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2019 | Buch

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Urban and Regional Planning in Turkey

herausgegeben von: Ö. Burcu Özdemir Sarı, Prof. Suna S. Özdemir, Prof. Dr. Nil Uzun

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : The Urban Book Series

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

This book presents an overview of urban and regional planning in Turkey. It discusses the fundamental topics and contemporary issues in the field. The book is organized in two parts and it includes 14 chapters. Chapter 1 is designed as an introduction defining the framework of urbanisation in Turkey, and the evolution of urban planning providing a background for the remaining chapters. In Part I, contemporary issues of urban and regional planning in Turkey are covered (i.e., new route taken by regional planning, the role of the planner in the process of shaping the urban form of Turkish cities, the specific features of Turkish city centres, large-scale public investments and their effects on urban areas, urban growth of Turkish cities from an urban morphological viewpoint, and problems and recent planning discussions related to the conservation of archaeological heritage). The challenges faced by urban and regional planning in Turkey are discussed in Part II (i.e., major challenges in residential transformation, excess housing production and the future of housing markets, challenges posed by increasing (global) immigration and refugees, challenges due to integration of a resilience thinking framework into the planning systems, development and planning activities of settlements in hazard prone areas, and the current state of climate policy and governance). In the concluding chapter an overall assessment of the contemporary issues and challenges for urban and regional planning in Turkey is made with special emphasis on the last 15 years of the country. Discussions on the case of Turkey could be useful examples both for developed and developing countries.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Urbanisation and Urban Planning in Turkey

Abstract

Urban and regional planning, as an institution, differs significantly from country to country depending on the legal and institutional contexts of each state. The significance of urban and regional planning increased in Turkey in 1923 following the foundation of the Republic. Economic policies executed by the government have always had an effect on urbanisation in Turkey. In fact, different economic policies and models applied since 1923 defined the different periods of urbanisation in the country. These periods also define the changes in urban and regional planning. There are basically four different models of economic development applied starting from 1923. A centralised, state-dominated model was the first one, and it was implemented until the 1950s. Liberalisation, the second model, was adopted in the 1950s. Mechanisation in agriculture set off rural-to-urban migration, and the rate of urbanisation increased very rapidly. This period lasted until the 1980s when Turkey’s economy underwent radical changes with the introduction of the privatisation model within the context of globalisation. The fourth period, starting after the general elections of 2002, can be considered a continuation of the third one. Economic and political changes in this period have had substantial implications for cities.

Nil Uzun, Ö. Burcu Özdemir Sarı, Suna S. Özdemir

Contemporary Issues of Urban and Regional Planning

Frontmatter

Chapter 2. A New Route for Regional Planning in Turkey: Recent Developments

Abstract

Since the 1930s, regional plans have been drawn up for various regions in Turkey. However, the institutional practice of regional development policy as well as regional planning began with the establishment of the State Planning Organisation in 1960. After the 1960s, through Five-Year National Development Plans, a regional development policy was defined, and regional development plans were formulated for some specific regions. In practice, there were some challenges and problems during that period in regional planning. The shift in the regional development policy and regional planning began in 1999 with Turkey’s accession period to the European Union. For adaptation to the EU’s regional policy, some new policies, legislation, and institutional set-ups were defined. This chapter mainly focuses on these new policies and instruments, namely the new route taken by regional planning in Turkey.

Suna S. Özdemir

Chapter 3. The Role of the Planner in the Shaping of Urban Form in Turkish Cities

Abstract

This study focuses on the role of the planner in the process of shaping the urban form of Turkish cities. The aim is to discuss the role of the planner from a historical perspective. After an examination of the changing nature of the Turkish planning system and development plans, the study provides a tentative framework for explaining the changing role of the planner. In its evolution throughout almost a century, from the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923 until the present day, the role of the planner in shaping the urban space has been reduced to the distribution of development rights. Priority is given to the construction of more buildings through projects conceived on the basis of single plots to replace old buildings with new ones or through urban regeneration projects on a neighbourhood scale, which are realized through the demolition of informal housing areas. In both cases, we see the absence of a structural understanding of the nature of the world we live in, where urban development plans have become the tools for replacement processes, and cities have become places where buildings come together without being woven into each other.

