nach oben

Journal of Happiness Studies

Erschienen in:

28.11.2015 | Research Paper

Using the Life Satisfaction Approach to Value Daylight Savings Time Transitions: Evidence from Britain and Germany

verfasst von: Daniel Kuehnle, Christoph Wunder

Erschienen in: Journal of Happiness Studies | Ausgabe 6/2016

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Daylight savings time represents a public good with costs and benefits. We provide the first comprehensive examination of the welfare effects of the spring and autumn transitions for the UK and Germany. Using individual-level data and a regression discontinuity design, we estimate the effect of the transitions on life satisfaction. Our results show that individuals in both the UK and Germany experience deteriorations in life satisfaction in the first week after the spring transition. We find no effect of the autumn transition. We attribute the negative effect of the spring transition to the reduction in the time endowment and the process of adjusting to the disruption in circadian rhythms. The effects are particularly strong for individuals with young children in the household. We conclude that the higher the shadow price of time, the more difficult is adjustment. Presumably, an increase in flexibility to reallocate time could reduce the welfare loss for individuals with binding time constraints.

Vorheriger Artikel Materialism, Spending, and Affect: An Event-Sampling Study of Marketplace Behavior and Its Affective Costs

Nächster Artikel Long-Term Development of Employee Well-Being: A Latent Transition Approach

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich

The study defines sleep efficiency as the ratio of actual sleeping time to total time in bed.

For a recent review using neuroimaging to describe brain functioning during sleep (see Dang-Vu et al. 2007).

We refer to individuals’ short-term time constraint when speaking of a “change in the time endowment”. In the long-term, we do, of course, not observe a change but a reallocation of the time endowment, as 1 h is transferred from spring to fall. We thank an anonymous referee for pointing this out.

Formally, the Lagrangian multiplier on the time constraint in a utility maximisation problem represents the shadow price of time (for a formal exposition, see Hamermesh and Lee 2007). More intuitively, the shadow price of time equals the marginal utility of relaxing the time constraint. Practically, we can draw conclusions about the shadow price of time from an empirical well-being function by calculating the marginal effect of time.

Some literatures also shows that individuals in employment and/or with children have higher sleep deficits. For both mothers and fathers, Gay et al. (2004) document the increased fatigue and sleep loss after child birth. For workers, Roenneberg et al. (2004) show that working people on average accumulate a sleep deficit during the week, and catch up on lost sleep during on weekends.

In the BHPS, individuals are asked to assess their “current situation”; the original German language version of the questionnaire asks for life satisfaction at the moment (“gegenwärtig”).

Due to changes in the fieldwork of the SOEP, we have excluded the period from 2005 onwards from our main analysis. Since 2005, the start of the fieldwork is February, which is 1 month later than before 2005. In 2008, incentives to participate in the survey were changed (Sozialforschung 2012). Because we observe a peak in the density of interviews at the end of March for the years 2005–2012 compared to previous years that we cannot explain, we present results for the time period 2005–2012 separately in Table A.8.

In the SOEP, out of 31,389 observations within our 2 week window around the transition date, we drop 1736 observations with missing values for household income and years of education. For the spring transition in the BHPS, out of a total of 9374 observations for our main 2 week window, we are forced to drop 424 observations with missing control variables. For the autumn transition in the BHPS, we drop 2644 observations out of of 39,588 observations due to missing control variables.

For a detailed documentation of generated variables in the SOEP, such as years of education (see, SOEP Group 2013).

Tables A.1 to A.3 present the summary statistics for the stricter 1 week window. On average, the differences are smaller for the 1 week window compared to the 2 week window, as expected. Furthermore, the statistics show very similar qualitative patterns.

We also reject the null hypothesis of an F-test for joint significance of the mid-week parameters (Tuesday–Wednesday) in both Germany (\(p=0.013\)) and the UK (\(p=0.063\)).

Specifically, the CIV for the first week after the transition to DST can be calculated from the total differential of the life satisfaction model in Eq. 3 as \(\Delta \ln { hhincome } = -\frac{{\upalpha }_1}{{\upbeta }} \Delta DST1w\). Hence, we need an increase in income by \(\left[ \exp \left( -\frac{{\upalpha }_1}{{\upbeta }} \right) - 1 \right] \cdot 100\,\%\) in order to hold life satisfaction constant in the first week after DST. For an equivalent derivation and more detailed discussion of a compensating surplus (see Frey et al. 2009).

