damaging property. Even if damages are awarded in favour of a banished plaintiff, in most cases the village councils cannot meet the damages awarded. No research has been undertaken on village councils that cannot make the payments, but the next recourse for the plaintiff is to seek for contempt of court in the district court. The members of the village council would most likely serve imprisonment terms for non-payment. Overall, the banished villager and the village council do not benefit from pursuing resolutions in the formal courts. The formal court system cannot offer a satisfying resolution to an aggrieved party in these circumstances.

Interview with SOH Respondent 1 (Samoa, 8 April 2011).

Interview with MOJ Respondent 1 (Samoa, 28 March 2011).

Land and Titles Amendment Act (No 14) (Samoa) s 8.

Interview with MOJ Respondent 4 (Samoa, 5 April 2011).

Interviews in Samoa with: MOJ Respondent 5 (1 April 2011); MOJ Respondent 3 (7 March 2011).

Interview with MOJ Respondent 1 (Samoa, 28 March 2011).

Constitution of the Independent State of Samoa 1962 (Samoa) pt VI; Judicature Ordinance 1961 (Samoa); District Court Act 1969 (Samoa); Land and Title Court Act 1981 (Samoa).

Care and Haller (2004), 8(2); Corrin and Paterson (2011), p. 9; Zorn and Care (2002), pp. 61–91; Weisbrot (1988), 10(1).

Customary laws can be applied if they are not contrary to the Constitution. Constitution of the Independent State of Samoa 1962 (Samoa) art 11; Underlying Act 2000 (Papua New Guinea) s 4(2); Customs Recognition Act 2000 (Solomon Islands) s 6.

See the discussions on the Young Offenders Act 2007 (Samoa) and the Community Justice Act 2008 (Samoa) in Chap. 5; also see Village Fono Act 1990 (Samoa) s 8.

For example, the Judicial Policy Clause in Pohnpei Constitution (Pohnpei, Federated State of Micronesia) art 10 s11.

Sharma (2006), 10:1. More discussions on FSM’s Judicial Guidance Clause can be found in Zorn (1990), p. 470; Tamanaha (1989–1990), p. 72.

Alfons v FSM 5 FSM Intrm.402 (App. 1992).

Pacific Judicial Development Programme, 2001.

Pacific Judicial Development Programme, 2012.

Pillans (2011).

United Nations Rule of Law, 2002.

Pacific Judicial Development Programme, 2011, cl 4.2.

Pacific Judicial Development Programme, 2003, 34.

Pacific Judicial Development Programme, 2009.

Supreme Court of Queensland, 2005, 105.

Ibid 113.

Ibid 124.

Ibid 13.

Ibid pts 8 and 9.

Interviews in Samoa with: MOP Respondent 2 (4 January 2011); MOP Respondent 4 (7 January 2011); MOP Respondent 5 (11 January 2011).

Standing Orders of the Parliament of Samoa 2006.

Legislative Assembly Powers and Privileges Ordinance 1960 (Samoa), Parliamentary Pension Scheme Act 1998 (Samoa), Parliamentary Under-Secretaries Act 1988 (Samoa).

Canine Control Act 2013 No 6 (Samoa) s 26.

Samoa’s local town Apia is located in the village Apia which also has its own village council. All areas of Samoa are distinguished by villages governed by village councils. Efforts towards reducing the number of dogs and preventing further health and social problems can therefore be effectively implemented with the support of the village councils. Without a commencement day for the registration of canines’ provisions of the new Act, this is Samoa’s only hope towards curtailing canine problems.

The Animal Protection Society of Samoa and the Australian Royal Society for the Protection of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) have carried out numerous clinics for de-sexing dogs in the town and in the rural areas. See for example an article in Samoa Observer Staff, ‘1 million less dogs in Samoa’ 2012a.

Whereas the 1955 Ordinance indicated the state may be responsible for a dog pound, the 2013 Act empowers the Police Service to approve places as pounds. The 1955 Ordinance required the Ministry of Police to keep supplies of collars for registration purposes; the 2013 Act does not have this same requirement, but rather, allows the Commissioner to approve registration marks including collars. Specific duties are replaced with general powers to carry out a duty.

