Skip to main content

2022 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

22. Traditional and Socio-Ecological Dimensions of Seabed Resource Management and Applicable Legal Frameworks in the Pacific Island States

verfasst von : Virginie Tilot, Bleuenn Gaëlle Guilloux, Klaas Willaert, Clement Yow Mulalap, Tamatoa Bambridge, François Gaulme, Edwige Kacenelenbogen, Alain Jeudy de Grissac, Juan Moreno Navas, Arthur Lyon Dahl

Erschienen in: Perspectives on Deep-Sea Mining

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Traditional knowledge, customary marine management approaches and integrated relationships between biodiversity, ecosystems and local communities promote conservation and ensure that marine benefits are reaped in a holistic, sustainable and equitable manner as fostered by contemporary ocean governance. However, the interaction between traditional knowledge, the present scientific approach to marine resource management and specific regulatory frameworks has often been challenging. To a certain extent, the value of community practices and customary rules, which has provided an incentive for regional cooperation and coordination, is acknowledged in several legal systems of the Pacific Island States and a number of regional and international instruments, but this important interconnectivity can certainly be perfected.
Based on recent multidisciplinary research (Tilot et al., Front Mar Sci, 8:637938. 10.3389/fmars.2021.637938, 2021; Tilot et al., Front. Mar. Sci, 2021), this chapter presents a science-based overview of the marine habitats and activities that would be affected by deep Sea mining (DSM) in the Pacific region, along with an analysis of the traditional dimensions and their interconnectivity with the socio-ecological aspects of marine resource management. We then assess whether the applicable regulatory frameworks attach sufficient importance to these traditional dimensions of seabed resource management and cultural representation in the Pacific region. On basis of this analysis, we identify best practices and formulate recommendations with regard to the current regulatory frameworks and seabed resource management approaches to reconcile competing values of the Pacific communities and to sustain the health of the Global Ocean.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
1
HWSL are commonly used in the Convention for Biological Diversity (CBD) and the international fora on sustainable development. HWSL are the social, spiritual, cultural and traditional characteristics and the capabilities, tangible assets and means of living that set the stage for sustainability, resilience and adaptability of people to change collectively (WCED 1987; Holden et al. 2014).
 
3
Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and their Habitats in the Pacific Islandsx adopted in 2006 (https://​www.​cms.​int/​sites/​default/​files/​document/​Inf_​03_​PacificCetaceans​_​MoU%26AP_​0.​pdf, accessed April 20, 2021) (accessed 30 April 2021).
 
4
4Available online at: https://​www.​cbd.​int/​island/​ (accessed 16 June 2021).
 
5
UNCLOS was signed on 10 December 1982 by 119 States and entered into force on 16 November 1994. It has 168 State parties as of May 2021: United Nations Treaty Series vol. 1833, p. 3.
 
7
See infra, section 5.
 
8
FSM Seabed Resources Act of 2014, §403(a).
 
9
Ibid., Seabed Resources Act of 2014, §403(d).
 
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Académie des Sciences d’Outre-mer (ASOM), (2011). Recommendations on the conservation and management of biodiversity of three deep-sea ecosystems targeted by mining (polymetallic nodules, cobalt rich ferro-manganese crusts and hydrothermal sulfurs). Panel of international experts meeting organized at UNESCO, Paris, France on 15 December 2010. Académie des Sciences d’Outre-mer (ASOM), (2011). Recommendations on the conservation and management of biodiversity of three deep-sea ecosystems targeted by mining (polymetallic nodules, cobalt rich ferro-manganese crusts and hydrothermal sulfurs). Panel of international experts meeting organized at UNESCO, Paris, France on 15 December 2010.
Zurück zum Zitat Aguon, J., and Hunter, J., (2019). Second wave due diligence: the case for incorporating free, prior, and informed consent into the deep sea mining regulatory regime. Stanford Environ. Law J., 38, 3–55. Aguon, J., and Hunter, J., (2019). Second wave due diligence: the case for incorporating free, prior, and informed consent into the deep sea mining regulatory regime. Stanford Environ. Law J., 38, 3–55.
Zurück zum Zitat Bambridge, T., (2016). Rahui: Legal pluralism in Polynesian traditional management of resources and territories. Pacific Series. Australian National University Press. 269pp. ISBN 9781925022797. Bambridge, T., (2016). Rahui: Legal pluralism in Polynesian traditional management of resources and territories. Pacific Series. Australian National University Press. 269pp. ISBN 9781925022797.
Zurück zum Zitat Bambridge, T., Gaulme, F., Montet, C., Paulais, T., (2019). Communs et ocean. Le rahui en polynésie. Ed. Au vent des îles. 175pp. ISBN: 978-2-36734-200-9. Bambridge, T., Gaulme, F., Montet, C., Paulais, T., (2019). Communs et ocean. Le rahui en polynésie. Ed. Au vent des îles. 175pp. ISBN: 978-2-36734-200-9.
Zurück zum Zitat Beaulieu, S. E., (2010). InterRidge Global Database of Active Submarine Hydrothermal Vent Fields: Prepared for InterRidge, Version 2.0. World Wide Web Electronic Publication. Beaulieu, S. E., (2010). InterRidge Global Database of Active Submarine Hydrothermal Vent Fields: Prepared for InterRidge, Version 2.0. World Wide Web Electronic Publication.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernhard, H., and Blissenbach, E., (1988). Economic importance, in: “The Manganese Nodule Belt of the Pacific Ocean”, Halbach, P., Friedrich, G., and von Stackelberg, U. (Eds.), Ferdinand Enke Verlag Stuttgart. Bernhard, H., and Blissenbach, E., (1988). Economic importance, in: “The Manganese Nodule Belt of the Pacific Ocean”, Halbach, P., Friedrich, G., and von Stackelberg, U. (Eds.), Ferdinand Enke Verlag Stuttgart.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouchet, P. J., Meeuwig, J. J., Salgado Kent, C. P., Letessier, T. B., Jenner, C. K., (2014). Topographic determinants of mobile vertebrate predator hotspots: Current knowledge and future directions. Biol. Rev., 90, 699–728 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12130. Bouchet, P. J., Meeuwig, J. J., Salgado Kent, C. P., Letessier, T. B., Jenner, C. K., (2014). Topographic determinants of mobile vertebrate predator hotspots: Current knowledge and future directions. Biol. Rev., 90, 699–728 (2015). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1111/​brv.​12130.