We are not the first study to find that the marginal utility of income is higher in Germany than in the UK (see e.g., Layard et al. 2008; Myrskylä and Margolis 2014). The differences we find between the UK and Germany are hence not particular to our specification.

Calculated as \((\exp (0.069/0.635)-1)\cdot 100\,\%\) and \((\exp (0.077/0.183)-1)\cdot 100\,\%\), respectively. The results for the CIV are qualitatively identical when we use a model without any additional control variables.

Full estimation results for the six groups are presented in the Appendix in Table A.4.

We collected information about school holidays from http://www.schulferien.org/Schulferien_nach_Jahren/2010/schulferien_2010.html.

The control variables of course do not include a measure of health.

Barnes, C. M., & Wagner, D. T. (2009). Changing to daylight saving time cuts into sleep and increases workplace injuries. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(5), 1305–1317.CrossRef

Beaumont, M., Batejat, D., Pierard, C., Coste, O., Doireau, P., van Beers, P., et al. (2001). Slow release caffeine and prolonged (64-h) continuous wakefulness: Effects on vigilance and cognitive performance. Journal of Sleep Research, 10(4), 265–276.CrossRef

Becker, G. S. (1965). A theory of the allocation of time. Economic Journal, 75(299), 493–517.CrossRef

Becker, G. S. (1998). A treatise on the family. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Berk, M., Dodd, S., Hallam, K., Berk, L., Gleeson, J., & Henry, M. (2008). Small shifts in diurnal rhythms are associated with an increase in suicide: The effect of daylight saving. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 6(1), 22–25.CrossRef

Biddle, J. E., & Hamermesh, D. (1990). Sleep and the allocation of time. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 922–943.CrossRef

Blanchflower, D. G., & Oswald, A. J. (2000, January). Well-being over time in britain and the USA. NBER Working Papers 7487, National Bureau of Economic Research.

Blanchflower, D. G., & Oswald, A. J. (2004). Well-being over time in Britain and the USA. Journal of Public Economics, 88(7–8), 1359–1386.CrossRef

Bonnet, M. H., & Arand, D. L. (1995). We are chronically sleep deprived. Sleep, 18(10), 908–911.

Buck, N., & McFall, S. (2011). Understanding society: Design overview. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, 3(1), 5–17.

Buckhalt, J. A., El-Sheikh, M., & Keller, P. (2007). Children’s sleep and cognitive functioning: Race and socioeconomic status as moderators of effects. Child Development, 78(1), 213–231.CrossRef

Caldwell, J. A., Caldwell, J. L., Brown, D. L., & Smith, J. K. (2004). The effects of 37 hours of continuous wakefulness on the physiological arousal, cognitive performance, self-reported mood, and simulator flight performance of f-117a pilots. Military Psychology, 16(3), 163–181.CrossRef

Clark, A. E., Diener, E., Georgellis, Y., & Lucas, R. E. (2008). Lags and leads in life satisfaction: A test of the baseline hypothesis. Economic Journal, 118(529), F222–F243.CrossRef

Coate, D., & Markowitz, S. (2004). The effects of daylight and daylight saving time on us pedestrian fatalities and motor vehicle occupant fatalities. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 36(3), 351–357.CrossRef

Connolly, M. (2013). Some like it mild and not too wet: The influence of weather on subjective well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(2), 457–473.CrossRef

Coren, S. (1996a). Accidental death and the shift to daylight savings time. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 83(3), 921–922.CrossRef

Coren, S. (1996b). Daylight savings time and traffic accidents. New England Journal of Medicine, 334(14), 924–925.CrossRef

Coren, S. (1997). Sleep thieves. New York: Free Press Paperbacks.

Coren, S. (1998). Effects of daylight savings time on collision rates: A reply. New England Journal of Medicine, 339(16), 1168.

Dahl, R. E. (1996). The impact of inadequate sleep on children’s daytime cognitive function. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology, 3(1), 44–50.CrossRef

Dang-Vu, T. T., Desseilles, M., Petit, D., Mazza, S., Montplaisir, J., & Maquet, P. (2007). Neuroimaging in sleep medicine. Sleep Medicine, 8(4), 349–372.CrossRef

Diekelmann, S., & Born, J. (2010). The memory function of sleep. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(2), 114–126.

