1 Introduction
2 Method
2.1 Simulation
2.2 Limitations and Assumptions
2.3 Material
Parameter | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
Heat capacity (Cp) | 1300 | J*kg−1*K−1 |
Density | 1650 | kg*m−3 |
Thermal conductivity in-plane | 3.5 | W*m−1*K−1 |
Thermal conductivity out-of-plane (k33) | 0.35 | W*m−1*K−1 |
2.4 Experiments
2.4.1 Flat Laminate Temperature Measurements
2.4.2 Tailored Laminate Temperature Hot-Forming
Laminate number | Heating | Heat source temperature [°C] | Heated side up or down |
---|---|---|---|
#1 | Single-sided | 65 | Up |
#2 | Single-sided | 65 | Up |
#3 | Single-sided | 65 | Up |
#4 | Single-sided | 65 | Down |
#5 | Single-sided | 70 | Down |
#6 | Double-sided | 65 | - |
#7 | Double-sided | 65 | - |
#8 | Double-sided | 65 | - |
#9 | Double-sided | 70 | - |
2.5 Results
Laminate number | F0.5 temperature at forming start [°C] | Total process time [s] | |
---|---|---|---|
Simulation | Experiments | ||
#1 | 53 | 563 | 601 |
#2 | 51 | 506 | 523 |
#3 | 50 | 474 | 460 |
#4 | 50 | 474 | 445 |
#5 | 52 | 457 | 460 |
#6 | 53 | 311 | - |
#7 | 50 | 281 | 262 |
#8 | 49 | 272 | 250 |
#9 | 45 | 238 | 228 |
3 Simulation Results
3.1 Experimental results
3.1.1 Temperature Measurements
4 Discussion
4.1 Sensitivity Study
Parameter | Total process time [s] | Figure | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Description | Baseline value | Variation | Value | Single-sided | Double-sided | |
Baseline | - | - | - | 474 | 281 | Figure 7 |
Laminate thickness, LAM_T | 8.4 mm | -50% | 4.2 | 159 | 123 | Figure 14 |
+ 50% | 12.6 | 1060 | 528 | |||
Thermal conductivity coefficient, k_33 | 0.350 \(\frac{W}{m*K}\) | -10% | 0.315 | 536 | 306 | Figure 15 |
-5% | 0.333 | 506 | 294 | N/A | ||
+ 5% | 0.368 | 462 | 274 | N/A | ||
+ 10% | 0.385 | 446 | 267 | Figure 15 | ||
Heat source temperature, HST | 65 °C | -5 °C | 60 | 599 | 305 | Figure 16 |
+ 5 °C | 70 | 417 | 273 | |||
Forming tool temperature, FTT | 20 °C | -5 °C | 15 | 435 | 240 | Figure 17 |
+ 5 °C | 25 | 576 | 387 |