Skip to main content
Fachgebiete
Automobil + Motoren Bauwesen + Immobilien Business IT + Informatik Elektrotechnik + Elektronik Energie + Nachhaltigkeit Finance + Banking Management + Führung Marketing + Vertrieb Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe Versicherung + Risiko
DE
EN
Bücher
Zeitschriften
Themenseiten
Organisationspsychologie Projektmanagement Marketing Smart Manufacturing
Weitere Formate
Podcasts Webinare Technik Webinare Wirtschaft Kongresse Veranstaltungskalender Awards
Jetzt Einzelzugang starten
Zugang für Unternehmen
Referenzkunden
SLX-Digitalkonferenz: Zukunftswerkstatt 2024

Mehr Umsatz mit Top-Kontakten

Am 7. Mai erfahren Sie, wie Vertriebsteams Leadgenerierung, Leadnurturing und Leadstrategien effizient steuern können.
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Erschienen in:
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

67. Vapor Clouds

verfasst von : Nicolas F. Ponchaut, Ph.D., PE, Francesco Colella, Ph.D., Kevin C. Marr, Ph.D., PE

Erschienen in: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering

Verlag: Springer New York

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Vapor cloud explosions can be devastating events that result in significant damage to property and loss of life. Although vapor cloud explosion hazards are more common for oil and gas facilities, vapor cloud explosion incidents have occurred at other industrial facilities, such as chemical waste and water treatment plants [1, 2]. Analysis of vapor cloud explosions presents many challenges to engineers and investigators and requires an understanding of several issues. Some of these issues include the potential phase change of the source via condensation or flashing, dispersion characteristics of the vapor due to atmospheric conditions, and effects of buildings and structures on cloud dispersion and flame front propagation. The scope of this chapter is to discuss several of these key issues and present practical tools that can be used in vapor cloud explosion investigations or hazard analyses. Owing to the potentially large scale of vapor clouds, representative experimental testing is limited and often impractical. Therefore, this chapter focuses on analytical and computation methodologies that have been validated using experimental tests, and notes several standardized tests that can be used to quantify specific vapor cloud hazards. It is important to note that these methodologies only provide order of magnitude estimates and analysis, and therefore careful interpretation is required. Engineering experience often serves as the most important element to a successful vapor cloud explosion analysis.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren
Vorheriges Kapitel Fire Hazard Calculations for Large, Open Hydrocarbon Fires
Nächstes Kapitel Effects of Thermal Radiation on People: Predicting 1st and 2nd Degree Skin Burns
Fußnoten
1
This method is limited to incompressible jets where u 0 is lower than 1/3 of the speed of the sound at ambient pressure.
 