Canine Control Act 2013 No 6 (Samoa), section 6 says that Part III of the Act (Registration of Canines) ‘commences at such time and for such places within Samoa as the Minister determines by notice’.

Interviews in Samoa with: VC1 Focus Group (1 March 2011); VC2 Respondent 2 (10 March 2011); VC2 Respondent 5 (15 March 2011); VC2 Respondent 1 (15 March 2011).

Electoral Act 1963 (Samoa) s 5(3).

Email from SOH Respondent 8 to Lalotoa Mulitalo (Monday 7 May 2012).

Interview with MOJ Respondent 1 (Samoa, 28 March 2011).

Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives (New Zealand), 2001, 15, 16.

Interview with GEC Respondent 6 (Samoa, 22 December 2010).

Interview with MOP Respondent 5 (Samoa, 11 January 2011).

Standing Orders of Parliament 2006 (Samoa) O 115.

For example, the Parliament of UK as discussed in Marsh and Marsh (2002) 8(1).

Bowler (2010), pp. 476–494.

Ibid 491.

New South Wales Office of Parliamentary Counsel, 2011.

Davies (2005), pp. 32–39. Davies for example states that for a PMB to be successful, in addition to many other restrictions, it must not introduce complex and technical measures and it must support government agenda.

Samoa Observer Staff, Samoa Observer, (Samoa) 30 November 2012b.

Lawyers and Legal Practice Act 2014 (Samoa) s 5.

Interview with SOH Respondent 1 (Samoa, 8 April 2011).

Efi (2008), p. 12.

Interview with LP Respondent 5 (Samoa, 14 March 2011).

Interview with GCE Respondent 1 (Samoa, 19 January 2011).

Atonio (1992).

Schultz (2008).

Tuvale et al. (1981).

Le Tagaloa (1997).

Tavae (2005), Le Tagaloa (1997).

Ministry of Education, Sports and Culture (Samoa) (1997), Vols 1–7.

Also author of Samoan oratory texts including Amosa (1999) and 2002.

Samoa Law Reform Commission http://www.samoalawreform.gov.ws.

Interview with SOH Respondent 3 (Samoa, 4 April 2011).

Interview with SOH Respondent 1 (Samoa, 8 April 2011).

Kirby (2003).

Commonwealth Secretariat, 17–20 Oct 2005.

Interview with LP Respondent 2 (Samoa, 21 February 2011).

Interview with MOJ Respondent 5 (Samoa, 1 April 2011).

Interview with MOP Respondent 2 (Samoa, 4 January 2011).

Interview with SOH Respondent 4 (Samoa, 11 July 2011).

Ochich (2011), p. 153, 126.

Salman (2006).

Hinz (2011), pp. 153, 155.

Ibid 167–168.

Constitution of the Republic of Vanuatu 1980 (Vanuatu) s 52.

Ibid s 51.

Customary Land Tribunal Act (Vanuatu) ch 271, s 28(1).

Email from Parliamentary Counsel of Vanuatu to Lalotoa Mulitalo, 1 July 2013.

See discussions in Twining (1963), p. 221.

Ibid. For example the Restatement of African laws covered 16 countries in Africa, consisting of several hundreds of different bodies of customary law.

Epiphany (1991), p. 289.

Taamale v Attorney-General (Unreported, Court of Appeal of Samoa, Cooke, P, Casey and Bisson JJA, 18 August 1995); Mauga v Leituala (Unreported, Court of Appeal of Samoa, Cooke, P, Casey and Bisson JJA, 4 March 2005).

Also see similar powers in the Fisheries Act 1988 (Samoa) s 3.

Interviews in Samoa with: LP Respondent 4 (2 March 2011); GEC Respondent 6 (22 December 2010).

Fisheries Act 1988 (Samoa), Internal Affairs Act 1995 (Samoa).

More recent examples include the Canine Control Act 2013 (Samoa) s 26 discussed above; the Water Resources Management Act 2008 (Samoa) s 33; Waste Management Act 2010 (Samoa) s 40.

Samoa Law Reform Commission, Village Fono Act 1990, Report No. 09/12 (2012).

Ibid 25.

100

Ibid 26.

