nach oben

Erschienen in:

2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

10. Variability and Trends of Sea Surface Temperature and Circulation in the Indian Ocean

verfasst von : C. Gnanaseelan, M. K. Roxy, Aditi Deshpande

Erschienen in: Observed Climate Variability and Change over the Indian Region

Verlag: Springer Singapore

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Tropical Indian Ocean is warming at a faster rate compared to other tropical oceans. The warming trends show a basin-scale surface warming with peak warming in the central equatorial Indian Ocean. This warming is favourable for weakening the monsoon Hadley circulation and strengthening the trade winds in the Pacific. In addition to this, the cross-equatorial flow also weakens in the recent years to reduce the moisture supply to Indian subcontinent. The associated strengthening of westerly winds along the equator and the resultant eastward surface currents transport warm water mass towards eastern equatorial region and Bay of Bengal. This is confirmed from different ocean reanalysis products. It is also found that the upper north Indian Ocean is gaining heat during the recent 60 years or so at an alarming rate. The ocean circulation and dynamics play favourably for such warming.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Trends in Radiative Fluxes Over the Indian Region

Nächstes Kapitel Sea Level Variability and Trends in the North Indian Ocean

Alexander MA, Blade I, Newman M, Lanzante JR, Lau NC, Scott JD (2002) The atmospheric bridge: the influence of ENSO teleconnections on air-sea interaction over the global oceans. Journal of Climate 15(16):2205–2231. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2205:tabtio>2.0.co;2

Alory G, Meyers G (2009) Warming of the Upper Equatorial Indian Ocean and Changes in the Heat Budget (1960–99). Journal of Climate 22 (1)

Alory G, Wijffels S, Meyers G (2007) Observed temperature trends in the Indian Ocean over 1960–1999 and associated mechanisms. Geophysical Research Letters 34 (2)

Ashok K, Guan Z, Yamagata T (2003) A look at the relationship between the ENSO and the Indian Ocean Dipole. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 81 (1):41-56

Bader J, Latif M (2003) The impact of decadal scale Indian Ocean sea surface temperature anomalies on Sahelian rainfall and the North Atlantic Oscillation. Geophysical Research Letters 30 (22).

Behrman D (1981) Assault on the largest unknown; the International Indian Ocean Expedition 1959-65.

Bhat GS, Gadgil S, Hareesh Kumar P, Kalsi S, Madhusoodanan P, Murty V, Prasada Rao C, Ramesh Babu V, Rao L, Rao R (2001) BOBMEX: The Bay of Bengal monsoon experiment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 82 (10):2217-2243

Bhat GS, Vecchi GA, Gadgil S (2004) Sea surface temperature of the Bay of Bengal derived from the TRMM Microwave Imager. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 21 (8):1283-1290

Cai W, Zheng X-T, Weller E, Collins M, Cowan T, Lengaigne M, Yu W, Yamagata T (2013) Projected response of the Indian Ocean Dipole to greenhouse warming. Nature geoscience 6 (12):999-1007

Carton JA, Giese BS (2008) A Reanalysis of Ocean Climate Using Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA). Monthly Weather Review, 136, 2999-3017.

Chakravorty S, Chowdary JS, Gnanaseelan C (2014a) Epochal changes in the seasonal evolution of tropical Indian Ocean warming associated with El Niño. Climate Dynamics, 42, 805-822, DOI:10.1007/s00382-013-1666-3.

Chakravorty S, Gnanaseelan C, Chowdary JS, Luo J-J (2014b) Relative role of El Niño and IOD forcing on the southern tropical Indian Ocean Rossby waves. Journal of Geophysical Research, 119, 5105-5122, DOI:10.1002/2013JC009713.

Chowdary JS, Gnanaseelan C (2007) Basin‐wide warming of the Indian Ocean during El Niño and Indian Ocean dipole years. International Journal of Climatology 27 (11):1421-1438.