Literatur
1.
U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, “Case Study: Explosion and Fire in West Carrollton, Ohio,” U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, West Carollton, Ohio, 2010.
2.
U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, “Investigation Report: Methanol Tank Explosion and Fire-Bethune Point Wastewater Treatment Plant,” U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, 2006.
3.
S. R. Hanna and P. J. Drivas, Guidelines for Use of Vapor Cloud Dispersion Models, Center for Chemical Process Safety, 1987.
4.
E. A. Avallone, T. Baumeister III and A. M. Sadegh, Marks’ Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers. 11th Edition, New York: McGraw Hill, 2007.
5.
R. D. Blevins, Applied Fluid Dynamics Handbook, Malabar: Krieger Publishing Company, 2003.
6.
Crane, Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings and Pipe. Technical Paper No. 410M. Metric Version., Crane, 2010.
7.
R. Darby, Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics, 2nd Edition, Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2001.
8.
I. E. Idelchik, Handbook of Hydraulic Resistance. 3rd edition., Jaico Publishing House, 2005.
9.
G. K. Batchelor, An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
10.
Det Norske Veritas, “PVAP Theory Document,” DNV Software, 2006.
11.
D. P. Hoult, “Oil Spreading on the Sea,” Annual Reviews of Fluid Mechanics, vol. 4, pp. 341–368, 1972.CrossRef
12.
N. F. Ponchaut and H. K. Kytömaa, “Transient Spreading of LNG on Water,” in Mary Kay O’Connor Safety Center, College Station, TX, 2009.
13.
S. R. Saraf and G. A. Melhem, “Modeling LNG Pool Spreading and Vaporization,” in AIChE Spring Meeting, Atlanta, GA, 2005.
14.
D. M. Webber and S. J. Jones, “A Model of Spreading Vaporising Pools,” in International Conference on Vapor Cloud Modeling, 1990.
15.
C. J. H. van den Bosch, “Chapter 3: Pool Evaporation,” in Methods for the Calculation of Physical Effects due to Releases of Hazardous Materials (Liquids and Gases)- CPR 14E, The Hague, 2005.
16.
I. G. Opschoor, “Ch. 5,” in Methods for the Calculation of the Physical Effects of the Escape of Dangerous Material, TNO Yellow Book, 1978.
17.
N. F. Ponchaut, H. K. Kytömaa, D. R. Morrison and M. K. Chernovsky, “Modeling the Vapor Source Term Associated with the Spill of LNG into a Sump or Impoundment Area,” JLPP, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 870–878, 2011.
18.
D. M. Webber, S. E. Gant, M. J. Ivings and S. F. Jagger, “LNG Source Term Models for Hazard Analysis: a Review of the State-of-the-Art and Approach to Model Assessment,” The Fire Protection Research Foundation, 2009.
19.
J. Melheim and M. Ichard, “Pool and Fire in FLACS v9.0,” in FLUG Meeting, Bergen, May 6, 2008.
20.
GexCon, “FLACS v9.0 User’s Manual,” 2009.
21.
F. Inc., FLUENT 6.3 User’s Guide, 2006.
22.
CD-Adapco, User Guide Star-CCM+ Version 8.02, 2013.
23.
W. M. Chase, NIST JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 4th Edition. (Part I and Part II), 1998.
24.
D. Drysdale, An Introduction to Fire Dynamics. 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2002.
25.
F. P. Lees, Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. Hazard Identification, Assessment and Control. 2nd Edition, Butterworth Heinemann, 1996.
26.
D. Mackay and R. S. Matsugu, “Evaporation Rates of Liquid Hydrocarbon Spills on Land and Water,” Canadian J. of Chem Eng., vol. 51, pp. 434–439, 1973.CrossRef
27.
M. R. Lindeburg, Mechanical Engineering Reference Manual for the PE Exam, 12th Edition, Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI), 2006.
28.
F. P. Incropera, D. P. Dewitt, T. L. Bergman and A. S. Lavine, Introduction to Heat Transfer, 5th edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
29.
S. B. G. H. R. Hanna, “Handbook of atmospheric diffusion,” Technical information center, U.S. department of Energy, 1982.
30.
J. Woodward, Estimating the flammable mass of a vapor cloud, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1999.
31.
F. Gifford, “Turbulent diffusion typing schemes: a review,” Nuclear Safety, pp. 68–86, 1976.
32.
D. Turner, “Workbook of atmospheric dispersion estimates,” Environmental Protection Agency, 1970.
33.
J. Casal, Evaluation of the Effects and Consequences of Major Accidents in industrial Plants, Elsevier, 2008.
34.
C. Alinot and C. Masson, “k-ε Model for the atmospheric boundary layer under various thermal stratifications,” Journal of solar energy engineering – Transaction of the ASME, pp. 127: 438–443, 2005.
35.
TNO, “Methods for the calculation of physical effects (Yellow book),” Directorate General of labor, The Hague, 1997.