Zurück zum Zitat Cardno Limited, (2016). An Assessment of the Costs and Benefits of Mining Deep-sea Minerals in the Pacific Island Region. Deep-sea Mining Cost-Benefit Analysis. Noumea, NC: Pacific Community. Cardno Limited, (2016). An Assessment of the Costs and Benefits of Mining Deep-sea Minerals in the Pacific Island Region. Deep-sea Mining Cost-Benefit Analysis. Noumea, NC: Pacific Community.
Zurück zum Zitat Carson, M., (2018). Archaeology of Pacific Oceania: inhabiting a Sea of Islands. Routeledge World Archaelogy. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY, USA. ISBN: 978-1-138-09713-1. Carson, M., (2018). Archaeology of Pacific Oceania: inhabiting a Sea of Islands. Routeledge World Archaelogy. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY, USA. ISBN: 978-1-138-09713-1.
Zurück zum Zitat Catalá, T. S., Reche, I., Álvarez, M., Khatiwala, S., Guallart, E. F., Benítez-Barrios, V. M., et al., (2015). Water mass age and ageing driving chromophoric dissolved organic matter in the dark global ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 29, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GB005048.CrossRef Catalá, T. S., Reche, I., Álvarez, M., Khatiwala, S., Guallart, E. F., Benítez-Barrios, V. M., et al., (2015). Water mass age and ageing driving chromophoric dissolved organic matter in the dark global ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 29, 1–18. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​2014GB005048.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Clark, M., Althaus, F., Schlacher, T., Williams, A., Bowden, D., Rowden, A., (2016). The impacts of deep-sea fisheries on benthic communities: a review. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 73, Issue suppl 1, January 2016, 15-169. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv123. Clark, M., Althaus, F., Schlacher, T., Williams, A., Bowden, D., Rowden, A., (2016). The impacts of deep-sea fisheries on benthic communities: a review. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 73, Issue suppl 1, January 2016, 15-169. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​icesjms/​fsv123.
Zurück zum Zitat Creason, A. M., (2004). Culture clash: the influence of indigenous cultures on the international whaling regime. Calif. West. Int. Law, 35, 83–126. ISSN 0886-3210. Creason, A. M., (2004). Culture clash: the influence of indigenous cultures on the international whaling regime. Calif. West. Int. Law, 35, 83–126. ISSN 0886-3210.
Zurück zum Zitat Cronan, D. S., (1984). Criteria for the recognition of areas of potentially economic manganese nodules and encrustations in the CCOP/SOPAC region of the central and southwestern tropical Pacific, South Pacific Marine Geological Notes, CCOP/SOPAC, 3, 1. Cronan, D. S., (1984). Criteria for the recognition of areas of potentially economic manganese nodules and encrustations in the CCOP/SOPAC region of the central and southwestern tropical Pacific, South Pacific Marine Geological Notes, CCOP/SOPAC, 3, 1.
Zurück zum Zitat Cronan, D. S., and Hodkinson, R. A., (1989). Manganese nodules and cobalt-rich crusts in the EEZ’s of the Cook Islands, Kiribati and Tuvalu, Part III: nodules and crusts in the EEZ of western Kiribati (Phoenix and Gilbert Islands), CCOP/SOPAC Technical Report 100, Suva Fiji, 47pp. Cronan, D. S., and Hodkinson, R. A., (1989). Manganese nodules and cobalt-rich crusts in the EEZ’s of the Cook Islands, Kiribati and Tuvalu, Part III: nodules and crusts in the EEZ of western Kiribati (Phoenix and Gilbert Islands), CCOP/SOPAC Technical Report 100, Suva Fiji, 47pp.
Zurück zum Zitat D’Arcy, P., (2006). The People of the Sea: Environment, Identity and History in Oceania. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press. 292pp. ISBN-13: 9780824832971. D’Arcy, P., (2006). The People of the Sea: Environment, Identity and History in Oceania. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press. 292pp. ISBN-13: 9780824832971.
Zurück zum Zitat D’Arcy, P. (2013). Seabed mining and oceania: imminent resource bonanza or resource curse writ large? in “L’eau dans le Pacifique Sud: Entre mythe et Réalités”. Ed. C. Berger and J.-L. Roques (Paris: L’Harmattan), 205–219. D’Arcy, P. (2013). Seabed mining and oceania: imminent resource bonanza or resource curse writ large? in “L’eau dans le Pacifique Sud: Entre mythe et Réalités”. Ed. C. Berger and J.-L. Roques (Paris: L’Harmattan), 205–219.
Zurück zum Zitat Dahl, A. L., and Carew-Reid, J., (1985). Environment and Resources in the Pacific: A Regional Approach. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies, 69. Geneva: United Nations Environment Programme. Dahl, Arthur L., and Jeremy Carew-Reid (eds.), 294pp. Dahl, A. L., and Carew-Reid, J., (1985). Environment and Resources in the Pacific: A Regional Approach. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies, 69. Geneva: United Nations Environment Programme. Dahl, Arthur L., and Jeremy Carew-Reid (eds.), 294pp.