Tolga Ünlü

Chapter 4. An Analysis of the Framework of Urban Public Policy for Effective City Centre Development: The Planning Issues and Challenges for Turkish City Centres

Abstract

This chapter offers an insight to planning issues and challenges for Turkish city centres as well as an analysis of specific features of Turkish city centres along with general characteristics of urban public policy and programmes. It will discuss the impact of new consumption spaces (i.e., shopping centres) and development patterns (compactness vs. urban sprawl) on city centres; spatial problems of city centres; social segregation and inequality in city centres; and issues of accessibility in relation to major strategies of urban resilience. The goal is to uncover normative and descriptive characteristics of city centres at a multiscale level, which will be useful for investigating the theoretical and practical aspects related to city centres. This chapter will be helpful to find common ground among many countries for urban public policymaking, and hopefully, for more innovative and effective plans. Such policy programmes and plans developed specifically for city centres will help preserve and prosper city centre vitality in an era of complexity. This chapter explores whether there is regularity in site characteristics of city centres, which are implicit in theoretical foundations, and in probing further, to explore common planning issues and challenges that city centres are facing around the world.

Burcu H. Ozuduru

Chapter 5. The Effects of Large-Scale Public Investment on Cities and Regions in Turkey

Abstract

Large-scale government investments have crucial impacts on the economy as well as social, environmental, and cultural realms in Turkey. These investments, targeting the building of a nation state once, turned into economic-oriented profit-seeking projects after the 1980s. The large-scale projects, also named as megaprojects in the literature, have been successful to a certain extent, while their negative repercussions have been evident due to prioritizing economic gains over social and environmental benefits, and accounting for limited participation. The large-scale projects discussed in this section are; The Southeastern Anatolia Project which aimed to support socio-economic development via agriculture and industry in the most disadvantaged region of the country; tourism investments after the enactment of the “Law for the Encouragement of Tourism” which favored economic growth primarily in coastal zones; critical infrastructure projects such as highway projects, the High Speed Train, and the İzmir suburban rail which focused on improved connections. These projects are discussed with regard to their initial intentions, scopes, performances, and consequences. Most of them are criticized for disrupting social and natural values while economic benefits have also been limited, except for some successful projects such as Izmir suburban rail (IZBAN) which supports networking while amalgamating technical know-how and local experience.

Müzeyyen Anıl Şenyel

Chapter 6. The Urban Growth and Development Periods of Turkish Cities: A Fringe-Belt Perspective

Abstract

This study aims to elaborate a discussion on the urban growth of Turkish cities from an urban morphological viewpoint and to question the applicability of the urban fringe-belt concept to explain the growth of Turkish cities and their urban structure. It has been recognized that the inner fringe belt that surrounded the historic core emerged and developed during the late Ottoman period was consolidated during the early Republican period and then experienced further changes in the subsequent periods. The inner fringe belt was enveloped by residential accretions, produced as a bourgeoisie environment by jumping over the inner fringe belt. The units of the middle fringe belt began to appear in the early Republican period and intensified during the 1950s. It was consolidated after the second wave of sprawl through large-scale housing projects, while at the same time, informal residential environments encircled the inner and middle fringe belts. This study suggests a tentative framework for a discussion on the development periods of Turkish cities in relation to fringe-belt development. The more these cities are studied, the more accurate results will be acquired.

Tolga Ünlü, Yener Baş

Chapter 7. Planning Challenges for Archaeological Heritage

Abstract

The cultural and historical accumulation of various cultures and their socio-spatial development throughout history have left behind numerous archaeological sites in contemporary Turkey. Some of the more popular ones, Çatalhöyük, Ephesus, Hierapolis, Troy, Hattusa, Pergamon, Aphrodisias and, more recently, Göbekli Tepe, which is a unique site that has dramatically changed the understanding of human history, are listed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. At all such sites, the primary concerns are related to site management, and these can be resolved through the provision of basic guidance and tools rather than through urban and regional planning strategies. This article focuses on the problems and recent planning discussions in urban or regional contexts related to the conservation of archaeological heritage. The article begins by discussing the current legislation and administrative framework to provide an understanding of recent planning issues in Turkey. Finally, the main themes of the article are two particular planning challenges related to archaeological heritage in Turkey—large-scale projects that threaten archaeological heritage and multi-layered historic city centres—which will be discussed in detail supported by case studies as İstanbul, Ankara, İzmir, Antakya, Tarsus and Bergama.