36.
T. Spicer and J. Havens, “User’s guide for DEGADIS 2.1 dense gas dispersion model environmental protection agency, EPA-450/4-89-019,” 1989.
37.
F. Pasquill, Atmospheric diffusion, 2nd ed., Halstead Press, 1974.
38.
D. Golder, “Relations among stability parameters in the surface layer,” Boundary-Layer Met., pp. 3: 47–58, 1972.
39.
R. E. Britter and J. McQuaid, “Workbook on the dispersion of dense gases,” Health and Safety Executive, Sheffield, 1988.
40.
R. Britter, “Atmospheric dispersion of dense gases,” Annual review of Fluid mechanics, pp. 21: 317–344, 1989.
41.
L.-H. Anay, “A review of large-scale LNG spills: Experiments and modeling,” Journal of Hazardous materials, vol. A132, pp. 119–140, 2006.
42.
R. Koopman and D. Ermak, “Lesson learned from LNG safety research,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, pp. 140: 412–428, 2007.
43.
T. Spicer and J. Havens, “Application of dispersion models to flammable cloud analyses,” Journal of Hazardous materials, pp. 49: 115–124, 1996.
44.
J. E. Simpson and R. E. Britter, “The dynamics of the head of a gravity current advancing over a horizontal surface,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, pp. 94: 477–495, 1979.
45.
C. Chen and W. Rodi, “A review of experimental Data of vertical turbulent jets,” Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, 1976.
46.
J. Holland, “A meteorological survey of the Oak ridge area: final report covering the period 1858-1952.,” Atomic Energy Comm, Report ORO-99, Washington DC, 1953.
47.
C. Chen and W. Rodi, Vertical Turbulent buoyant jets, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1980.
48.
M. Epstein and H. Fauske, “Total Flammable mass and volume within a vapor cloud produced by a continuous fuel-gas or volatile liquid-fuel release,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, pp. 147: 1037–1050, 2007.
49.
D. Ermak, “Users Manual for SLAB: An atmospheric dispersion model fo denser-than-air releases, ACRL-MA-105607,” Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 1980.
50.
HGSYSTEM, “THE HEAVY GAS DISPERSION MODEL HEGADAS – Technical Reference Manual”.
51.
D. Webber, S. Jones, G. Tickle and T. Wren, “A model for a dispersing dense gas cloud and the computer implementation DRIFT I: Near instantaneous Release.”,“ SRD Report SRD/HSE R586, 1982.
52.
C. E. R. Consultants, “GASTAR Version 3,” Cambridge, UK, 2002.
53.
T. Spicer and J. Havens, “Field test validation of the DEGADIS model,” Journal of hazardous materials, vol. 16, pp. 231–245, 1987.CrossRef
54.
R. Hankin, “Heavy Gas dispersion: integral models and shallow layer models,” Journal of hazardous materials, pp. 203: 1–10, 2003.
55.
R. Hankin and R. Britter, “TWODEE: the Health and Safety laboratory’s Shallow layer model for heavy gas dispersion. Part 1. Mathematical Basis and Physical Assumptions,” Journal of hazardous Materials, pp. 66: 211–226, 1999.
56.
S. Ott and M. Nielsen, “Shallow layer modeling of dense clouds – Risoe-R-901,” Risoe National Laboratory, Roskilde,, 1996.
57.
A. Venetsanos, J. Bartzis, J. Wuertz and D. Papailiou, “DISPLAY-2: a two-dimensional shallow layer model for dense gas dispersion including complex features,” Journal of hazardous Materials, pp. A99: 111–144, 2003.
58.
J. S. Scire, D. G. Strimaitis and R. J. Yamartino, “A User’s Guide for the CALPUFF Dispersion Model, V.5,” Earth Tech. Inc., 2000.
59.
N. van Egmond and H. Kesseboom, “Mesoscale air pollution dispersion modes – II Lagrangian Puff model and comparison with Eulerial grid model,” Atmospheric Environment, pp. 17: 267–274, 1983.
60.
F. Ludwig, L. Gasiorek and R. Ruff, “Simplification of a Gaussian puff model for real-time minicomputer use,” Atmospheric Environment, pp. 11: 431–436, 1977.
61.
R. Sykes, C. Cerasoli and D. Henn, “The representation of dynamic flow effects in a Lagrangian Puff dispersion model,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, pp. A64: 223–247, 1999.
62.
S. Chan, “FEM3C: An improved three-dimensional heavy-gas dispersion model: user’s manual, UCRL-MA-116567 Rev.1,” Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 1994.
63.
M. Pontiggia, M. Derudi, V. Busini, and R. Rota, “Hazardous gas dispersion: A CFD model for atmospheric stability,” Journal of Hazardous Materials classes, pp. 171: 739–747, 2009.
64.
R. K. Calay, A. E. Holdo, “Modelling the dispersion of flashing jets using CFD,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, pp. 154: 1198–1209, 2008.
65.
H. Coward and G. Jones, “Limits of flammability of gases and vapors,” U.S. Bureau of Mines, Bulletin 503, 1952.
66.