Zurück zum Zitat Deep-Ocean Stewardship Initiative (DOSI), (2021). The Necessity of Traditional Knowledge for Management of Deep-Seabed Mining. Policy Brief prepared by the DOSI Minerals Working Group, in particular, Amon D., Escobar E., Guilloux B., Howell K., Jones D., Koyavakauta C., Levin L., Mulalap C., Sing P., Sink K., Tilot V., Turner P., Vencatesan A., Willaert K. https://www.dosi-project.org/topics/minerals-deep-sea-mining/ (Accessed June 6, 2021). Deep-Ocean Stewardship Initiative (DOSI), (2021). The Necessity of Traditional Knowledge for Management of Deep-Seabed Mining. Policy Brief prepared by the DOSI Minerals Working Group, in particular, Amon D., Escobar E., Guilloux B., Howell K., Jones D., Koyavakauta C., Levin L., Mulalap C., Sing P., Sink K., Tilot V., Turner P., Vencatesan A., Willaert K. https://​www.​dosi-project.​org/​topics/​minerals-deep-sea-mining/​ (Accessed June 6, 2021).
Zurück zum Zitat Drazen, J., Smith, C., Gjerde, K., Haddock, S., Carter, G., Choy, A. et al., (2020). Opinion: Midwater ecosystems must be considered when evaluating environmental risks of deep-sea mining. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. https://www.pnas.org/content/117/30/1745. (Accessed April 23, 2021). Drazen, J., Smith, C., Gjerde, K., Haddock, S., Carter, G., Choy, A. et al., (2020). Opinion: Midwater ecosystems must be considered when evaluating environmental risks of deep-sea mining. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. https://​www.​pnas.​org/​content/​117/​30/​1745. (Accessed April 23, 2021).
Zurück zum Zitat Dyment, J., Lallier, F., Le Bris, N., Rouxel, O., Sarradin, P.-M., Lamare, S., et al., (2014). Les impacts environnementaux de l’exploitation des ressources minérales marines profondes. Expertise scientifique collective. Brest: ESCO CNRS-IFREMER, 930pp. Dyment, J., Lallier, F., Le Bris, N., Rouxel, O., Sarradin, P.-M., Lamare, S., et al., (2014). Les impacts environnementaux de l’exploitation des ressources minérales marines profondes. Expertise scientifique collective. Brest: ESCO CNRS-IFREMER, 930pp.
Zurück zum Zitat Flood, B., Strong, B., Flood, W., (1999). Pacific Island Legends. Tales from Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia and Australia. 266pp. Bess Press. Flood, B., Strong, B., Flood, W., (1999). Pacific Island Legends. Tales from Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia and Australia. 266pp. Bess Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), (2020). Building resilience of small-scale fisheries to ensure food security and nutrition in the Pacific. 35th Session FAO Regional conference for Asia and the Pacific. FAO APRC/20/4. Thimphu, Bhutan, 17-20 February 2020. https://www.fao.org/3/nb839en/nb839en.pdf (accessed May 27, 2021). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), (2020). Building resilience of small-scale fisheries to ensure food security and nutrition in the Pacific. 35th Session FAO Regional conference for Asia and the Pacific. FAO APRC/20/4. Thimphu, Bhutan, 17-20 February 2020. https://​www.​fao.​org/​3/​nb839en/​nb839en.​pdf (accessed May 27, 2021).
Zurück zum Zitat Friedlander, A., and Gaymer, C., (2020). Progress, opportunities and challenges for marine conservation in the Pacific Islands. Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. Special issue: Advances in science for ecology and sustainable management of oceanic islands. 221-231. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3464. Friedlander, A., and Gaymer, C., (2020). Progress, opportunities and challenges for marine conservation in the Pacific Islands. Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. Special issue: Advances in science for ecology and sustainable management of oceanic islands. 221-231. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​aqc.​3464.
Zurück zum Zitat Gillard, B., Purkiani, K., Chatzievangelou, D., Vink, Annemiek, Iversen, H., and Thomsen, L., (2019). Physical and hydrodynamic properties of deep sea mining-generated, abyssal sediment plumes in the Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone (eastern-central Pacific), Elem. Sci. Anth. 7, 5. https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.343. Gillard, B., Purkiani, K., Chatzievangelou, D., Vink, Annemiek, Iversen, H., and Thomsen, L., (2019). Physical and hydrodynamic properties of deep sea mining-generated, abyssal sediment plumes in the Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone (eastern-central Pacific), Elem. Sci. Anth. 7, 5. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1525/​elementa.​343.
Zurück zum Zitat Gillett, R., and Tauati, M.I., (2018). Fisheries in the Pacific. Regional and national information. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No 625. Apia, FAO. 412pp. ISBN 978-92-5-130515-7. Gillett, R., and Tauati, M.I., (2018). Fisheries in the Pacific. Regional and national information. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No 625. Apia, FAO. 412pp. ISBN 978-92-5-130515-7.
Zurück zum Zitat Gladwin, T. (1970). East is a Big Bird: Navigation and Logic on Puluwat atoll. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 260pp. ISBN 9780674224261. Gladwin, T. (1970). East is a Big Bird: Navigation and Logic on Puluwat atoll. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 260pp. ISBN 9780674224261.
Zurück zum Zitat Gooley, T., (2016). How to read water. Clues and Patterns from puddles to the sea. Sceptre Press, Hodder and Stoughton Ltd. 400pp. ISBN 13: 9781473615229. Gooley, T., (2016). How to read water. Clues and Patterns from puddles to the sea. Sceptre Press, Hodder and Stoughton Ltd. 400pp. ISBN 13: 9781473615229.
Zurück zum Zitat Govan, H., Tawake, A., Tabunakawai, K., Jenkins, A., Lasgorceix A, Schwarz et al., (2009). Status and potential of locally-managed marine areas in the South Pacific: meeting nature conservation and sustainable livelihood targets through wide-spread implementation of LMMAs. Suva, Fiji: SPREP/WWF/WorldFish-Reefbase/CRISP. RePEc. 134pp. ISBN: 978-982-04-0402-1 (print) 978-982-04-0403-8 (online). Govan, H., Tawake, A., Tabunakawai, K., Jenkins, A., Lasgorceix A, Schwarz et al., (2009). Status and potential of locally-managed marine areas in the South Pacific: meeting nature conservation and sustainable livelihood targets through wide-spread implementation of LMMAs. Suva, Fiji: SPREP/WWF/WorldFish-Reefbase/CRISP. RePEc. 134pp. ISBN: 978-982-04-0402-1 (print) 978-982-04-0403-8 (online).