Dijk, D. J., Duffy, J. F., & Czeisler, C. A. (1992). Circadian and sleep/wake dependent aspects of subjective alertness and cognitive performance. Journal of Sleep Research, 1(2), 112–117.CrossRef

Dolan, P., Peasgood, T., & White, M. (2008). Do we really know what makes us happy? A review of the economic literature on the factors associated with subjective well-being. Journal of Economic Psychology, 29(1), 94–122.CrossRef

Dyrdal, G. M., & Lucas, R. E. (2013). Reaction and adaptation to the birth of a child: A couple-level analysis. Developmental Psychology, 49(4), 749–761.CrossRef

Ehrhardt, J. J., Saris, W. E., & Veenhoven, R. (2000). Stability of life-satisfaction over time. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6(2), 177–205.CrossRef

Falleti, M. G., Maruff, P., Collie, A., Darby, D. G., & McStephen, M. (2003). Qualitative similarities in cognitive impairment associated with 24 h of sustained wakefulness and a blood alcohol concentration of 0.05%. Journal of Sleep Research, 12(4), 265–274.CrossRef

Ferguson, S. A., Preusser, D. F., Lund, A. K., Zador, P. L., & Ulmer, R. G. (1995). Daylight saving time and motor vehicle crashes: The reduction in pedestrian and vehicle occupant fatalities. American Journal of Public Health, 85(1), 92–95.CrossRef

Flower, D. J. C., Irvine, D., & Folkard, S. (2003). Perception and predictability of travel fatigue after long-haul flights: A retrospective study. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 74(2), 173–179.

Frey, B. S., Luechinger, S., & Stutzer, A. (2009). The life satisfaction approach to valuing public goods: The case of terrorism. Public Choice, 138(3–4), 317–345.CrossRef

Frey, B. S., & Stutzer, A. (2002). What can economists learn from happiness research? Journal of Economic Literature, 40(2), 402–435.CrossRef

Gay, C. L., Lee, K. A., & Lee, S.-Y. (2004). Sleep patterns and fatigue in new mothers and fathers. Biological Research for Nursing, 5(4), 311–318.CrossRef

Graeber, R. C. (1994). Jet lag and sleep disruption. In M. H. Kryger, T. Roth, & W. C. Dement (Eds.), Principles and practice of sleep medicine (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.

Gregory-Allen, R., Jacobsen, B., & Marquering, W. (2010). The daylight saving time anomaly in stock returns: Fact or fiction? Journal of Financial Research, 33(4), 403–427.CrossRef

Hamermesh, D. S., & Lee, J. (2007). Stressed out on four continents: Time crunch or yuppie kvetch? The Review of Economics and Statistics, 89(2), 374–383.CrossRef

Harrison, Y., & Horne, J. A. (2000). The impact of sleep deprivation on decision making: A review. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 6(3), 236–249.

Holland, N., & Hinze, J. (2000). Daylight savings time changes and construction accidents. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 126(5), 404–406.CrossRef

Imbens, G. W., & Wooldridge, J. M. (2009). Recent developments in the econometrics of program evaluation. Journal of Economic Literature, 47(1), 5–86.CrossRef

Janszky, I., Ahnve, S., Ljung, R., Mukamal, K. J., Gautam, S., Wallentin, L., et al. (2012). Daylight saving time shifts and incidence of acute myocardial infarction-swedish register of information and knowledge about swedish heart intensive care admissions (RIKS-HIA). Sleep Medicine, 13(3), 237–242.CrossRef

Janszky, I., & Ljung, R. (2008). Shifts to and from daylight saving time and incidence of myocardial infarction. The New England Journal of Medicine, 359(18), 1966–1968.CrossRef

Jiddou, M. R., Pica, M., Boura, J., Qu, L., & Franklin, B. A. (2013). Incidence of myocardial infarction with shifts to and from daylight savings time. The American Journal of Cardiology, 111(5), 631–635.CrossRef

Kahneman, D., & Sugden, R. (2005). Experienced utility as a standard of policy evaluation. Environmental & Resource Economics, 32(1), 161–181.CrossRef

Kahneman, D., Wakker, P. P., & Sarin, R. (1997). Back to Bentham? Explorations of experienced utility. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(2), 375–405.CrossRef

Kämpfer, S., & Mutz, M. (2013). On the sunny side of life: Sunshine effects on life satisfaction. Social Indicators Research, 110(2), 579–595.CrossRef

Kamstra, M. J., Kramer, L. A., & Levi, M. D. (2000). Losing sleep at the market: The daylight saving anomaly. The American Economic Review, 90(4), 1005–1011.CrossRef