Chowdary JS, Bandgar AB, Gnanaseelan C, Luo J-J (2015) Role of tropical Indian Ocean air-sea interactions in modulating Indian summer monsoon in a coupled model. Atmospheric Science Letters, 16, 170-176, DOI:10.1002/asl2.561.

Crueger T, Zinke J, Pfeiffer M (2008) Patterns of Pacific decadal variability recorded by Indian Ocean corals. Int J Earth Sci 98:41–52.

Deser C, Alexander MA, Xie SP, Phillips AS (2010) Sea surface temperature variability: Patterns and mechanisms. Annual review of marine science 2:115-143

Deshpande A, Chowdary JS, Gnanaseelan C (2014) Role of thermocline–SST coupling in the evolution of IOD events and their regional impacts. Climate Dynamics, 43 (1:2): 163–174, DOI:10.1007/s00382-013-1879-5.

Drbohlav HKL, Gualdi S, Navarra A (2007) A diagnostic study of the Indian Ocean dipole mode in El Niño and non-El Niño years. Journal of Climate 20 (13):2961-2977. doi:10.1175/Jcli4153.1

Du Y, Xie S-P, Huang G, Hu K (2009) Role of Air-Sea Interaction in the Long Persistence of El Niño-Induced North Indian Ocean Warming. Journal of Climate 22 (8):2023-2038

Du Y, Xie S-P (2008) Role of atmospheric adjustments in the tropical Indian Ocean warming during the 20th century in climate models. Geophysical Research Letters 35 (8)

Gadgil S, Vinayachandran PN, Francis PA, Gadgil S (2004) Extremes of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall, ENSO and equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation. Geophysical Research Letters 31:L12213. doi:10. 1029/2004GL019733.

Giannini A, Saravanan R, Chang P (2003) Oceanic forcing of Sahel rainfall on interannual to interdecadal time scales. Science 302 (5647):1027-1030.

Gnanaseelan C, Deshpande A, McPhaden MJ (2012) Impact of Indian Ocean Dipole and El Niño/Southern Oscillation wind-forcing on the Wyrtki jets. Journal of Geophysical Research, 117, 1-11, DOI:10.1029/2012JC007918, C08005.

Godfrey J.S. and Golding TJ (1981) The Sverdrup relationship in the Indian Ocean, and the effect of Pacific–Indian Ocean throughflow on Indian Ocean circulation and on the east Australian current. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 11, 771–779.

Good, S. A., M. J. Martin and N. A. Rayner (2013). EN4: quality controlled ocean temperature and salinity profiles and monthly objective analyses with uncertainty estimates, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 118, 6704-6716, doi:10.1002/2013JC009067.

Grodsky SA, Carton JA and Murtugudde M (2001) Anomalous surface currents in the tropical Indian Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 10.1029/2001GL013592.

Hoerling M, Hurrell J, Eischeid J, Phillips A (2006) Detection and attribution of twentieth-century northern and southern African rainfall change. Journal of climate 19 (16):3989-4008

Hoerling M, Kumar A (2003) The perfect ocean for drought. Science 299 (5607):691-694

Hoerling MP, Hurrell JW, Xu T, Bates GT, Phillips A (2004) Twentieth century North Atlantic climate change. Part II: Understanding the effect of Indian Ocean warming. Climate Dynamics 23 (3-4), 391-405

Ihara C, Kushnir Y, Cane MA (2008) Warming trend of the Indian Ocean SST and Indian Ocean dipole from 1880 to 2004. Journal of Climate 21, 2035–2046.

Jayakumar A, Vialard J, Lengaigne M, Gnanaseelan C, McCreary JP, Praveen Kumar B (2011) Processes controlling the surface temperature signature of the Madden-Julian Oscillation in the thermocline ridge of the Indian Ocean. Climate Dynamics, 37, 2217-2234, DOI 10.1007/s00382-010-0953-5.

Jensen T (2007) Wind-Driven Response of the Northern Indian Ocean to Climate Extremes. Journal of Climate, 20, 2978-2993.

