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2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

5. Upholding the Responsibility?

verfasst von : Pınar Gözen Ercan

Erschienen in: Debating the Future of the ‘Responsibility to Protect’

Verlag: Palgrave Macmillan UK

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Abstract

In his various reports, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon highlights that states have a responsibility to protect their populations from atrocity crimes, and that such responsibility arises from well-established rules of international law. Nevertheless, as Shaw (2003, p. 58) reminds, ‘most of the mass killings of modern history can be laid at the door of state organizations. States are the practitioners of slaughter par excellence’. From an R2P point of view, this corresponds to a manifest failure of states, which would invoke the responsibility of the international community. It is the assumption of such responsibility by the international community, which arguably is the genuine point where R2P can lead to a change in the pattern of failure at the state level and become an answer to the call for ‘no more Rwandas’.

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Fußnoten
1
Some of the prominent R2P groups are Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect (GCR2P), the International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect (ICRtoP) and the Asia Pacific Centre for the Responsibility to Protect (APCR2P).
 
2
‘Packing winds upward of 120 miles an hour (193 km an hour), Cyclone Nargis became one of Asia’s deadliest storms by hitting land at one of the lowest points in Myanmar (also called Burma) and setting off a storm surge that reached 25 miles (40 km) inland’, which resulted with a reported 100,000 deaths (National Geographic 2010).
 
3
‘On 21 April 2008, a coalition of 105 representatives from civil society, including human rights activists, faith groups, and students in Africa wrote a communiqué, which included a discussion of the applicability of RtoP, and called for a concerned and effective response by the international community to guarantee effective aid delivery and livelihoods to the Zimbabwean people’ (ICRtoP 2009).
 
4
‘While the severity of the crimes surrounding the 2008 elections was uncontested, there was debate among scholars and supporters of the RtoP norm as to whether the crimes committed by Mugabe against opponents and human rights activists were crimes against humanity that met the RtoP threshold’ (ICRtoP 2009).
 
5
The Economist, in an article, considered Nigeria as ECOWAS’s ‘Achilles heel’: ‘Africa’s most populous country[’s …] economy is twice as big as the other members’ combined. The club’s headquarters is in Nigeria, which, on some counts, provides a third of the cash for ECOWAS and a big chunk of its peacekeeping troops’. All these factors combined, it becomes problematic for the members of the Organisation to disapprove of what is going on within the territory of the Nigerian State (The Economist 2010).
 
6
As Jackson (2007, pp. 7–8) reminds: ‘Sovereignty was originally a way of escape from dictation and direction by outsiders and it remains to this day an institution that prohibits unwarranted foreign interference in the jurisdiction of state’.
 
7
Bloomfield (2016, p. 13) refers to Brazil as a ‘competitor entrepreneur’ since it is ‘committed to “something like R2P” even though [it] disagree[s] about the norm’s exact scope and content’.
 
8
See, for instance, Evans (2012a); Johnson, A. and Mueen, S. (2012); Thakur, R. (2013); Morris, J. (2013).
 
9
‘The plan calls for an end to violence, access for humanitarian agencies to provide relief to those in need, the release of detainees, the start of inclusive political dialogue, and unrestricted access to the country for the international media’ (UNNC 2012).
 
10
In addition to its effective control in and out of the territory, in order to counter the indiscriminate rocket attacks of Hamas, Israel has been undertaking military operations such as the 2008 Operation ‘Hot Winter’, 2008–2009 Gaza War, 2011 cross-border attack, March 2012 Operation ‘Returning Echo’, October 2012 Operation ‘Pillar of Defense’, or 2014 Operation ‘Protective Edge’, some of which have been at the centre of the allegations of war crimes.
 
11
Regarding the case of Darfur, Bloomfield (2016, p. 16) notes that even after Resolution 1706, ‘mass atrocities continued largely unchecked, and sustained resistance meant it proved impossible to include R2P-like language in subsequent resolutions, causing many R2P entrepreneurs to fret about the implications for R2P’s legal status’.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Upholding the Responsibility?
verfasst von
Pınar Gözen Ercan
Copyright-Jahr
2016
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52427-0_5