Kamstra, M. J., Kramer, L. A., & Levi, M. D. (2002). Losing sleep at the market: The daylight saving anomaly: Reply. The American Economic Review, 92(4), 1257–1263.CrossRef

Kantermann, T., Juda, M., Merrow, M., & Roenneberg, T. (2007). The human circadian clock’s seasonal adjustment is disrupted by daylight saving time. Current Biology, 17(22), 1996–2000.CrossRef

Killingsworth, M. R. (1983). Labor supply. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Klein, K. E., Wegmann, H. M., & Hunt, B. I. (1972). Desynchronization of body temperature and performance circadian rhythm as a result of outgoing and homegoing transmeridian flights. Aerospace Medicine, 43(2), 119–32.

Kountouris, Y., & Remoundou, K. (2014). About time: Daylight saving time transition and individual well-being. Economics Letters, 122(1), 100–103.CrossRef

Lahti, T., Nysten, E., Haukka, J., Sulander, P., & Partonen, T. (2010). Daylight saving time transitions and road traffic accidents. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2010, 1–3. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jeph/2010/657167/.CrossRef

Lahti, T., Sysi-Aho, J., Haukka, J., & Partonen, T. (2011). Work-related accidents and daylight saving time in finland. Occupational Medicine, 61(1), 26–28.CrossRef

Lahti, T. A., Haukka, J., Lönnqvist, J., & Partonen, T. (2008). Daylight saving time transitions and hospital treatments due to accidents or manic episodes. BMC Public Health, 8(1), 74.CrossRef

Lahti, T. A., Leppamaki, S., Lonnqvist, J., & Partonen, T. (2006). Transition to daylight saving time reduces sleep duration plus sleep efficiency of the deprived sleep. Neuroscience Letters, 406(3), 174–177.CrossRef

Lambe, M., & Cummings, P. (2000). The shift to and from daylight savings time and motor vehicle crashes. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 32(4), 609–611.CrossRef

Landua, D. (1993). Veränderung von Zufriedenheitsangaben in Panelbefragungen. Eine Analyse über nicht beabsichtigte Effekte des Längsschnittdesigns. Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 45(3), 553–571.

Layard, R., Mayraz, G., & Nickell, S. (2008). The marginal utility of income. Journal of Public Economics, 92(8–9), 1846–1857.CrossRef

Leger, D. (1994). The cost of sleep-related accidents: A report for the national commission on sleep disorders research. Sleep, 17(1), 84–93.

Maquet, P. (2001). The role of sleep in learning and memory. Science, 294(5544), 1048–1052.CrossRef

Maquet, P., Degueldre, C., Delfiore, G., Aerts, J., Péters, J.-M., Luxen, A., et al. (1997). Functional neuroanatomy of human slow wave sleep. The Journal of Neuroscience, 17(8), 2807–2812.

Mirza, F. M., & Bergland, O. (2011). The impact of daylight saving time on electricity consumption: Evidence from southern norway and sweden. Energy Policy, 39(6), 3558–3571.CrossRef

Mitler, M. M., Carskadon, M. A., Czeisler, C. A., Dement, W. C., Dinges, D. F., & Graeber, R. C. (1988). Catastrophes, sleep, and public policy: Consensus report. Sleep, 11(1), 100–109.

Monk, T. H., & Aplin, L. C. (1980). Spring and autumn daylight saving time changes: Studies of adjustment in sleep timings, mood, and efficiency. Ergonomics, 23(2), 167–178.CrossRef

Monk, T. H., Buysse, D. J., Carrier, J., & Kupfer, D. J. (2000). Inducing jet-lag in older people: Directional asymmetry. Journal of Sleep Research, 9(2), 101–116.CrossRef

Monk, T. H., & Folklard, S. (1976). Adjusting to the changes to and from daylight saving time. Nature, 261(5562), 688–689.CrossRef

Myrskylä, M., & Margolis, R. (2014). Happiness: Before and after the kids. Demography, 51(5), 1843–1866.CrossRef

Peigneux, P., Laureys, S., Delbeuck, X., & Maquet, P. (2001). Sleeping brain, learning brain. The role of sleep for memory systems. Neuroreport, 12(18), A111–A124.CrossRef

Pilcher, J. J., & Huffcutt, A. J. (1996). Effects of sleep deprivation on performance: A meta-analysis. Sleep: Journal of Sleep Research & Sleep Medicine, 19, 318–326.