101

Interview with GCE Respondent 1 (Samoa, 19 January 2011).

102

Interviews in Samoa with: VM Respondent 2 (9 March 2011); SOH Respondent 7 (22 March 2011); SOH Respondent 3 (4 April 2011).

103

Interview with MOP Respondent 5 (Samoa, 11 January 2011).

104

Interview with SOH Respondent 9 (Samoa, 21 March 2011).

105

Interviews in Samoa with: VM Respondent 1 (11 March 2011); VM Respondent 2 (9 March 2011).

106

Interview with SOH Respondent 9 (Samoa, 21 March 2011).

107

Interviews in Samoa with: MOP Respondent 5 (11 January 2011); MOP Respondent 3 (11 January 2011); MOP Respondent 1 (22 December 2010).

108

Interview with MOP Respondent 2 (Samoa, 4 January 2011).

109

Government of Samoa Strategy for the Development of Samoa 2012–2016, 2012, 11.

110

Ibid 52, 53.

111

Samoa Observer staff in Samoa Observer, 29 March 2013.

112

A division of the Ministry of Women Social and Community Development responsible for promoting partnerships between the state and the villages.

113

Community Justice Act 2008 (Samoa); Young Offenders Act 2007 (Samoa). These two Acts are discussed in the review of the Acts of Parliament that purport to recognise customs in Chap. 5.

114

Other members include the Office of the Ombudsman, the Ministry of Women Community & Social Development (MWCSD); the Ministry of Finance (MoF) and the Public Service Commission (PSC).

115

Office of the Attorney-General - Samoa Law and Justice Sector Plan 2008–2012, 2008.

116

Interview with LP Respondent 4 (Samoa, 2 March 2011).

117

Interviews in Samoa with: VM Respondent 7 (10 March 2011); VM Respondent 1 (11 March 2011); VM Respondent 4 (16 March 2011); VM Respondent 5 (16 March 2011); GCE Respondent 7 to Lalotoa Mulitalo, 19 April 2011.

118

Interview with SOH Respondent 7 (Samoa, 22 March 2011).

119

Interview with VM Respondent 5 (Samoa, 16 March 2011).

120

Email from GCE Respondent 7 to Lalotoa Mulitalo, 19 April 2011. Village mayor guidelines are supported by the court in Lufilufi v Hunt (Unreported, Supreme Court of Samoa, Vaai, Nelson JJ, 26 April 2011).

121

Interview with VM Respondent 2 (Samoa, 9 March 2011).

122

Interview with MOJ Respondent 5 (Samoa, 1 April 2011).

123

Interview with LP Respondent 4 (Samoa, 2 March 2011).

124

Interviews in Samoa with: VM Respondent 2 (9 March 2011); SOH Respondent 5 (20 July 2011).

125

Interview with MOJ Respondent 5 (Samoa, 1 April 2013).

126

Grenfell (2006), pp. 305, 337. Writing on legal pluralism in East Timor, Grenfell noted that where the state system is encouraged to recognise customary laws, customary settings must also make some effort in the attempt at reconciliation and harmonisation.

127

Reported in the local newspaper, Tupufia, 31 March 2013.

128

Ibid.

129

Interview with GEC Respondent 2 (Samoa, 11 March 2011).

130

Interview with LP Respondent 5 (Samoa, 14 March 2011).

131

Interview with SOH Respondent 4 (Samoa, 11 July 2011).

132

Interviews in Samoa with: LP Respondent 4 (2 March 2011); LP Respondent 2 (21 February 2011).

133

Interview with SOH Respondent 5 (20 July 2011).

134

Interview with LP Respondent 4 (Samoa, 2 March 2011).

135

Interview with MOP Respondent 3 (Samoa, 11 January 2011).

136

Interview with LP Respondent 2 (Samoa, 21 February 2011).

137

Interview with LP Respondent 3 (Samoa, 4 March 2011).

138

Powles (2005), p. 411.

139

Interview with LP Respondent 3 (Samoa, 4 March 2011).

140

Interview with GEC Respondent 2 (Samoa, 11 March 2011).

141

Interviews in Samoa with: GCE Respondent 1 (19 January 2011); MOP Respondent 1 (22 December 2010).