Klein SA, Soden BJ, Lau N-C (1999) Remote sea surface temperature variations during ENSO: Evidence for a tropical atmospheric bridge. Journal of Climate 12 (4):917-932.

Krishnamurthy L, and Krishnamurthy V (2016) Decadal and interannual variability of the Indian Ocean SST. Climate Dynamics 46, 57-70.

Krishnamurti TN, Oosterhof D, Mehta A (1988) Air-sea interaction on the time scale of 30 to 50 days. Journal of the atmospheric sciences 45 (8):1304-1322

Krishnan R, Swapna P (2009) Significant Influence of the Boreal Summer Monsoon Flow on the Indian Ocean Response during Dipole Events. Journal of Climate, 22, 5611-5634.

Kulkarni A (2012) Weakening of Indian summer monsoon rainfall in warming environment. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 109 (3-4):447-459

Lau NC, Nath MJ (2000) Impact of ENSO on the variability of the Asian-Australian monsoons as simulated in GCM experiments. Journal of Climate 13 (24):4287-4309

Lau WKM, Waliser DE (2012) Intraseasonal Variability in the Atmosphere-Ocean Climate System. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg

Lee, S.-K. et al. (2015) Pacific origin of the abrupt increase in Indian Ocean heat content during the warming hiatus. Nature Geoscience 8, 445-449, doi:10.1038/ngeo2438.

Levitus, Sydney, J. Antonov, and T. Boyer. “Warming of the world ocean, 1955–2003.” Geophysical Research Letters 32.2 (2005).

Levitus, Sydney, et al. “World ocean heat content and thermosteric sea level change (0–2000 m), 1955–2010.” Geophysical Research Letters 39.10 (2012).

Li H, Dai A, Zhou T, Lu J (2010) Responses of East Asian summer monsoon to historical SST and atmospheric forcing during 1950–2000. Climate Dynamics 34 (4):501-514

Li T, Zhao C, Hsu P-c, Nasuno T (2015) MJO Initiation Processes over the Tropical Indian Ocean during DYNAMO/CINDY2011. Journal of Climate (2015).

Luo, Jing-Jia, Wataru Sasaki, and Yukio Masumoto. (2012): “Indian Ocean warming modulates Pacific climate change.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109.46 18701-18706.

Madden RA, Julian PR (1971) Detection of a 40-50 day oscillation in the zonal wind in the tropical Pacific. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 28 (5):702-708

Madden RA, Julian PR (1972) Description of global-scale circulation cells in the tropics with a 40-50 day period. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 29 (6):1109-1123

Madden RA, Julian PR (1994) Observations of the 40-50-Day Tropical Oscillation - a Review. Monthly Weather Review 122 (5):814-837.

Mishra V, Smoliak BV, Lettenmaier DP, Wallace JM (2012) A prominent pattern of year-to-year variability in Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 (19):7213-7217

Mukherjee A, Shankar D, Fernando V, Vernekar SP (2014) Observed seasonal and intraseasonal variability of the East India Coastal Current on the continental slope. Journal of Earth System Science 123(6):1197-1232.

Murakami T (1979) Scientific objectives of the Monsoon Experiment (MONEX). GeoJournal 3 (2):117-136

Murtugudde R, McCreary JP, Busalacchi AJ (2000) Oceanic processes associated with anomalous events in the Indian Ocean with relevance to 1997–1998. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105:3295–3306.

Nagura, M., and M. J. McPhaden (2010), Dynamics of zonal current variations associated with the Indian Ocean dipole, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C11026, doi:10.1029/2010JC006423.

Pierce DW, Barnett TP, AchutaRao KM, Gleckler PJ, Gregory JM, Washington WM (2006) Anthropogenic warming of the oceans: observations and model results. Journal of Climate 19 (10):1873-1900

Rahul S, Gnanaseelan C (2013) Net heat flux over the Indian Ocean: Trends, driving mechanisms, and uncertainties. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 10, 776-780, DOI:10.1109/LGRS.2012.2223194.