Burak Belge

Challenges of Urban and Regional Planning

Frontmatter

Chapter 8. Transformation in Residential Areas: Regeneration or Redevelopment?

Abstract

Transformation of urban residential areas has always been an important issue for urban planners and policy-makers. Starting in 1923, with the foundation of the Turkish Republic, residential development became an important issue along with the problems brought about by rapid urbanisation. Major Turkish metropolitan cities like Ankara, İzmir, and İstanbul have undergone transformation more than ever since the 1980s. Along with the problems of city centre transformation, changes in the residential areas of these cities have been an important challenge to planners and policy-makers. With increasing importance, urban transformation projects have been the main tools to realise residential transformation. They have even replaced urban development plans in some instances. On the other hand, since 2002 the construction sector has been the driving force behind the economy, increasing the importance of urban transformation. Ankara is representative of other cities in Turkey. In this chapter, urban transformation in Ankara is described with reference to economic development, legislative changes, and the housing sector of the whole country. The emphasis will be on the last two periods of development, starting with the 1980s, in which major challenges in urban transformation are rooted.

Nil Uzun

Chapter 9. Redefining the Housing Challenges in Turkey: An Urban Planning Perspective

Abstract

The Global Financial Crisis of 2007–2008 resulted in falling house prices, declining construction activity, and deteriorating affordability in the countries affected by the crisis. The Turkish housing markets reacted differently from their European counterparts due to Turkey’s recently developed mortgage finance system, unvaried mortgage finance products, less reliance on mortgage finance in housing transactions, and governmental support for construction. Particularly over the last 15 years, the country has achieved high levels of housing output. Despite this performance in housing production, the housing problem in Turkish cities has long been considered as a quantitative deficiency by subsequent governments. This study argues that increasing the quantity of the housing stock is no longer the major housing challenge in Turkey. Instead, the problem involves supply management under the current conditions of the housing markets. From the urban and regional planning point of view, there is a need to redefine the housing problem(s) of the country concerning housing production levels across the country, housing affordability among different household groups and in different regions, tenure composition, and safety and quality of life in housing and living environments.

Ö. Burcu Özdemir Sarı

Chapter 10. Policy and Planning in the Age of Mobilities: Refugees and Urban Planning in Turkey

Abstract

This chapter discusses the challenges posed by Syrian refugee problem (a multifaceted “mobility” problem especially hitting metropolitan cities) on urban planning practices and discourses in Turkey. Here, we portray the refugee problem as a multiscalar one, where international, national and local authorities meet the challenge in different ways. The multiscalar lens allows us to detect how various problem areas (security, sheltering, etc.) have become intertwined and concentrated on urban areas after refugee influx. In that regard, first we depict the role of “urban planning” in “governance of (refugee) mobility” in neoliberal era. Secondly, we briefly touch upon the historical association between the mobility patterns and urbanization in Turkey since 1923 to detect how public authorities (at different scales of governing) reacted to these mobilities. This historical analysis helps us locate the Syrian refugee problem into its proper context as an urban planning problem (not simply as an IR or security problem). Lastly, we discuss Syrian Refugee Crisis’ challenges on urban areas and planning practices in Turkey by referring to its international, national and local governance. We conclude by summing up the key empirical and theoretical lessons drawn while also introducing analytical questions about the future direction of research.

Feriha Nazda Güngördü, Mustafa Kemal Bayırbağ

Chapter 11. Integrating the Resilience Perspective into the Turkish Planning System: Issues and Challenges

Abstract

Within the last decade, resilience has become both a major planning framework and a development goal for cities and regions facing a plethora of problems in different fields and at different scales. This chapter aims to identify the challenges that await governments when they integrate a resilience thinking framework into their planning systems. The chapter first provides a short explanation on the significance of resilience planning and then outlines a structural model for incorporating the social, economic, political, and institutional requirements in resilience thinking in city and regional planning. Next, the chapter provides a short analysis of the Turkish planning system to reveal its inherent problems and the issues that are likely to be most challenging in a shift towards resilience planning. Finally, based on the provided analyses, the chapter provides a critical discussion on the challenges in operationalizing resilience planning in the Turkish context. The findings reveal that there is a need for restructuring especially in Turkey’s institutional and legislative framework to improve coordination and cooperation, to assure the use of scientific knowledge within the decision-making processes, and to actualize the praxes of participation and engaged governance.