142

Aleck, 7:137.

143

Weisbrot (1988), pp. 1–5.

144

Corrin and Paterson (2011), p. 9.

145

Samoa Legal Information Institute (SamLII) www.samlii.org.

146

Taamale v Attorney-General (Unreported, Court of Appeal of Samoa, Cooke, P, Casey and Bisson JJA, 18 August 1995) and Olomalu v The Attorney-General (1980–1993) WSLR 256 respectively.

147

Reported in [1961] WSNZSC 1.

148

This was made possible under an Australian funded ‘Digitisation of Land and Titles Court Records Project’ launched by the Ministry of Justice, Samoa in 2012. By June 2012, a total of 5,659 LTC court files had been scanned and the judiciary, court officers and the public had begun accessing the scanned files. See Samoa Law and Justice Sector Six Monthly Report 1 January – 30 June 2012, 2012. http://www.ausaid.gov.au/countries/pacific/samoa/Documents/law-justice-jan-june-2012.pdf.

149

These recommendations are supported by those in New Zealand’s Law Commission report on accommodating customs and human rights in the Pacific. New Zealand Law Commission Study Paper 17, 2006, 242.

150

Aleck, above n 142, 143. Aleck argues further that custom is the primary legitimate basis upon which the rules and principles of common law must rest, and that the common law tradition itself is best understood, employed and developed when it is regarded fundamentally as a system of customary law.

151

Narokobi (1989), p. 15.

152

Narokobi (1986), p. 226.

153

Survey PL Drafter 8.

154

For example, the workshops run by the Commonwealth Secretariat in collaboration with the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat. Past workshops include ‘Recognizing the need for skilled legislative drafters’ (November 2006, Auckland NZ); the ‘Pacific Legislative Drafters Forum’ (26–28 June 2007, Vanuatu) and the ‘Pacific Legislative Drafters Forum’ (23–25 July 2012, Suva Fiji). The 2017 forum is held in Tonga 23–25 August 2017.

155

Corrin (2006), pp. 171–186, 185.

156

Nand (2008) http://wikieducator.org/images/3/37/PID_309.pdf.

157

This includes workshops conducted by the Australian Law Reform Commission Agencies Conference (ALRAC) for the Pacific Islanders and other developing jurisdictions. See Weisbrot (2008).

158

Interview with GCE Respondent 1 (Samoa, 19 January 2011).

159

Interview with SOH Respondent 1 (Samoa, 8 April 2011).

160

Interview with SOH Respondent 3 (Samoa, 4 April 2011).

161

Yen (2010), pp. 65–69 http://www.calc.ngo/sites/default/files/paper/Yen_Apr2010.pdf.

162

Office of the Clerk of the Legislative Assembly Corporate Plan 2013–2015, 27 http://www.palemene.ws/new/wp-content/uploads/Document/OCLA_Strategic_Corporate_Plan_21_Mar_2013.pdf.

163

Revised editions include, ‘O le Tusi Paia, O le Feagaiga Tuai ma le Feagaiga Fou’ The Bible Society in the South Pacific, 1969.

164

World Council of Churches, Congregation Christian Church in Samoa, https://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/congregational-christian-church-in-samoa.

165

Samoa Bureau of Statistics Population and Housing Census Analytical Report, 2011, 25.

166

Samoan Language Commission Act 2014 (Samoa). The Act declares the Samoan language an official language for Samoa. It establishes a Samoan Language Commission to carry out consultation on the ‘Samoan language’.

167

Pratt (2015), Semisi (2010).

168

Section 11.

169

Email from LP Respondent 6 to Lalotoa Mulitalo, Tuesday 21 June 2011.

170

Interview with SOH Respondent 3 (Samoa, 4 April 2011).

171

For example, the term ‘village service requirements’ is not defined in the Electoral Act 1963 (s 5(3)). This is appropriate as each Samoan village will have different interpretations, influenced by their village protocols.

172

Ntumy (1995), p. 12.

173

Interviews in Samoa with: GCE Respondent 1 (19 January 2011); LP Respondent 3 (4 March 2011).

