Skip to main content

2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

5. Under the Microscope

verfasst von : Carey Gillam

Erschienen in: Whitewash

Verlag: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

So just how dangerous is glyphosate? Most people would agree that, as with virtually any pesticide, it’s not a good idea to drink it, bathe in it, or inhale it. Farmworkers are trained to wear protective gear when applying or mixing their farm chemicals and to follow an assortment of guidelines to protect themselves and others from harmful exposures. But the question of exactly how dangerous long-term use of glyphosate might be, especially in formulations such as Roundup, has thus far been hard to answer.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
1
Vera Lúcia de Liz Oliveira Cavalli et al., “Roundup Disrupts Male Reproductive Functions by Triggering Calcium-Mediated Cell Death in Rat Testis and Sertoli Cells,” Free Radical Biology and Medicine 65 (December 2013): 335–346, doi:10.​1016/​j.​freeradbiomed.​2013.​06.​043.
 
2
Robin Mesnage et al., “Multiomics Reveal Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Rats Following Chronic Exposure to an Ultra-Low Dose of Roundup Herbicide,” Scientific Reports 7 (January 2017): 39328, doi:10.​1038/​srep39328.
 
3
Jessica Nardi et al., “Prepubertal Subchronic Exposure to Soy Milk and Glyphosate Leads to Endocrine Disruption,” Food and Chemical Toxicology 100 (February 2017): 247–252, doi:10.​1016/​j.​fct.​2016.​12.​030.
 
4
Alejandra Paganelli et al., “Glyphosate-Based Herbicides Produce Teratogenic Effects on Vertebrates by Impairing Retinoic Acid Signaling,” Chemical Research in Toxicology 23, no. 10 (August 9, 2010): 1586–1595, doi:10.​1021/​tx1001749.
 
5
Michael Warren and Natacha Pisarenko, “Birth Defects, Cancer in Argentina Linked to Agrochemicals: AP Investigation,” Associated Press, October 21, 2013, http://​www.​ctvnews.​ca/​health/​birth-defects-cancer-in-argentina-linked-to-agrochemicals-ap-investigation-1.​1505096.
 
6
Channa Jayasumana et al., “Drinking Well Water and Occupational Exposure to Herbicides Is Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease, in Padavi-Sripura, Sri Lanka,” Environmental Health 14, no. 6 (January 18, 2015), doi:10.​1186/​1476-069X-14-6.
 
7
Nihal Jayatilake et al., “Chronic Kidney Disease of Uncertain Aetiology: Prevalence and Causative Factors in a Developing Country,” BMC Nephrology 14, no. 180 (August 2013), doi:10.​1186/​1471-2369-14-180.
 
8
U.S. Patent Office, “No. 3,160,632: Aminomethylenephosphinic Acids, Salts Thereof, and Process for Their Production,” Stauffer Chemical Company, December 8, 1964.
 
9
Channa Jayasumana, Sarath Gunatilake, and Priyantha Senanayake, “Glyphosate, Hard Water, and Nephrotoxic Metals: Are They the Culprits Behind the Epidemic of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology in Sri Lanka?,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 2 (2014): 2125–2147, doi:10.​3390/​ijerph110202125.
 
10
Kristin Wartman Lawless, “No One Knows Exactly How Much Herbicide Is in Your Breakfast,” VICE Media, May 11, 2016, http://​www.​vice.​com/​read/​no-one-knows-how-much-herbicide-is-in-your-breakfast.
 
11
Siriporn Thongprakaisang et al., “Glyphosate Induces Human Breast Cancer Cells Growth via Estrogen Receptors,” Food and Chemical Toxicology 59 (September 2013): 129–136, doi:10.​1016/​j.​fct.​2013.​05.​057.
 
12
Céline Gasnier et al., “Glyphosate-Based Herbicides Are Toxic and Endocrine Disruptors in Human Cell Lines,” Toxicology 262, no. 3 (August 21, 2009): 184–191, doi:10.​1016/​j.​tox.​2009.​06.​006.
 
13
Nicolas Defarge et al., “Co-formulants in Glyphosate-Based Herbicides Disrupt Aromatase Activity in Human Cells below Toxic Levels,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 3 (February 26, 2016): 264, doi:10.​3390/​ijerph13030264.
 
14
Nora Benachour and Gilles-Eric Séralini, “Glyphosate Formulations Induce Apoptosis and Necrosis in Human Umbilical, Embryonic, and Placental Cells,” Chemical Research in Toxicology 22, no. 1 (2009): 97–105, doi: 10.​1021/​tx800218n.
 
15
World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Evaluation of Five Organophosphate Insecticides and Herbicides, IARC Monographs vol. 112, March 20, 2015, p. 79, http://​monographs.​iarc.​fr/​ENG/​Monographs/​vol112/​mono112-09.​pdf.
 
16
Pesticide Action Network International, “The Glyphosate Monograph,” October 2016, p. 4, http://​issuu.​com/​pan-uk/​docs/​glyphosate_​monograph_​complete?​e=​28041656/​43997864.
 
17
Paul Winchester, MD, report to 2017 Children’s Environmental Health Translational Research Conference, Arlington, VA, April 5, 2017.
 