Zurück zum Zitat Grey, G., (2019). Polynesian mythology. The myths, legends, songs and ancient traditional history of the New Zealanders and Pacific Islanders. Pantianos classics. 152 pp. ISBN-10: 1789871654. Grey, G., (2019). Polynesian mythology. The myths, legends, songs and ancient traditional history of the New Zealanders and Pacific Islanders. Pantianos classics. 152 pp. ISBN-10: 1789871654.
Zurück zum Zitat Grimble, A., (2019). Tungaru traditions: writings on the Atom Culture of the Gibert Islands. Center for Pacific Islands Studies. Number 7 of Pacific Islands monograph series. School of Hawaiian, Asian and Pacific Studies, University of Hawaii Press, Honoulu. 382 pp. ISBN 0824812174, 9780824812171. Grimble, A., (2019). Tungaru traditions: writings on the Atom Culture of the Gibert Islands. Center for Pacific Islands Studies. Number 7 of Pacific Islands monograph series. School of Hawaiian, Asian and Pacific Studies, University of Hawaii Press, Honoulu. 382 pp. ISBN 0824812174, 9780824812171.
Zurück zum Zitat Halbach, P., Friedrich, G., von Stackelberg, U., (1988). The manganese nodule belt of the Pacific Ocean: Geological environment, nodule formation and mining aspects, Enke, Stuttgart, Germany. 403pp. ISBN 3 432 96381 5. Halbach, P., Friedrich, G., von Stackelberg, U., (1988). The manganese nodule belt of the Pacific Ocean: Geological environment, nodule formation and mining aspects, Enke, Stuttgart, Germany. 403pp. ISBN 3 432 96381 5.
Zurück zum Zitat Hannington, M. D., Ronde, C.E.J., Petersen, S., (2005). Sea-floor tectonics and submarine hydrothermal systems. In: Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume. Society of Economic Geologists, Inc. Editors: J. W. Hedenquist, J.F.H. Thompson, R.J. Goldfarb, J.P. Richards. 111-141. https://doi.org/10.5382/AV100.06.CrossRef Hannington, M. D., Ronde, C.E.J., Petersen, S., (2005). Sea-floor tectonics and submarine hydrothermal systems. In: Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume. Society of Economic Geologists, Inc. Editors: J. W. Hedenquist, J.F.H. Thompson, R.J. Goldfarb, J.P. Richards. 111-141. https://​doi.​org/​10.​5382/​AV100.​06.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hannington, M. D., Jamieson, J., Monecke, Y., Peterson, S., (2010). Modern sea floor massive sulphides and base metal resources: toward an estimate of global sea-floor massive sulphide potential. Soc. Econ. Geol. Special Publication. 15, 317–338. ISBN 978-82-7701-119-6. Hannington, M. D., Jamieson, J., Monecke, Y., Peterson, S., (2010). Modern sea floor massive sulphides and base metal resources: toward an estimate of global sea-floor massive sulphide potential. Soc. Econ. Geol. Special Publication. 15, 317–338. ISBN 978-82-7701-119-6.
Zurück zum Zitat Hau’ofa, E., (1992). SO201: Society, culture and change in the Pacific: Reader-Volume 1. Hau’ofa, E., (1992). SO201: Society, culture and change in the Pacific: Reader-Volume 1.
Zurück zum Zitat Hau’ofa, E., (1994). Our Sea of Islands. The Contemporary Pacific: A Journal of Island Affairs 6(1), 148-161. First published in “A New Oceania: Rediscovering Our Sea of Islands”, edited by Vijay Naidu, Eric Waddell and Epeli Hau’ofa. Suva: School of Social and Economic Development, The University of the South Pacific, 1993. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23706895 (Accessed April 23, 2021). Hau’ofa, E., (1994). Our Sea of Islands. The Contemporary Pacific: A Journal of Island Affairs 6(1), 148-161. First published in “A New Oceania: Rediscovering Our Sea of Islands”, edited by Vijay Naidu, Eric Waddell and Epeli Hau’ofa. Suva: School of Social and Economic Development, The University of the South Pacific, 1993. https://​www.​jstor.​org/​stable/​23706895 (Accessed April 23, 2021).
Zurück zum Zitat Hau’ofa, E. (2008). We Are the Ocean: Selected Works. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 188pp. ISBN-13: 9780824831738. Hau’ofa, E. (2008). We Are the Ocean: Selected Works. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 188pp. ISBN-13: 9780824831738.
Zurück zum Zitat Havice, E., McCoy, M.A., Lewis, A., (2019). Market and industry dynamics: Western and Central Pacific Ocean distant water tuna purse seine fishery. Honiara, Solomon Islands; Forum Fisheries Agency. 105pp. FFA_PurseSeineStudy2019_FinalReport-1.pdf (Accessed June 13, 2021). Havice, E., McCoy, M.A., Lewis, A., (2019). Market and industry dynamics: Western and Central Pacific Ocean distant water tuna purse seine fishery. Honiara, Solomon Islands; Forum Fisheries Agency. 105pp. FFA_PurseSeineStudy2019_FinalReport-1.pdf (Accessed June 13, 2021).
Zurück zum Zitat Hein, J. R., and Petersen, S., (2014). The geology of cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts. In: “Deep Sea Minerals: Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crusts; A physical, biological, environmental, and technical review”, 1c. 14pp. Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC). Editors: Elaine Baker, Yannick Beaudoin. Hein, J. R., and Petersen, S., (2014). The geology of cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts. In: “Deep Sea Minerals: Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crusts; A physical, biological, environmental, and technical review”, 1c. 14pp. Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC). Editors: Elaine Baker, Yannick Beaudoin.