Deniz Altay Kaya

Chapter 12. Hazard-Prone Cities and Recent Challenges in the Case of Urban Transformation Experience of Turkey

Abstract

This chapter focuses on recent development and planning activities of settlements on hazard-prone areas across Turkey. The major contribution is to investigate challenges regarding recent urban transformation activities that the Law 6306 indicates. Those activities were realized in specific areas that were declared as risky areas (vulnerable residential areas) and in specific buildings that were declared as risky buildings (buildings subject to rebuilding) either within or outside such areas. Current outcomes of those activities in the cities, which might be observed by several neighbourhoods, are discussed since most of them could be found to be a bit controversial in several aspects. For instance, such neighbourhoods that are transformed under the Law 6306 are assumed to be relatively safer towards seismic risks after physical transformation processes which aim to create such urban spaces that are made up of so-called seismically safe structures in a city. However, outcomes of such partial changes might probably bring a new set of risk definitions such as additional infrastructural load that might use current capacities beyond their limits, increase in population densities that have negative impacts on the rest of the city and so forth. This chapter aims to highlight the consequences of such kind of transformation processes.

Meltem Şenol Balaban

Chapter 13. Challenges to Turkey’s Transition to a Low-Carbon Urban Development: A Roadmap for an Effective Climate Change Policy

Abstract

Turkey is an emerging economy with a growing gross domestic product, which brings with it a rapid increase in energy consumption. Turkey’s per capita GHG emissions increased from 3.88 tons of CO_2eq in 1990 to 6.07 tons of CO_2eq in 2015. Furthermore, due to being located in the Mediterranean Basin, Turkey is highly vulnerable to such impacts of climate change as temperature rises, flooding and water shortage. Since the early 2000s, there have been several efforts in developing a climate policy in Turkey. The EU accession negotiations have played a catalyst role in pushing the environmental agenda and climate policy forward. However, the current state of climate policy in Turkey is far from being a sound policy framework. Despite the introduction of several policy documents and institutional reforms, GHGs and climatic vulnerabilities of Turkish cities are increasing. This chapter investigates the current state of climate policy in Turkey so as to underline its shortcoming and weaknesses. Following the discussion on the existing situation, a roadmap is proposed to sidestep the existing shortcomings and develop a sound and internationally valid climate policy. The proposed roadmap is believed to facilitate the transition to a low-carbon urban development in Turkish cities.

Osman Balaban

Chapter 14. Evaluation of the Issues and Challenges in Turkey’s Urban Planning System

Abstract

This concluding chapter focuses particularly on the period, which starts with the 2002 general elections, covering almost the last 15 years of the country. In this period, Turkish cities have experienced significant spatial and social transformations. This raises a number of issues and challenges for urban and regional planning in Turkey. The current urban and regional planning agenda worldwide covers dozens of topics. For Turkey, three issues have become prominent: (i) actors (and institutions) other than planners (and planning) that have control capacity in the production and transformation of the built environment, and adverse effects of their actions on the integrity of urban plans and the control capacity of urban planning, (ii) the need to achieve resilient, safe, and sustainable urban environments, and (iii) consequences of population growth and the spatial expansion of cities as well as the problems stemming from the current efforts at urban transformation. Some cross-cutting issues and significant points among the chapters of the book are emphasised in this chapter. The Turkish case provides useful examples and fruitful discussions for international readers from developed and developing countries.

Ö. Burcu Özdemir Sarı, Suna S. Özdemir, Nil Uzun

Backmatter

Titel: Urban and Regional Planning in Turkey
herausgegeben von: Ö. Burcu Özdemir Sarı
Prof. Suna S. Özdemir
Prof. Dr. Nil Uzun
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-05773-2
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-05772-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05773-2