M. Zabetakis, “Flammability characteristics of combustible gasses and vapors,” U.S. Bureau of Mines, Bulletin 627, 1965.
67.
G. Karim, I. Wierzba and S. Boon, “Some considerations of the lean flammability limits of mixtures involving hydrogen,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 117–123, 1985.CrossRef
68.
M. Molnarne, P. Mizsey and V. Schröder, “Flammability of gas mixtures. Part 2: influence of inert gases,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 121, no. 1–3, pp. 45–49, 2005.
69.
T. Ma, “A thermal theory for estimating the flammability limits of a mixture,” Fire Safety Journal, vol. 46, pp. 558–567, 2011.CrossRef
70.
Center for Chemical Process Safety, Guidelines for vapor cloud explosion, pressure vessel burst, BLEVE and flash fire hazards, 2nd Ed., Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
71.
M. Glor, “Ignition hazard due to static electricity in particulate processes,” Powder Technology, Vols. 135–136, pp. 223–233, 2003.
72.
I. Glassman, Combustion, 3rd Ed., San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1996.
73.
S. Turns, An introduction to combustion: concepts and applications, 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill, 2012.
74.
C. Law, Combustion Physics, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
75.
W. Brasie and D. Simpson, “Guidelines for estimating damage explosion,” in 63rd National AIChE Meeting, New York, 1968.
76.
W. Brasie, “The hazard potential of chemicals,” AIChE Loss Prevention, vol. 10, pp. 135–140, 1976.
77.
Health and Safety Executive, “Second report: advisory committee major hazards,” U.K. Health and Safety Commission, 1979.
78.
Health and Safety Executive, “The effect of explosions in the process industries,” Loss Prevention bulletin, vol. 68, pp. 37–47, 1986.
79.
Factory Mutual Research Corporation, “Guidelines for the estimation of property damage from outdoor vapor cloud explosions in chemical processing facilities,” Technical Report, 1990.
80.
R. Harris and M. Wickens, “Understanding vapor cloud explosions-an experimental study,” in 55th Autumn meeting of the Institution of Gas Engineers, Kensington, UK, 1989.
81.
A. Van den Berg, “The multi-energy method-a framework for vapor cloud explosion blast prediction,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 12, pp. 1–10, 1985.CrossRef
82.
A. Van den Berg, J. van Wingerden, J. Zeeuwen and H. Pasman, “Current research at TNO on vapor cloud explosion modeling,” in International Conference on Vapor Cloud Modeling, Cambridge, MA, 1987.
83.
W. Mercx and A. van den Berg, “Chapter 5. Vapour cloud explosions,” in Methods for the Calculation of Physical Effects due to Releases of Hazardous Materials (Liquids and Gases)- CPR 14E, The Hague, 2005.
84.
K. Kinsella, “A rapid assessment methodology for the prediction of vapour cloud explosion overpressure,” in International conference and exhibition on safety, health and loss prevention in the oil, chemical and process industries, Singapore, 1993.
85.
N. R. Popat, C. A. Catlin, B. J. Antzen, R. P. Lindstedt, G. H. Hjertager, T. Solberg, O. Saeter and A. C. van der Berg, “Investigations to improve and assess the accuracy of computational fluid dynamic based explosion models,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 45, pp. 1–25, 1996.
86.
C. Savvides, V. Tam, J. E. Os, H. O. R., K. van Wingerden and J. Renoult, “Dispersion of fuel in offshore modules: Comparison of prediction using FLACS and full-scale experiments,” in Major Hazards Offshore: Conference proceedings, London, 2001.
87.
S. Dharmavaram, S. R. Hanna and O. R. Hansen, “Consequence analysis-using a CFD model for industrial sites,” Process Safety Progress, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 316–327, 2005.CrossRef
88.
Buncefield Major Incident Investigation Board, “The Buncefield Incident 11 December 2005: The final report of the Major Incident Investigation Board,” 2008.
89.
S. G. Davis, P. Hinze, H. O. R. and K. van Wingerden, “Investigation techniques used to determine the massive vapor cloud explosion at the Buncefield fuel depot,” in International Symposium of Fire Investigation Science and Technology, 2010.
Metadaten
Titel
Vapor Clouds
verfasst von
Nicolas F. Ponchaut, Ph.D., PE
Francesco Colella, Ph.D.
Kevin C. Marr, Ph.D., PE
Copyright-Jahr
2016
Verlag
Springer New York
Buch
SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering

Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2564-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4939-2565-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2016

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0_67