Zurück zum Zitat Hekinian, R., Francheteau, J., Renard, V., Ballard, R., Choukroune, P., Cheminee, J., et al. (1983). Intense hydrothermal activity at the axis of the East Pacific Rise near 13°N: submersible witnesses the growth of sulphide chimney. Mar. Geophys. Res., 6, 1–14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00300395.CrossRef Hekinian, R., Francheteau, J., Renard, V., Ballard, R., Choukroune, P., Cheminee, J., et al. (1983). Intense hydrothermal activity at the axis of the East Pacific Rise near 13°N: submersible witnesses the growth of sulphide chimney. Mar. Geophys. Res., 6, 1–14. doi: https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​BF00300395.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hoyt, E., (1995). The Worldwide Value and Extent of Whale Watching. Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society, 1–36. Bath, UK. ISBN-13: 978-0951907887. Hoyt, E., (1995). The Worldwide Value and Extent of Whale Watching. Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society, 1–36. Bath, UK. ISBN-13: 978-0951907887.
Zurück zum Zitat Hviding, E., and Baines, G.B.K., (1992). Fisheries Management in the Pacific: Tradition and the Challenges of Development in Marovo, Solomon Islands. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) Discussion Paper, (32). Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. March 1992. 19pp. https://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9 (accessed May 6, 2021). Hviding, E., and Baines, G.B.K., (1992). Fisheries Management in the Pacific: Tradition and the Challenges of Development in Marovo, Solomon Islands. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) Discussion Paper, (32). Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. March 1992. 19pp. https://​www.​unrisd.​org/​80256B3C005BCCF9​ (accessed May 6, 2021).
Zurück zum Zitat International Seabed Authority (ISA), (2010). Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Sulphides in the Area (15 November 2010), International Seabed Authority. ISA Doc. ISBA/16/A/12/Rev.1 (2010). International Seabed Authority (ISA), (2010). Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Sulphides in the Area (15 November 2010), International Seabed Authority. ISA Doc. ISBA/16/A/12/Rev.1 (2010).
Zurück zum Zitat International Seabed Authority (ISA), (2012). Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crusts in the Area. Kingston: International Seabed Authority. 2012 ISBA/18/A/11 (accessed March 1, 2021). International Seabed Authority (ISA), (2012). Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crusts in the Area. Kingston: International Seabed Authority. 2012 ISBA/18/A/11 (accessed March 1, 2021).
Zurück zum Zitat International Seabed Authority (ISA), (2013). Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Nodules in the Area. Kingston: International Seabed Authority. 2013 ISBA/19/C/17 (accessed March 1, 2021). International Seabed Authority (ISA), (2013). Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Nodules in the Area. Kingston: International Seabed Authority. 2013 ISBA/19/C/17 (accessed March 1, 2021).
Zurück zum Zitat International Seabed Authority (ISA), (2019a). Draft Regulations on Exploitation of Mineral Resources in the Area. Kingston: International Seabed Authority. ISBA/25/C/WP.1 (accessed March 1, 2021). International Seabed Authority (ISA), (2019a). Draft Regulations on Exploitation of Mineral Resources in the Area. Kingston: International Seabed Authority. ISBA/25/C/WP.1 (accessed March 1, 2021).
Zurück zum Zitat International Seabed Authority (ISA), (2019b). Draft regulations on Exploitation of Mineral Resources in the AREA - Collation of Specific Drafting Suggestions by Members of the Council. Kingston: International Seabed Authority. ISBA/26/C/CRP.1 (accessed March 1, 2021). International Seabed Authority (ISA), (2019b). Draft regulations on Exploitation of Mineral Resources in the AREA - Collation of Specific Drafting Suggestions by Members of the Council. Kingston: International Seabed Authority. ISBA/26/C/CRP.1 (accessed March 1, 2021).
Zurück zum Zitat International Seabed Authority (ISA), (2020a). Proposal for a Template with Minimum Requirements for Regional Environmental Management Plans: A Proposal for a Standardized Approach. Kingston: International Seabed Authority. ISBA/26/C/7(accessed March 1, 2021). International Seabed Authority (ISA), (2020a). Proposal for a Template with Minimum Requirements for Regional Environmental Management Plans: A Proposal for a Standardized Approach. Kingston: International Seabed Authority. ISBA/26/C/7(accessed March 1, 2021).
Zurück zum Zitat International Seabed Authority (ISA), (2020b). Decision of the Council Concerning a Standardized Approach for the Development, Approval and Review of Regional Environmental Management Plans in the Area. Kingston: International Seabed Authority. ISBA/26/C/10 (accessed March 1, 2021). International Seabed Authority (ISA), (2020b). Decision of the Council Concerning a Standardized Approach for the Development, Approval and Review of Regional Environmental Management Plans in the Area. Kingston: International Seabed Authority. ISBA/26/C/10 (accessed March 1, 2021).
Zurück zum Zitat Irigoien, X., Klevjer, T.A., Rostad, A., Martinez, U., Boyra, G., et al., (2014). Large mesopelagic fish biomass and trophic efficiency in the open ocean. Nat. Commun. 5, 3271. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4271 (accessed March 11, 2021). Irigoien, X., Klevjer, T.A., Rostad, A., Martinez, U., Boyra, G., et al., (2014). Large mesopelagic fish biomass and trophic efficiency in the open ocean. Nat. Commun. 5, 3271. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​ncomms4271 (accessed March 11, 2021).
Zurück zum Zitat Jeudy de Grissac, A. (2016). Les enjeux de la conservation de la biodiversité marine dans un contexte de développement durable: de l’exploration à la planification spatiale marine et à la gouvernance. Publications de l’Académie des Sciences, Colloques, conférences, débats. Colloque sur: “Les Océans: de l’origine de la vie à l’utilisation des bio-resources marines”. Académie des Sciences, Paris, 12 Avril 2016. https://www.academie-sciences.fr/pdf/conf/colloque_120416.pdf. (Accessed April 23, 2021). Jeudy de Grissac, A. (2016). Les enjeux de la conservation de la biodiversité marine dans un contexte de développement durable: de l’exploration à la planification spatiale marine et à la gouvernance. Publications de l’Académie des Sciences, Colloques, conférences, débats. Colloque sur: “Les Océans: de l’origine de la vie à l’utilisation des bio-resources marines”. Académie des Sciences, Paris, 12 Avril 2016. https://​www.​academie-sciences.​fr/​pdf/​conf/​colloque_​120416.​pdf. (Accessed April 23, 2021).