18
Leah Schinasi and Maria E. Leon, “Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Occupational Exposure to Agricultural Pesticide Chemical Groups and Active Ingredients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 4 (April 2014): 4449–4527, doi:10.​3390/​ijerph110404449.
 
19
National Cancer Institute, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, “Cancer Stat Facts: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma,” https://​seer.​cancer.​gov/​statfacts/​html/​nhl.​html.
 
20
Michael C. R. Alavanja et al., “Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Risk and Insecticide, Fungicide, and Fumigant Use in the Agricultural Health Study,” PLOS One, October 22, 2014, doi:10.​1371/​journal.​pone.​0109332.
 
21
A. J. De Roos et al., “Integrative Assessment of Multiple Pesticides as Risk Factors for Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma among Men,” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 60, no. e11 (2003), doi:10.​1136/​oem.​60.​9.​e11, http://​www.​occenvmed.​com/​cgi/​content/​full/​60/​9/​e11.
 
22
Lennart Hardell and Mikael Eriksson, “A Case-Control Study of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Exposure to Pesticides,” Cancer 85, no. 6 (March 15, 1999): 1353–1360, doi:10.​1002/​(SICI)1097-0142(19990315)85:​6%3C1 353::AID-CNCR19>3.0.CO;2-1.
 
23
Helen H. McDuffie et al., “Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma and Specific Pesticide Exposures in Men: Cross-Canada Study of Pesticides and Health,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 10, no. 11 (November 2001): 1155–1163, http://​cebp.​aacrjournals.​org/​content/​10/​11/​1155.​full-text.​pdf.
 
24
John Peterson Myers et al., “Concerns over Use of Glyphosate-Based Herbicides and Risks Associated with Exposures: A Consensus Statement,” Environmental Health 15, no. 19 (February 17, 2016), doi:10.​1186/​s12940-016-0117-0.
 
25
Ibid.
 
26
Monsanto Company, “Monsanto Transitions away from Tallowamine in Products,” blog posting, April 8, 2016, http://​monsantoblog.​eu/​monsanto-transitions-away-from-tallowamine-in-products-enfr/​#.
 
27
Monsanto Company, “Glyphosate Safety by the Numbers,” http://​news.​monsanto.​com/​image/​infographic/​glyphosate-safety-numbers.
 
28
Gary M. Williams, Robert Kroes, and Ian C. Munro, “Safety Evaluation and Risk Assessment of the Herbicide Roundup and Its Active Ingredient, Glyphosate, for Humans,” Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 31, no. 2 (April 2000): 117–165, doi:10.​1006/​rtph.​1999.​1371.
 
29
William Heydens (Monsanto), e-mail to Donna Farmer (Monsanto), February 19, 2015, https://​usrtk.​org/​wp-content/​uploads/​2017/​03/​Heydens.​png.
 
30
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, In Re: Roundup Products Liability Litigation, Case No. 3:16-md-02741-VC, Document 226-3, Filed April 6, 2017, p. 2, https://​usrtk.​org/​wp-content/​uploads/​2017/​04/​226series.​pdf.
 
32
Larry D. Kier and David J. Kirkland, “Review of Genotoxicity Studies of Glyphosate and Glyphosate-Based Formulations,” Critical Reviews in Toxicology 43, no. 4 (2013): 283–315, doi:10.​3109/​10408444.​2013.​770820.
 
33
U.S. Public Interest Research Group, “Monsanto Colluded to ‘Ghost-Write’ Studies on the Pesticide Roundup,” press release, March 15, 2017, http://​www.​uspirg.​org/​news/​usp/​monsanto-colluded-ghost-write-studies-pesticide-roundup.
 
35
Anneclaire J. De Roos et al., “Cancer Incidence among Glyphosate-Exposed Pesticide Applicators in the Agricultural Health Study,” Environmental Health Perspectives 113, no. 1 (January 2005; published online November 4, 2004): 49–54, doi:10.​1289/​ehp.​7340.
 
36
Aaron Blair, in conversation with the author, March 2015.
 
37
World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, vol. 112, Some Organophosphate Insecticides and Herbicides, published online 2015, updated August 2016, pp. 77–79, http://​monographs.​iarc.​fr/​ENG/​Monographs/​vol112/​mono112-10.​pdf.
 
38
Francesco Forastiere, in conversation with the author, September 2016.
 
39
International Agency for Research on Cancer, “Preamble to the IARC Monographs,” Section B (6), http://​monographs.​iarc.​fr/​ENG/​Preamble/​currentb6evalrat​ionale0706.​php.
 
40
Christopher Portier, in conversation with the author, September 2016.
 
41
Donna Farmer, “What the IARC 2A Rating for Glyphosate Really Means,” Beyond the Rows (Monsanto Company blog), March 20, 2015, http://​monsantoblog.​com/​2015/​03/​20/​what-the-iarc-2a-rating-for-glyphosate-really-means/​.
 
