Dieses Kapitel befasst sich mit den komplexen räumlichen Konfigurationen der Schnittstellen zwischen Stadt und Garten im Paris des 19. Jahrhunderts, mit besonderem Schwerpunkt auf dem Bois de Boulogne. Es beginnt mit der Definition von Interfaceräumen als räumliche Schwellen, die unterschiedliche urbane Gebiete verbinden, und verwendet den Bois de Boulogne als Fallstudie, um diese Konzepte zu illustrieren. Das Kapitel bietet einen historischen Hintergrund für die Erneuerung von Paris unter Baron Haussmann und Ingenieur Adolphe Alphand und beleuchtet die Schaffung von Grünflächen und Boulevards, die die Stadtlandschaft prägten. Der Bois de Boulogne mit seinen sechs großen Eingängen und strategischen Verbindungen wird eingehend untersucht und enthüllt, wie sein Design sowohl historischen als auch modernen Transportbedürfnissen Rechnung trug. Das Kapitel befasst sich auch mit dem Parc Monceau, einem weiteren bedeutenden Stadtpark, und seiner innovativen Mischnutzung. Der Abschnitt über die Methodik skizziert den Einsatz von Raumsyntax, Figurground und Erhebungsmethoden, um die räumliche Konfiguration städtischer Layouts an Parkschnittstellen zu analysieren. Zu den wichtigsten Ergebnissen zählen die Auswirkungen der Infrastrukturentwicklung auf die städtische Mobilität und das Potenzial für eine Sanierung an den Parkschnittstellen. Das Kapitel schließt mit der Betonung der Bedeutung städtischer Parkschnittstellen in der historischen Stadtlandschaft von Paris und der Notwendigkeit einer strategischen Neugestaltung, um die Vernetzung und Integration in der Stadt zu verbessern.
KI-Generiert
Diese Zusammenfassung des Fachinhalts wurde mit Hilfe von KI generiert.
Abstract
Interfaces in urban spatial structure may be understood as a type of spatial form that establishes relationships between distinctive parts of a whole, characterized by their degree of connectivity and integration and porosity. In order to characterize the way spatial interfaces may be formed between parks and urban fabric, this paper reveals a typology of interface occurring at two different Paris parks, the Bois de Boulogne and Parc Monceau, as set in Baron Haussmann’s redesigned urban fabric of Paris in the mid 19th century. A review of interface in these two parks reveals distinctive transformations through urban development. Figure ground analysis is used to highlight the spatial configuration of interface with intensive study of the 16th Arr. Undertaken using Space syntax methods of axial angular and segment analysis to understand how the urban fabric south of the Bois de Boulogne composes integration and forms centers in the 1865 and 2020 urban plans.
1 Introduction
The construct of interface may be understood as a type of spatial form that establish relations between distinctive parts of a whole, characterized by their different degree of connectivity (Hillier and Hanson 1984) and porosity, or through distinctiveness and division of a whole spatial form into parts. (Aouissi et. al. 2021) As a typology, interface spaces may function as a spatial threshold between the city and another functional spatial type, (Ortiz-Baez 2021) or indicate median balancing of multiple functional purpose areas. (Ortiz-Baez 2021) In this paper spatial interface configurations as a type of topological spatial structure is examined in the 16th Arrondissement (Arr.) of Paris, using mixed methods that include space syntax analysis of street configuration, figure ground diagrams and arial photographs that visually describe the configuration of blocks. In research applying space syntax methodologies, the topographical features in urban spatial layouts have been found to generate movement and indicate the morphological differentiations of urban spatial structures. (Hiller and Hanson 1984). These methods are combined to characterize the spatial formation of the interface of urban blocks and fabric with the entrances and edge of the parks (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1.
Bois de Boulogne southern edge urban park interface 1865 (BNF Gallica)
1.1 Background to the Renewal of Paris 1850–1875
Baron Eugene Haussmann (1809–91) was appointed by Emperor Napoleon III from 1853 to 1870 to direct the urban modernization program as Prefect of the Seine. (Gabourg 1865) The strategy involved removal of the existing city boundary, annexing suburban communes to Paris up to the Thiers fortification barrier (constructed in the 1840’s) to establish a new boundary for the city of Paris. (Paccoud 2015) To realize the planning and construction of parks and gardens, Haussmann appointed Engineer Adolphe Alphand as Chief of Promenades and Plantations to oversee the implementation of urban design and landscaping from 1850 to 1875. Over 2000 hectares of green spaces, gardens, parks, urban squares, and wide tree lined boulevards, formed the new Paris landscape. (de Moncan 2007) In 1930 the Thiers fortification wall was demolished. The Paris urban structure plan of 1948 developed a strategy for the construction of green space on the released terrain which had turned into informal settlements and slums. Rather than develop the land as a ring of gardens around Paris, as initially conceived by Alphand, a strategy was adopted in 1958 to transform the peri-urban boundary zone into a dual-carriage ring road referred to as the Boulevard Périphérique. Today the terrain surrounding the Périphérique is an important element in the new Paris urban resiliency strategy.