174

Interviews in Samoa with: MOP Respondent 1 (22 December 2010); MOP Respondent 2 (4 January 2011); MOP Respondent 4 (7 January 2011); MOP Respondent 6 (24 December 2010); MOP Respondent 3 (11 January 2011); MOP Respondent 5 (11 January 2011).

175

Interviews in Samoa with: LP Respondent 3 (4 March 2011); LP Respondent 1 (15 March 2011); LP Respondent 4 (2 March 2011); Email from LP Respondent 6 to Lalotoa Mulitalo, 21 June 2011.

176

Survey PL Drafter 8 (Fiji, 25 July 2012).

177

Survey PL Drafter 1 (Fiji, 25 July 2012); Survey PL Drafter 10 (Fiji, 25 July 2012).

178

Survey PL Drafter 11 (Fiji, 25 July 2012).

179

Ministry of Justice of New Zealand, Legislation Advisory Committee Guidelines, 2001 http://www2.justice.govt.nz/lac/doc/LAC_Guidelines_Index.pdf 6.

180

Ibid.

Amosa MLTU (1999 & 2002) Fausaga o lauga Samoa: Vaega 1 & 2. National University of Samoa

Atonio M (1992) Palefuiono. Tofa Enterprises

Bowler S (2010) Private members’ bill in the UK Parliament: is there an electoral connection? J Legis Stud 16(4):476–494CrossRef

Care JC, Haller L (2004) In harmony or out of tune? Is advocates immunity an appropriate principle in common law countries? J South Pac Law 8(2)

Commonwealth Secretariat (2005) Law reform agencies: their role and effectiveness. Paper by the Commonwealth Secretariat, Accra, Ghana

Corrin J, Paterson D (2011) Introduction to South Pacific law, 3rd edn. Palgrave Macmillan, p 9

Corrin J (2006) Finding the right balance in plural systems: training lawyers in the South Pacific. J Commonw Law Legal Educ 4(2):171–186, 185

Davies E (2005) The role of private members’ bills’. Political Q 28(1):32–39CrossRef

Efi TATTTTT (2008) Talanoaga ma Ga’opo’a. Government Printery Samoa 12

Epiphany A (1991) Codification of customary law: a mission impossible? In: Osinbajo Y, Kalu AU (eds) Towards a restatement of customary law. Federal Ministry of Justice Lagos, p 289

Government of Samoa (2012) Strategy for the development of Samoa 2012–2016, 11

Grenfell L (2006) Legal pluralism and the rule of law in Timor Leste. Leiden J Int Law 19(305):337

Hinz MO (2011) Traditional authorities, custodians of customary law development? In: Fenrich J, Galizzi P, Higgins TE (eds) The future of African customary law. Cambridge, pp 153, 155

Kirby M (2003) The ALRC: a winning formula. Remarks at the rededication of the Michael Kirby Library of the ALRC

Le Tagaloa AF (1997) O le Faasinomaga. Lamepa Press, Alafua

Marsh H, Marsh D (2002) Tories in the killing fields? The fate of private members’ bills in the 1997 Parliament. J Legis Stud 8(1):91–112CrossRef

Mgbako C, Baehr KS (2011) Engaging legal dualism, paralegal organizations and customary law in Sierra Leone and Liberia. In: Fenrich J, Galizzi P, Higgins TE (eds) The future of African customary law. Cambridge, p 186

Ministry of Education, Sports and Culture Samoa (1997) Samoa Ne’i Galo: Lest we forget, vols 1–7. Commercial Printers Limited, Samoa

Narokobi B (1986) In search of a Melanesian jurisprudence. In: Sack P, Minchin E (eds) Legal pluralism, proceedings of the Canberra Law Workshop VII. Australian National University, p 226

Narokobi B (1989) The black islands, Melanesia – Melanesia jurisprudence. In: Crocombe R, May J, Roache P (eds) Lo bilong yumi yet - law and custom in Vanuatu. Melanesian Institute for Pastoral Socio-Economic Service and the University of the South Pacific

New Zealand Law Commission (2006) Converging currents: custom and human rights in the pacific, study paper, 17, p 242

Ntumy M (1995) The dreams of a Melanesian jurisprudence. In: Aleck J, Jackson R (eds) Customs at the crossroads. UPNG Law Faculty, p 12