42
Daniel Jenkins (Monsanto), e-mail to Michael Goodis (EPA), March 23, 2015.
 
43
Philip Miller (Monsanto), letter to Margaret Chen (WHO), March 20, 2015.
 
44
Christopher Wild (IARC), letter to Philip Miller (Monsanto), April 16, 2015.
 
45
Howard Minigh (CropLife International), letter to Margaret Chen (WHO) and Christopher Wild (IARC), May 13, 2015.
 
46
Monsanto Company internal report, “Proposal for Post-IARC Meeting Scientific Projects Draft,” Case No. 3:16-md-02741-VC in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, Document 187-5, May 11, 2015, p. 1.
 
47
Carey Gillam, “Monsanto Says Panel to Review WHO Finding on Cancer Link to Herbicide,” Reuters, July 14, 2015, http://​www.​reuters.​com/​article/​us-monsanto-herbicide-idUSKCN0PO2FM201​50714.
 
48
Monsanto Company v. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment and Lauren Zeise, Case No. 16-CECG-00183 in the Superior Court of the State of California, County of Fresno, http://​www.​monsanto.​com/​files/​documents/​monvoehha.​pdf.
 
49
Francesco Forastiere, in conversation with the author, September 2016.
 
50
Sharon Lerner, “EPA Used Monsanto’s Research to Give Roundup a Pass,” The Intercept, November 3, 2015, https://​theintercept.​com/​2015/​11/​03/​epa-used-monsanto-funded-research/​.
 
51
Jess Rowland (EPA), memorandum to Charles Smith and Khue Nguyen (EPA) titled “Glyphosate: Report of the Cancer Assessment Review Committee,” October 1, 2015, http://​www.​acsh.​org/​wp-content/​uploads/​2016/​05/​EPA-glyphosate-document-final.​pdf.
 
52
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, “Summary of ORD Comments on OPP’s Glyphosate Cancer Assessment,” December 14, 2015, https://​usrtk.​org/​wp-content/​uploads/​2017/​03/​ORDcommentsonOPP​glyphosate.​pdf.
 
53
 
54
Daniel J. Jenkins (Monsanto), e-mail to William F. Heydens (Monsanto), April 28, 2015, https://​usrtk.​org/​wp-content/​uploads/​2017/​03/​JessRowlandserie​s.​pdf.
 
55
Jess Rowland (EPA), memorandum to Charles Smith and Khue Nguyen (EPA) titled “Glyphosate: Report of the Cancer Assessment Review Committee,” October 1, 2015, http://​www.​acsh.​org/​wp-content/​uploads/​2016/​05/​EPA-glyphosate-document-final.​pdf.
 
56
Daniel J. Jenkins (Monsanto), e-mail to Tracey L. Reynolds (Monsanto), September 3, 2015, https://​usrtk.​org/​wp-content/​uploads/​2017/​03/​JessRowlandserie​s.​pdf.
 
57
Plaintiffs’ Motion to Compel Deposition of Jess Rowland, Case No. 3:16-md-02741-VC in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, Document 189, filed March 14, 2017, https://​usrtk.​org/​wp-content/​uploads/​2017/​03/​JessRowlandserie​s.​pdf.
 
58
Plaintiffs’ Reply in Further Support of Motion to Compel Responses from Deponent Jesudoss Rowland, Case No. 3:16-md-02741-VC in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, Document 284, filed May 10, 2017, https://​usrtk.​org/​wp-content/​uploads/​2017/​05/​MDLPlaintiffsrep​lyonRowlanddepo.​pdf.
 
59
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, “Glyphosate Issue Paper: Evaluation of Carcinogenic Potential,” September 12, 2016, https://​www.​epa.​gov/​sites/​production/​files/​2016-09/​documents/​glyphosate_​issue_​paper_​evaluation_​of_​carcincogenic_​potential.​pdf.
 
60
Monsanto Company, internal document titled “Glyphosate,” Case No. 3:16-md-02741-VC in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, Document 189-5, p. 2.
 
61
Monsanto Company, “The EPA’s Registration Review of Glyphosate,” http://​www.​monsanto.​com/​pages/​epa-review-of-glyphosate.​aspx.
 
64
Carey Gillam, “EPA Bows to Chemical Industry in Delay of Glyphosate Cancer Review,” Huffington Post, October 19, 2016, http://​www.​huffingtonpost.​com/​carey-gillam/​epa-bows-to-chemical-indu_​b_​12563438.​html.
 
65
Peter Infante, in conversation with the author, October 2016.
 
66
Peter Infante, in conversation with the author, December 2016.
 
67
Steve Davies, “Glyphosate Panel Split on Chemical’s Carcinogenicity,” Agri-Pulse Communications, December 16, 2016, http://​www.​agri-pulse.​com/​Glyphosate-science-panel-split-on-chemicals-carcinogenicity-12162016.​asp#.​WFWBBpLGV94.​twitter.
 
68
Vicky Laybourne, in conversation with the author, January 2016.
 
70
Thierry Vrain, in conversation with the author, March 2016.
 
71
Ibid.
 
Metadaten
Titel
Under the Microscope
verfasst von
Carey Gillam
Copyright-Jahr
2017
Verlag
Island Press/Center for Resource Economics
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-833-6_6