Anzeige
1.2 Bois de Boulogne 1860–66
Bois de Boulogne (1860–66) situated in the 16th Arrondissement was renewed through urban landscape design. A total of six entrances, Porte Maillot, Porte Dauphine, Porte la Muette, Porte de Passy, Porte d Auteuil, Porte de Saint Cloud, were opened in the barrier along the southern edge of the Bois de Boulogne. The first connection to the Bois de Boulogne was along the Avenue Bois de Boulogne, later named Avenue Foch forming a prestigious axis from the Arc de Triomphe and Champs-Élysées to the Bois. The final dimension of this axis, as it is today, is 140 m wide and 1200 m long, terminating into the Porte Dauphine. A boulevard connection between Porte la Muette to the Trocadéro and River Seine was also established. The spatial composition of the interface was designed to accommodate horse and carriage and new rail transportation. The surrounding terrain at the time of its engineering layout was primarily agricultural fields with small village settlements.
1.3 Parc Monceau 1861
Parc Monceau innovatively subdivided parc terrain to introduce mixed use composition of residences and hotels. It was a central development in Baron Haussmans’ reorganization of Paris. Situated in the 8th Arrondissement, the parc was originally laid out in 1771–1779 Lousi Carrogis under the commission of Louis Philippe-Joseph D’ Orleans, also known as the Duc de Charters. (Hays 1999) In 1861 Baron Haussman purchased the parc from the Orleans family. The parc was renewed as a French second empire garden by Alphand and Barillet-Deschamps to feature sweeping lawns, exotic plants and a serpentine lake encircled by tree belts and circular paths. The circumference of the Parc is 1107 m covering 8.2 ha. (Limido 2002) Davioud subdivided the parc into two parts with a terrain layout that uniformly distributed 86,955 m of land around the perimeter. The layout included new plots and streets, with a portion sold to the Pereire financiers on the condition of building hotels and residences. A neo-classical rotunda, originally designed as a tax collection building by Nicolas Ledoux 1787–88, protrudes into Boulevard de Courcelles signifying the focal point of perspective on the boulevard to balance the surrounding buildings and the garden. Notably it is the site of the inauguration ceremony of the Parc Monceau, attended by Emperor Napoleon III and Baron Haussmann on August 13, 1865 (Gabourd 1865).
2 Methodology
This research project applies space syntax methods, figure-ground, and site survey methods to characterize the spatial configuration of urban layouts at instances of the interface of urban fabric and park layouts. Formulas for syntactic measures are shown in Table 1. Two approaches (axial angular and segment T1024 analysis) at the scales of global Rn and local R3 levels is applied to understand how these spatial formations influence the topological structure of street and block configurations which in turn shapes pedestrian and vehicular movement, the formation of urban centers and urban areas with vibrant land uses. (Hillier and Hanson 1984, Hillier 1993, Peponis et al. 1998).
3 Findings
3.1 Urban-Park Interface Assembly of Blocks, Streets and Architecture
The assemblage is composed of irregular urban fabric at the urban park interface dominant spatial functions in 1865 was Alphand’s insertion of infrastructure for urban rail that expanded the centrifugal force of urban movement. The southern edge of the park was substantially adjusted over time due to the removal of the Thiers barrier wall and development of the Périphérique ring road. This has resulted in the decomposition of the monumental axis of the ensemble, as the interface has become a high-volume automobile interchange. The 1948 structure plan for Paris highlights the urban configuration at the park interface as significant areas of development. Opportunities exist to develop this terrain with distinctive architectural projects (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2.