Pinegar, J. Michael. (2002). Losing sleep at the market: Comment. The American Economic Review, 92(4), 1251–1256.CrossRef

Redelmeier, D. A., & Kahneman, D. (1996). Patients’ memories of painful medical treatments: Real-time and retrospective evaluations of two minimally invasive procedures. Pain, 66(1), 3–8.CrossRef

Roenneberg, T., Kuehnle, T., Pramstaller, P. P., Ricken, J., Havel, M., Guth, A., et al. (2004). A marker for the end of adolescence. Current Biology, 14(24), R1038–R1039.CrossRef

Shapiro, C. M., Blake, F., Fossey, E., & Adams, B. (1990). Daylight saving time in psychiatric illness. Journal of Affective Disorders, 19(3), 177–181.CrossRef

Smith, M. E., McEvoy, L. K., & Gevins, A. (2002). The impact of moderate sleep loss on neurophysiologic signals during working-memory task performance. Sleep, 25(7), 784–794.

SOEP. (2010). Socio-Economic Panel Study, Version 27, Data for Years 1984–2010. Berlin: German Institute for Economic Research (DIW).

SOEP Group. (2013). SOEP 2012—Documentation of person-related status and generated variables in PGEN for SOEP.v29. SOEP Survey Papers: Series D. 149, German Institute for Economic Research (DIW), Berlin.

Sozialforschung, T. I. (2012). SOEP 2008—Methodenbericht zum Befragungsjahr 2008 (Welle 25) des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels. SOEP Survey Papers (Series B) 66, DIW/SOEP, Berlin.

Taylor, M. P. (2006). Tell me why i don’t like mondays: Investigating day of the week effects on job satisfaction and psychological well-being. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 169(1), 127–142.CrossRef

van Cauter, E., & Turek, F. W. (1986). Depression: A disorder of timekeeping? Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 29(4), 510–519.CrossRef

Van Praag, B. M. S., & Baarsma, B. E. (2005). Using happiness surveys to value intangibles: The case of airport noise. Economic Journal, 115(500), 224–246.CrossRef

Varughese, J., & Allen, R. P. (2001). Fatal accidents following changes in daylight savings time: The american experience. Sleep Medicine, 2(1), 31–36.CrossRef

Vincent, A. (1998). Effects of daylight savings time on collision rates. New England Journal of Medicine, 339(16), 1167–1168.CrossRef

Wagner, G. G., Frick, J. R., & Schupp, J. (2007). The German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP)—Scope, evolution and enhancemants. Schmollers Jahrbuch (Journal of Applied Social Science Studies), 127(1), 139–169.

Waterhouse, J. (2002). Identifying some determinants of jet lag and its symptoms: A study of athletes and other travellers. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(1), 54–60.CrossRef

Welsch, H. (2006). Environment and happiness: Valuation of air pollution using life satisfaction data. Ecological Economics, 58(4), 801–813.CrossRef

Wunder, C. (2009). Adaptation to income over time: A weak point of subjective well-being. Schmollers Jahrbuch: Journal of Applied Social Science Studies/Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften, 129(2), 269–281.CrossRef

Wunder, C. (2012). Does subjective well-being dynamically adjust to circumstances? Economics Letters, 117(3), 750–752.CrossRef

Wunder, C., Schwarze, J., Krug, G., & Herzog, B. (2008). Welfare effects of the euro cash changeover. European Journal of Political Economy, 24(3), 571–586.CrossRef

Titel: Using the Life Satisfaction Approach to Value Daylight Savings Time Transitions: Evidence from Britain and Germany
verfasst von: Daniel Kuehnle
Christoph Wunder
Publikationsdatum: 28.11.2015
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in: Journal of Happiness Studies / Ausgabe 6/2016
Print ISSN: 1389-4978
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-7780
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9695-8

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2016

Some Implications of Believing That Happiness Involves the Absence of Pain: Negative Hedonic Beliefs Exacerbate the Effects of Stress on Well-Being

Appreciation of Beauty and Excellence: Relationship with Personality, Prosociality and Well-Being

Children’s and Adolescents’ Conceptions of Happiness

A Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Wellbeing in Australia

Can Romantic Relationship Quality Mediate the Relation Between Psychopathy and Subjective Well-Being?

Materialism, Spending, and Affect: An Event-Sampling Study of Marketplace Behavior and Its Affective Costs