Ochich GO (2011) The withering province of customary law in Kenya: a case of design or indifference. In: Fenrich J, Galizzi P, Higgins TE (eds) The future of African customary law. Cambridge, 153, 126

Office of the Attorney-General Samoa (2008) Samoa Law and Justice Sector Plan 2008–2012

Powles G (2005) The challenge of law reform in Pacific Islands states. In: Opeskin B, Weisbrot D (eds) The promise of law reform. Federation Press, p 411

Pratt G (2015) A Samoan Dictionary: English and Samoan, and Samoan and English: with a Short Grammar of the Samoan Dialect. United States

Salman K (2006) Codification and restatement of customary law in Africa; the journey so far. In: Borokini AA (ed) Kogi reading in law. Stebak Books & Publishers, Akure

Samoa Bureau of Statistics (2011) Population and Housing Census Analytical Report 25

Samoa Law Reform Commission (2012) Village Fono Act 1990 Report No. 09/12

Samoa Observer Staff (2012a) 1 million less dogs in Samoa. Samoa Observer 30 July

Samoa Observer Staff (2012b) A first for Parliament. Samoa Observer 30 November

Samoa Observer Staff (2013) Primary pupils question the law. Samoa Observer 29 March

Schultz E (2008) Alaga’upu Fa’aSamoa, Samoan proverbial expressions, 3rd edn. Pasifika Press, NZ

Semisi MP (2010) Tusi’upu Samoa: the Samoan Dictionary of Papalii Dr Semisi. Little Island Press, Auck, NZ

Sharma A (2006) Customary law and received law in the Federated States of Micronesia. J South Pac Law 10(1)

Supreme Court of Queensland (2005) Equal treatment benchbook. Supreme Court of Queensland Library, Brisbane, p 105

Tamanaha BZ (1989–1990) A proposal for the development of a system of indigenous jurisprudence in the Federated States of Micronesia. Hastings Int Comp Law Rev 13:72

Tavae TT (2005) Fa’afaigofieina fa’alupega o Samoa. Pasifika Education Centre

Tupufia L (2013) Afega launches book of bylaws. Samoa Observer (Samoa) 31 March

Tuvale T, Faletoese TE, Kirisome (1981) O le tusi o faalupega (Booklet of Genealogies). Malua Printing Press, Apia

Twining W (1963) The restatement of African customary law: a comment. J Mod Am Stud 1(2):221CrossRef

Weisbrot D (1988) Papua New Guinea’s indigenous jurisprudence and the legacy of colonialism. Univ Hawaii Law Rev 10(1)

Weisbrot D (2008) Opportunities for regional cooperation in law reform. Paper presented at the Australasian Law Reform Agencies Conference, Vanuatu, 11 September

Zorn JC (1990) The Federated States of Micronesia. In: Ntumy M (ed) South Pacific Islands legal systems. University of Hawaii Press, p 470

Zorn JC, Care JC (2002) Everything old is new again: The Underlying Law Act of Papua New Guinea. LAWASIA J:61–91

Canine Control Act 2013 (Samoa)

Community Justice Act 2008 (Samoa)

Constitution of the Independent State of Samoa 1962 (Samoa)

Constitution of the Republic of Vanuatu 1980 (Vanuatu)

Customary Land Tribunal Act (Vanuatu) ch 271

Customs Recognition Act 2000 (Solomon Islands)

District Court Act 1969 (Samoa)

Electoral Act 1963 (Samoa)

Fisheries Act 1988 (Samoa)

Internal Affairs Act 1995 (Samoa)

Judicature Ordinance 1961 (Samoa)

Land and Titles Amendment Act (No 14) (Samoa)

Land and Titles Court Act 1981 (Samoa)

Lawyers and Legal Practice Act 2014 (Samoa)

Legislative Assembly Powers and Privileges Ordinance 1960 (Samoa)

Parliamentary Pension Scheme Act 1998 (Samoa)

Parliamentary Under-Secretaries Act 1988 (Samoa)

Pohnpei Constitution (Pohnpei, Federated State of Micronesia)

Standing Orders of the Parliament of Samoa 2006 (Samoa)