1948 Paris structure plan (BNF Gallica)
Anzeige
3.2 Space Syntax Analysis
The axial angular analysis of urban layout in the 16th Arr. as shown in the 1865 and 2020 urban plans (see Table 2) that indicate the presence of three strong integration axis, shown by the dark red lines adjacent to the river Seine in the 1865 global Rn result. A stronger integration result emerges in the 2020 urban layout adjacent to the southern edge of the Bois de Boulogne, with a second axis of integration on Avenue Foch connecting Porte Dauphine to the Arc de Triomphe de l’Etoile. At the local axial angular level (R3), the analysis highlights a complex structure of integrated streets with the presence of small centers, indicated at the point of convergence of axial lines with strong integration. This analysis also indicates a shift in the 1865 integration core to have occurred, as seen in the 2020 analysis, towards urban blocks between Porte Dauphine and Porte la Muette. Fragmentation in the lower part of the 16th Arr. is apparent in the 2020 local analysis (R3) (Table 2) due to an earlier settlement with poor integration into the larger network of urban movement. R3 Metric analysis results in the Segment Analysis (Table 2) reflects strong centrality in the upper center of the 1860 layout of land parcels and streets between Porte Dauphine and Porte la Muette. The composition indicates centrality as an elongated two center integrated mass. Notably there is a shift to the southern central area below Porte la Muette. The areas adjacent and to the south of Porte la Muette are ideally positioned for redevelopment to increase sustainable inner-city density and commercial activities without compromising the historic character of the 16th Arr. The aim must be to introduce greater connectivity and integration to the south of the district as indicated in Table 2 by the 2020 segment analysis.
Table 1.
Axial angular analysis contrasting 1865 and 2020 plans of 16th Arr.
The image displays a comparative axial angular analysis of a city's street network for the years 1850 and 2020. It consists of six maps arranged in two rows and three columns, labeled CN, RN, and R3, representing different integration measures. The maps use color gradients to indicate connectivity and integration levels, with red indicating higher integration and blue indicating lower. Below the maps, a table provides numerical data on integration and connectivity for each year and measure, showing changes over time. The analysis highlights the evolution of urban connectivity and integration from 1850 to 2020.
The image shows a comparative analysis of street networks in a specific area for the years 1860 and 2020. It consists of two rows of maps, each with three columns labeled "T1024 Segment Rn," "Segment total depth Rn," and "R3 Metric." The maps use color gradients to represent different levels of integration and depth within the street network. Below the maps, a table provides numerical data for the 16th arrondissement, detailing "T1024 Integration Rn," "T1024 Total Depth," and "Metric MD R3" with minimum, average, and maximum values for both years. The data indicates changes in street network complexity and connectivity over time.
3.3 Figure-Ground Configuration
Table 3 reflects the figure-ground analysis of the urban configuration where attention is focused on the contrast in block formations from 1865 and 2020. One structural problem challenging the reinsertion of pedestrian functions at the urban-park interface today is the scale (dimension) of the interface terrain at Porte Dauphine and Porte la Muette, both of which were originally established for horse drawn carriages and trams. Integrating architectural developments at these points of interface may provide a strategy to maintain the historical landscape continuity as a legacy of nineteenth century urban planning. The complex morphology of the interface requires more organization to the surrounding blocks and road circulation. Integrating light rail above ground further expands the potential to activate more pedestrianization in a livable city.
Table 3.
Taxonomy of urban-garden interface morphology 1865 & 2020
A comparative map visualization showing the urban development of the 16th Arrondissement in Paris from 1860 to 2020. The left column lists locations: Porte Maillot, Porte Dauphine, Porte la Muette, Porte Passy, Porte d'Auteil, and Porte St. Cloud. Each location has two circular maps: one from 1860 and one from 2020, illustrating changes in urban layout and green spaces. The right side features larger maps of the entire 16th Arrondissement for both years, highlighting significant changes in street patterns and park areas over time.
4 Conclusion
This papers emphasis is on the urban morphology of urban park interface points as an important aspect of the Paris historic urban landscape. The monumental form of the urban-park interface has been celebrated and refined over time at the Bois de Boulogne and Parc Monceau. Currently, the interior of the Bois de Boulogne is categorized as supporting urban leisure green space, sporting venues, and exhibition functions. Transportation planning has exploited the interfaces dimension and currently is redesigning the interface of Porte Maillot at the Bois de Boulogne for highspeed automobile interchanges and increased commercial and office density on the Champs-Élysées axis. In contrast the urban fabric surrounding the Parc Monceau is unaltered and has maintained its prestige as an urban district in the city. To date the 16th Arr. has not been extensively redeveloped. Rerouting traffic from the Périphérique ring road that enters the district from the Bois de Boulogne will alleviate traffic stress in the area and enable more lively pedestrian friendly centers to develop.
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapter's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the chapter's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
