1 Introduction
2 Literature review
2.1 Procurement in humanitarian organizations
2.2 Sustainability and humanitarian supply chains/sourcing
2.3 Life cycle sustainability analysis
3 Methodology
3.1 Goal, functional unit, system boundaries, and data
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Road transport: 26–40-t truck; emission factor EURO 5; loading factor 80.0 % (outbound transport from kitchen set supplier to refugee camps); loading factor 100 % (inbound transport from steel supplier to kitchen set supplier); empty trip factor 20 %
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Sea transport: ship type “other global trade” (35–120 k dwt); loading factor 55.0 %; speed utilization 75 %
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Rail transport: diesel; coal and steel train; loading factor 100 %; empty trip factor 100 %
3.2 Assessment methods
3.2.1 Environmental assessment
3.2.2 Social assessment
3.2.3 Economic assessment
4 Inventory analysis and impact assessment
Inventory analysis | |
---|---|
Environmental LCA | Production: 895,830 kWh of energy is required to produce 228,378.5 kg of the primary product and 97,876.5 kg of scrap which is not recycled; scrap rate equals 30 %; no emissions to air or to water are reported Transportation: from steel manufacturer (Jamshedpur) to kitchen set factory (train, last-mile delivery: truck); to port of dispatch, Mumbai (truck); Mumbai–Mombasa (sea freight); Mombasa to Kakuma/Dadaab (truck) |
Social LCA | - Workers: Indian in general: India is a strongly unionized country; 14.4 % of children aged 10–14 in workforce; large gender gap: women earn 30 % less than men; low social expenditures; limited compliance with minimum wages Factory specific: good work ethics at factory; above average wages - Local community: 35 % of population access to improved sanitation facilities; potential material resource conflicts by forced migration; indigenous people do not seem to be harmed - Society: no/low public commitment to sustainability issues; steel production industry is major contributor to economic development |
LCC | Procurement costs per kitchen set: US $18.34. Transportation costs: India–Kakuma US$4.23; India–Dadaab US$3.23 |
Impact assessment | |
Environmental LCA | Production: 3923 kg of CO2 per 1000 kitchen sets (=1 t); 99 % of impacts related to human health Transportation: 140 kg of CO2 per 1000 kitchen sets (total from India to camps); main midpoint impacts of transportation are in climate change (CO2) and terrestrial acidification (SO2)a
|
Social LCA | - Workers: discrimination (IA score 5); aggregated IA: negative impact - Local community: safe and healthy living conditions (PA/IA score 4); respect of indigenous rights (PA/IA score 2); aggregated IA: indifferent impact (3.2) - Society: poor public commitments to sustainable issues (IA score 5); good contribution to economic development (IA score 1); aggregated IA: indifferent impact (3.4) - Total aggregated impact score: 3.87/indifferent-lightly negative effect |
Inventory analysis | |
---|---|
Environmental LCA | Production: 114,000 kWh of energy and 825 m3 of water are required to produce 418,000 kg of the primary product and 168,000 kg of scrap; scrap rate equals 35 %; no emissions to air are reported Transportation: from steel manufacturer (Jamshedpur) to port of Mumbai (train, last-mile delivery: truck); Mumbai–Mombasa (sea freight); Mombasa—kitchen set manufacturer Nairobi (truck); from Nairobi to Kakuma/Dadaab (truck) |
Social LCA | Kenya in general: - Workers: significant amount of trade unions; good working hour regulation/policy; medium level of discrimination - Local community: 29.4 % of the population has access to improved sanitation facilities; crime rate of Kenya is relatively high (rank 7 out of 120 countries) - Society: public commitment for sustainability issues through environmental tribunal; high violence vulnerability |
LCC | Procurement costs per kitchen set: US$23.10 Transportation costs: from Nairobi to Kakuma US$2.14; from Nairobi to Dadaab US$1.14 |
Impact assessment | |
Environmental LCA | Production: 363 kg of CO2 per 1000 kitchen sets (=1 t); 99 % of impact related to human healtha
|
Transportation: 162 kg of CO2 per 1000 kitchen sets; main midpoint impacts of transportation are in climate change (CO2), terrestrial acidification (SO2) and particulate matter formation (PM) | |
Social LCA | - Workers: positive impacts of freedom of association (IA score 1) and working hours (IA score 1); negative effects of fair salary (IA score 4) and discrimination (IA score 4); aggregate IA score: 2.7/indifferent/slightly positive effect for workers - Local community: poor access to material resources (IA score 4) and secure living conditions (IA score 5); aggregate IA score 4/negative effect for local workers - Society: positive effect of public commitments to sustainable issues (IA score 2); negative effects of corruption (IA score 4) - Total aggregated social impact score for Kenya: 3.23/indifferent-slightly negative effect |
4.1 International sourcing scenario: environmental LCA
4.2 International sourcing scenario: social LCA
4.3 International sourcing scenario: LCC
4.4 Local sourcing scenario: environmental LCA
4.5 Local sourcing scenario: social LCA
4.6 Local sourcing scenario: LCC
5 Interpretation
5.1 Environmental profile
5.2 Social profile
5.3 Life cycle costs
6 Discussion
International sourcing India | Local sourcing Kenya | ||
---|---|---|---|
Environmental LCA (endpoint impacts) | Production—HH | 0.00549159 |
0.00050909
|
Production—ED | 0.00003110 |
0.00000288
| |
Transportation—HH |
0.000215188
| 0.00025134 | |
Transportation—ED |
0.00000111
| 0.00000129 | |
Social LCA (IA scores) | Workers | 5 |
2.7
|
Local community |
3.2
| 4 | |
Society | 3.4 |
3
| |
LCC | Procurement costs/unit |
US$18.34
| US$23.10 |