Samoan Language Commission Act 2014 (Samoa)

Underlying Law Act 2000 (Papua New Guinea)

Village Fono Act 1990 (Samoa)

Waste Management Act 2010 (Samoa)

Water Resources Management Act 2008 (Samoa)

Young Offenders Act 2007 (Samoa)

Alfons v FSM 5 FSM Intrm.402 (App. 1992)

Lufilufi v Hunt (Unreported, Supreme Court of Samoa, Vaai, Nelson JJ, 26 April 2011)

Mauga v Leituala (Unreported, Court of Appeal of Samoa, Cooke, P, Casey and Bisson JJA, 4 March 2005)

Olomalu v The Attorney-General (1980-1993) WSLR 256

Samoa Public Trustee v Collins [1961] WSNZSC 1

Taamale v Attorney-General (Unreported, Court of Appeal of Samoa, Cooke, P, Casey and Bisson JJA, 18 August 1995)

Ministry of Justice of New Zealand (2001) Legislation Advisory Committee Guidelines. Legislation Advisory Committee http://www2.justice.govt.nz/lac/doc/LAC_Guidelines_Index.pdf 6

Nand N (2008) Legislative drafting, distance education and its contribution to good governance in the Pacific. Paper for the Fifth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning, July London, 13-17 July http://wikieducator.org/images/3/37/PID_309.pdf

New South Wales Office of Parliamentary Counsel (2011) Manual for the drafting of non-government legislation 10th ed. http://www.pco.nsw.gov.au/corporate/man-ngd.pdf

Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives, New Zealand (2011) Effective House Membership, A Guide for Members of Parliament 15, 16 http://www.parliament.nz

Office of the Clerk of the Legislative Assembly (2013-2015) Corporate Plan 27 http://www.palemene.ws/new/wp-content/uploads/Document/OCLA_Strategic_Corporate_Plan_21_Mar_2013.pdf

Pacific Judicial Development Programme (2003) Land and Titles Court Benchbook Samoa http://www.fedcourt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/18711/The-Land-and-Titles-Court-2003-English.pdf

Pacific Judicial Development Programme (2009) District Court Bench Book, Samoa http://www.paclii.org/pjdp/files/2011/07/District-Court-of-Samoa-Benchbook-2009.pdf

Pacific Judicial Development Programme (2011) Kiribati Code of Judicial Conduct cl 4.2 http://www.paclii.org/pjdp/

Pacific Judicial Development Programme (2011) Codes of Judicial Conduct Completion Report. http://www.paclii.org/pjdp/

Pacific Judicial Development Programme (2012) Programme Overview. http://www.paclii.org/pjdp/

Parliament of Samoa official website http://www.parliament.gov.ws/

Pillans K (2011) Final Report, Codes of Judicial Conduct in the Pacific, Pacific Judicial Development Programme, Appendix 2 http://www.fedcourt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/18699/CoJC-Completion-Report-2011.pdf

Samoa Law and Justice Sector (2012) Six Monthly Report 1 January – 30 June 2012. http://www.ausaid.gov.au/countries/pacific/samoa/Documents/law-justice-jan-june-2012.pdf

Samoa Legal Information Institute (SamLII) official website www.samlii.org

Samoa Law Reform Commission (2016) List of Conference/Seminars/Workshops and Trainings attended by SLRC http://www.samoalawreform.gov.ws

The Bible Society in the South Pacific (1969) O le Tusi Paia, O le Feagaiga Tuai ma le Feagaiga Fou. World Council of Churches, Congregation Christian Church in Samoa https://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/congregational-christian-church-in-samoa

United Nations Rule of Law (2002) The Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct. http://www.unrol.org/doc.aspx?d=2328

Yen T (2010) Bi-lingual drafting in Hong Kong. CALC - The Loophole 65-69 http://www.calc.ngo/sites/default/files/paper/Yen_Apr2010.pdf

Titel: Towards Responsive Law Reform
verfasst von: Teleiai Lalotoa Mulitalo Ropinisone Silipa Seumanutafa
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Law Reform in Plural Societies
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-65523-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-65524-6

Copyright-Jahr: 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65524-6_6

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"