Tungsten oxide effects on conductivity, dielectric parameters, and density of sodium germanium borosilicate glass

Germanium borosilicate glasses have attracted attention due to its excellent properties for technological industrial applications, and the tungsten oxide is also widely exploited in diverse technological applications for its distinctive properties. For these reasons, this work studied the effect of tungsten oxide on dielectric constants, conductivity, and density of sodium germanium borosilicate. The results show that dielectric constant (ε′) of sodium germanium borosilicate [Na₂B₄O₇–SiO₂–(Ge₂O₃)_15-x–(WO₃)_x] glasses increased with increasing tungsten oxide (WO₃) content and frequency but decreased with increasing temperature. Dielectric loss factor (ε^″) of [Na₂B₄O₇–SiO₂–Ge₂O₃–WO₃] glasses decreased with increasing frequency but it increased with increasing temperature. Imaginary modulus (M′) of [Na₂B₄O₇–SiO₂–(Ge₂O₃)_15-x–(WO₃)_x] decreased with increasing both temperature and frequency. Imaginary modulus (M″) of [Na₂B₄O₇–SiO₂–(Ge₂O₃)_15-x–(WO₃)_x] increased with increasing temperature up to 400 °k then decreased. Also it increased with decreasing frequency at temperature range from 300 to 400 °k, while decreased with decreasing frequency at temperature range from 410 to 480 °k.