Zurück zum Zitat Johannes, R.E., (1981). Words of the Lagoon: Fishing and Marine Lore in the Palau District of Micronesia. Univ of California Press. 245pp. ISBN 0-520-03929-7. Johannes, R.E., (1981). Words of the Lagoon: Fishing and Marine Lore in the Palau District of Micronesia. Univ of California Press. 245pp. ISBN 0-520-03929-7.
Zurück zum Zitat Kacenelenbogen, E., (2010). Le nouvel idéal politique. Enquête sur la teneur et la cohérence de la théorie républicaine contemporaine. Raisons politiques, 2010/4 (n°40), 43-73. ISBN 9782724631999. Kacenelenbogen, E., (2010). Le nouvel idéal politique. Enquête sur la teneur et la cohérence de la théorie républicaine contemporaine. Raisons politiques, 2010/4 (n°40), 43-73. ISBN 9782724631999.
Zurück zum Zitat Kacenelenbogen, E., (2017). Liberalism confronts the Twentieth Century. Reading F.A. Hayek. In “Liberal Moments. Reading liberal texts”. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781474251075. Kacenelenbogen, E., (2017). Liberalism confronts the Twentieth Century. Reading F.A. Hayek. In “Liberal Moments. Reading liberal texts”. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781474251075.
Zurück zum Zitat Kent, G., (1980). The Politics of Pacific Islands Fisheries. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. 219pp. ISBN: 0891586830. Kent, G., (1980). The Politics of Pacific Islands Fisheries. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. 219pp. ISBN: 0891586830.
Zurück zum Zitat Levin, L., Baker, M., Thompson, A., (2018). Deep-Ocean Climate Change Impacts on Habitat, Fish and Fisheries. Rome: FAO publications, 166pp. ISBN: 978-92-5-131126-4. Levin, L., Baker, M., Thompson, A., (2018). Deep-Ocean Climate Change Impacts on Habitat, Fish and Fisheries. Rome: FAO publications, 166pp. ISBN: 978-92-5-131126-4.
Zurück zum Zitat Loebel-Fried, C., (2002). Hawaiian legends of the guardian spirits. A Latitude 20 Book, Hawaii. University of Hawai’i Press Honolulu, 128pp. ISBN-13: 9780824825379. Loebel-Fried, C., (2002). Hawaiian legends of the guardian spirits. A Latitude 20 Book, Hawaii. University of Hawai’i Press Honolulu, 128pp. ISBN-13: 9780824825379.
Zurück zum Zitat Mamo, D., (2020). The Indigenous Navigator: self-determined development. The Indigenous world 2020. Part 2. pp 685-693. 34th Edition. DANIDA funded. ISBN: 978-87-92786-98—2. Mamo, D., (2020). The Indigenous Navigator: self-determined development. The Indigenous world 2020. Part 2. pp 685-693. 34th Edition. DANIDA funded. ISBN: 978-87-92786-98—2.
Zurück zum Zitat Mara, R. K., (1997). The Pacific Way: A Memoir. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, 298pp. ISBN-13: 9780824818937 Mara, R. K., (1997). The Pacific Way: A Memoir. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, 298pp. ISBN-13: 9780824818937
Zurück zum Zitat McCormack, G., (2016). Cook Islands seabed minerals. A precautionary approach to mining. Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust, Rarotonga, Cook Islands, 33pp. 978-982-98133-1-2. McCormack, G., (2016). Cook Islands seabed minerals. A precautionary approach to mining. Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust, Rarotonga, Cook Islands, 33pp. 978-982-98133-1-2.
Zurück zum Zitat Mead, H., (2003). Tikanga Maori. Living by Maori Values. Hirini Moko Mead Copyright. 382 pp. Huia Publishers, Wellington, NZ. ISBN: 9781775502227. Mead, H., (2003). Tikanga Maori. Living by Maori Values. Hirini Moko Mead Copyright. 382 pp. Huia Publishers, Wellington, NZ. ISBN: 9781775502227.
Zurück zum Zitat Okamoto, N., Shiokawa, S., Kawano, S., Yamaji, N., Sakurai, H., Kurihara, M., (2019). World’s first lifting test for seafloor massive sulphides in the Okinawa Trough in the EEZ of Japan. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-ninth International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference (2019), 1–7. http://www.isope.org. (accessed March 10, 2021). Okamoto, N., Shiokawa, S., Kawano, S., Yamaji, N., Sakurai, H., Kurihara, M., (2019). World’s first lifting test for seafloor massive sulphides in the Okinawa Trough in the EEZ of Japan. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-ninth International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference (2019), 1–7. http://​www.​isope.​org. (accessed March 10, 2021).
Zurück zum Zitat Peukert, A., Schoening, T., Alevizos, E., Köser, K., Kwasnitschka, T., Greinert, J., (2018). Understanding Mn-nodule distribution and evaluation ofrelated deep-sea mining impacts using AUV-basedhydroacoustic and optical data. Biogeosciences. 15, 2525-2549. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2525-2018.CrossRef Peukert, A., Schoening, T., Alevizos, E., Köser, K., Kwasnitschka, T., Greinert, J., (2018). Understanding Mn-nodule distribution and evaluation ofrelated deep-sea mining impacts using AUV-basedhydroacoustic and optical data. Biogeosciences. 15, 2525-2549. https://​doi.​org/​10.​5194/​bg-15-2525-2018.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ponganis, P., (2016). Diving physiology of marine mammals and seabirds. Cambridge University Press. 346pp. ISBN-10: 0521765552. Ponganis, P., (2016). Diving physiology of marine mammals and seabirds. Cambridge University Press. 346pp. ISBN-10: 0521765552.
Zurück zum Zitat (The) Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), (1999). Deep-bottom fishing techniques for the Pacific Islands. A manual for fishermen. Preston, G., Mead, P., Chapman, L., Taumaia, P., Australian Agency for International Development (AUSAID) and Coastal Fisheries Programme Capture Sections, SPC. ISBN 982-203-681-7. (The) Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), (1999). Deep-bottom fishing techniques for the Pacific Islands. A manual for fishermen. Preston, G., Mead, P., Chapman, L., Taumaia, P., Australian Agency for International Development (AUSAID) and Coastal Fisheries Programme Capture Sections, SPC. ISBN 982-203-681-7.
Zurück zum Zitat (The) Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), (2013). Deep sea minerals: manganese nodules,” in “A Physical, Biological, Environmental and Technical Review”, Vol. 1B, Eds. E. Baker and Y. Beaudouin, 70pp. Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), 978-982-00-0557-0. (accessed April 18, 2021). (The) Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), (2013). Deep sea minerals: manganese nodules,” in “A Physical, Biological, Environmental and Technical Review”, Vol. 1B, Eds. E. Baker and Y. Beaudouin, 70pp. Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), 978-982-00-0557-0. (accessed April 18, 2021).
Zurück zum Zitat Thiel, H., (2003). Anthropogenic impacts on the deep sea. In: “Ecosystems of the World, Ecosystems of the Deep Ocean”. 28, 427–472. Ed. P. A. Tyler (Amsterdam: Elsevier). ISBN 0 444 82619 X. Thiel, H., (2003). Anthropogenic impacts on the deep sea. In: “Ecosystems of the World, Ecosystems of the Deep Ocean”. 28, 427–472. Ed. P. A. Tyler (Amsterdam: Elsevier). ISBN 0 444 82619 X.
Zurück zum Zitat Tilot, V., (2011). Protection des écosystèmes océaniques profonds dans le cadre de l’exploitation des ressources minières. Recommandations intégrées dans les résolutions du 10ème session du Congrès français de la nature-17 juin 2011. IUCNdoc. Tilot, V., (2011). Protection des écosystèmes océaniques profonds dans le cadre de l’exploitation des ressources minières. Recommandations intégrées dans les résolutions du 10ème session du Congrès français de la nature-17 juin 2011. IUCNdoc.
Zurück zum Zitat Tilot, V., (2013). Applying an ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management: focus on seamounts in the southern Indian Ocean. Terminal Evaluation of the UNDP/GEF project GEF 3138/PIMS 3657. May 2013. GEF publications, 168 pp. https://www.thegef.org/publications (accessed April 28, 2021). Tilot, V., (2013). Applying an ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management: focus on seamounts in the southern Indian Ocean. Terminal Evaluation of the UNDP/GEF project GEF 3138/PIMS 3657. May 2013. GEF publications, 168 pp. https://​www.​thegef.​org/​publications (accessed April 28, 2021).
Zurück zum Zitat Tilot, V., (2016). Les enjeux de la conservation de la biodiversité marine dans un contexte de développement durable: de l’exploration à la planification spatiale marine et à la gouvernance. Publications de l’Académie des Sciences, Colloques, conférences, débats. Colloque sur: “Les Océans: de l’origine de la vie à l’utilisation des bio-resources marines”. Académie des Sciences, Paris, 12 Avril 2016. https://www.academie-sciences.fr/pdf/conf/colloque_120416.pdf. (accessed April 28, 2021). Tilot, V., (2016). Les enjeux de la conservation de la biodiversité marine dans un contexte de développement durable: de l’exploration à la planification spatiale marine et à la gouvernance. Publications de l’Académie des Sciences, Colloques, conférences, débats. Colloque sur: “Les Océans: de l’origine de la vie à l’utilisation des bio-resources marines”. Académie des Sciences, Paris, 12 Avril 2016. https://​www.​academie-sciences.​fr/​pdf/​conf/​colloque_​120416.​pdf. (accessed April 28, 2021).
Zurück zum Zitat Tilot, V., Willaert, K., Guilloux, B., Chen, W., Mulalap, C.Y., Gaulme, F., Bambridge, T., Peters, K., Dahl, A., (2021a). Traditional dimensions of seabed resource management in the context of Deep Sea Mining in the Pacific: Learning from the socio-ecological interconnectivity between island communities and the ocean realm. Front. Mar. Sci, special issue: Integrated Marine Biosphere Research: Ocean Sustainability, Under Global Change, for the Benefit of Society, 8: 637938. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.637938.CrossRef Tilot, V., Willaert, K., Guilloux, B., Chen, W., Mulalap, C.Y., Gaulme, F., Bambridge, T., Peters, K., Dahl, A., (2021a). Traditional dimensions of seabed resource management in the context of Deep Sea Mining in the Pacific: Learning from the socio-ecological interconnectivity between island communities and the ocean realm. Front. Mar. Sci, special issue: Integrated Marine Biosphere Research: Ocean Sustainability, Under Global Change, for the Benefit of Society, 8: 637938. https://​doi.​org/​10.​3389/​fmars.​2021.​637938.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Tilot V., Guilloux B., Willaert K., Mulalap C.Y., Kacenelenbogen E., Bambridge T., Gaulme F., Peters K., Moreno Navas, J., Dahl A., (2021b). Perspectives of tidal thinking around the concept of Oceanian Sovereignty in the context of Deep sea mining in the Pacific. Front. Mar. Sci, special issue: Integrated Marine Biosphere Research: Ocean Sustainability, Under Global Change, for the Benefit of Society, (in preparation). Tilot V., Guilloux B., Willaert K., Mulalap C.Y., Kacenelenbogen E., Bambridge T., Gaulme F., Peters K., Moreno Navas, J., Dahl A., (2021b). Perspectives of tidal thinking around the concept of Oceanian Sovereignty in the context of Deep sea mining in the Pacific. Front. Mar. Sci, special issue: Integrated Marine Biosphere Research: Ocean Sustainability, Under Global Change, for the Benefit of Society, (in preparation).
Zurück zum Zitat Trichet, J., and Leblic, I., (2008). Environnement dans le Pacifique Sud. Journal de la Société des Océanistes, special issue. 126-127. Trichet, Jean and Isabelle Leblic (eds.) Paris: Société des Océanistes. https://jso.revues.org/1804. (accessed April 28, 2021). Trichet, J., and Leblic, I., (2008). Environnement dans le Pacifique Sud. Journal de la Société des Océanistes, special issue. 126-127. Trichet, Jean and Isabelle Leblic (eds.) Paris: Société des Océanistes. https://​jso.​revues.​org/​1804. (accessed April 28, 2021).
Zurück zum Zitat Veitayaki, J., (2004). “Building Bridges: The Contribution of Traditional Knowledge to Ecosystem Management and Practices in Fiji”. Reporting of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Conference “Bridging Scales and Epistemologies: Linking Local Knowledge and Global Science in Multi-Scale Assessments”, Alexandria, Egypt. Veitayaki, J., (2004). “Building Bridges: The Contribution of Traditional Knowledge to Ecosystem Management and Practices in Fiji”. Reporting of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ConferenceBridging Scales and Epistemologies: Linking Local Knowledge and Global Science in Multi-Scale Assessments”, Alexandria, Egypt.
Zurück zum Zitat Vieux, C., Salvat B., Chancerelle, Y., Kirata, T., Rongo, T., Cameron, E., (2004). Status of coral reefs in Polynesia Mana node countries: Cook Islands, French Polynesia, Niue, Kiribati, Tonga, Tokelau and Wallis, and Futuna, IFRECOR, 189-198, in: Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN), (2004). Status of coral reefs of the World. Edited by Clive Wilkinson. Australian Institute of Marine Science. 557pp. Vieux, C., Salvat B., Chancerelle, Y., Kirata, T., Rongo, T., Cameron, E., (2004). Status of coral reefs in Polynesia Mana node countries: Cook Islands, French Polynesia, Niue, Kiribati, Tonga, Tokelau and Wallis, and Futuna, IFRECOR, 189-198, in: Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN), (2004). Status of coral reefs of the World. Edited by Clive Wilkinson. Australian Institute of Marine Science. 557pp.
Zurück zum Zitat Vieux, C., Chancerelle, Y., Aubanel, A., Salvat, B., (2008). Les modifications de la ligne de rivage dans les îles de la Société (Polynésie française): un indicateur des pressions anthropiques en zone côtière. J. Soc. Océan. 59–66. https://doi.org/10.4000/jso.3162. Vieux, C., Chancerelle, Y., Aubanel, A., Salvat, B., (2008). Les modifications de la ligne de rivage dans les îles de la Société (Polynésie française): un indicateur des pressions anthropiques en zone côtière. J. Soc. Océan. 59–66. https://​doi.​org/​10.​4000/​jso.​3162.
Zurück zum Zitat von Stackelberg, U., Kunzendorf, H., Marchig, V., and Gwozdz, R., (1984). Growth history of a large ferro-manganese crust from the equatorial north Pacific nodule belt, Geologisches Jahrbuch, A 7 5, 213. ISSN 0341-6399. von Stackelberg, U., Kunzendorf, H., Marchig, V., and Gwozdz, R., (1984). Growth history of a large ferro-manganese crust from the equatorial north Pacific nodule belt, Geologisches Jahrbuch, A 7 5, 213. ISSN 0341-6399.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilber, D.H., and Clarke, D. G., (2001). Biological effects of suspended sediments: A review of suspended sediment impacts on fish and shellfish with relation to dredging activities in estuaries. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 21, 855–875. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675.CrossRef Wilber, D.H., and Clarke, D. G., (2001). Biological effects of suspended sediments: A review of suspended sediment impacts on fish and shellfish with relation to dredging activities in estuaries. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 21, 855–875. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1577/​1548-8675.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Wilhelm, T.A., Sheppard, C.R.C., Sheppard, A.L., Gaymer, C.F., Parks, J., Wagner, D., Lewis, N., (2014). Large marine protected areas—advantages and challenges of going big. Aquatic Conserv: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 24 (Suppl. 2): 24-30. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2499.CrossRef Wilhelm, T.A., Sheppard, C.R.C., Sheppard, A.L., Gaymer, C.F., Parks, J., Wagner, D., Lewis, N., (2014). Large marine protected areas—advantages and challenges of going big. Aquatic Conserv: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 24 (Suppl. 2): 24-30. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​aqc.​2499.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat (The) World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: “Our Common Future” or (the Brundtland Commission report) transmitted to the General Assembly as an Annex to document A/42/427. UN Documents: Gathering a Body of Global Agreements. http://www.un-documents.net/wced-ocf.htm 1 of 4 20/4/08 23:12 (accessed April 26, 2021). (The) World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: “Our Common Future” or (the Brundtland Commission report) transmitted to the General Assembly as an Annex to document A/42/427. UN Documents: Gathering a Body of Global Agreements. http://​www.​un-documents.​net/​wced-ocf.​htm 1 of 4 20/​4/​08 23:​12 (accessed April 26, 2021).
Metadaten
Titel
Traditional and Socio-Ecological Dimensions of Seabed Resource Management and Applicable Legal Frameworks in the Pacific Island States
verfasst von
Virginie Tilot
Bleuenn Gaëlle Guilloux
Klaas Willaert
Clement Yow Mulalap
Tamatoa Bambridge
François Gaulme
Edwige Kacenelenbogen
Alain Jeudy de Grissac
Juan Moreno Navas
Arthur Lyon Dahl
Copyright-Jahr
2022
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87982-2_22