Rahul S, Gnanaseelan C (2016) Can large scale surface circulation changes modulate the sea surface warming pattern in the Tropical Indian Ocean?. Climate Dynamics, 46: 3617-3632, DOI:10.1007/s00382-015-2790-z.

Rao SA, Behera SK, Masumoto Y, Yamagata T (2002) Interannual subsurface variability in the tropical Indian Ocean with a special emphasis on the Indian Ocean Dipole. Deep Sea Research, Part II, 49, 1549–1572, doi:10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00158-8.

Rasmusson EM, Carpenter TH (1982) Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Niño. Mon Wea Rev 110 (5):354-384

Reppin, J., F. A. Schott, J. Fischer, and D. Quadfasel (1999), Equatorial currents and transports in the upper central Indian Ocean: Annual cycle and interannual variability, J. Geophys. Res., 104(C7), 15,495–15,514, doi:10.1029/1999JC900093.

Roxy M, Tanimoto Y (2007) Role of SST over the Indian Ocean in Influencing the Intraseasonal Variability of the Indian Summer Monsoon. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 85 (3):349-358. doi:10.2151/jmsj.85.349

Roxy M, Tanimoto Y, Preethi B, Pascal T, Krishnan R (2012) Intraseasonal SST-precipitation relationship and its spatial variability over the tropical summer monsoon region. Climate Dynamics 41 (1):45-61. doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1547-1

Roxy MK, Ritika K, Terray P, Masson S (2014) The curious case of Indian Ocean warming. Journal of Climate 27 (22):8501-8509. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00471.1

Roxy MK, Ritika K, Terray P, Murtugudde R, Ashok K, Goswami BN (2015) Drying of Indian subcontinent by rapid Indian Ocean warming and a weakening land-sea thermal gradient. Nature Communications 6:7423. doi:10.1038/ncomms8423.

Roxy M. K., A. Modi, R. Murutugudde, V. Valsala, S. Panickal, S. Prasanna Kumar, M. Ravichandran, M. Vichi and M. Levy, 2016: A reduction in marine primary productivity driven by rapid warming over the tropical Indian Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 826-833, doi:10.1002/2015gl066979.

Sabeerali C, Rao SA, George G, Rao DN, Mahapatra S, Kulkarni A, Murtugudde R (2014) Modulation of monsoon intraseasonal oscillations in the recent warming period. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 119 (9):5185-5203.

Saha A, Ghosh S, Sahana A, Rao E (2014) Failure of CMIP5 climate models in simulating post‐1950 decreasing trend of Indian monsoon. Geophysical Research Letters 41 (20):7323–7330.

Saji NH, Goswami BN, Vinayachandran PN, Yamagata T (1999) A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean. Nature 401 (6751):360-363.

Saji NJ and Yamagata T (2003) Possible impacts of Indian Ocean Dipole mode events on global climate. Climate Research, 25, 151–169.

Saji NJ, S.-P. Xie, and T. Yamagata, (2006) Tropical Indian Ocean variability in the IPCC twentieth-century climate simulations. J. Climate, 19, 4397–4417.

Sayantani O, Gnanaseelan C (2015) Tropical Indian Ocean subsurface temperature variability and the forcing mechanisms. Climate Dynamics, 44, 2447–2462, DOI:10.1007/s00382-014-2379-y

Sayantani O., C. Gnanaseelan, J.S. Chowdary (2014) Role of Arabian Sea in the evolution of Indian Ocean Dipole, International Journal of Climatology, 34: 1845-1859, DOI:10.1002/joc.3805

Schott FA, Xie SP, McCreary JP (2009) Indian Ocean Circulation and Climate Variability. Reviews of Geophysics 47. doi:10.1029/2007rg000245

Schott, F., and J. P. McCreary (2001), The monsoon circulation of the Indian Ocean, Progress in Oceanography, 51, 1–123.

Senan, R., D. Sengupta, and B. N. Goswami (2003) Intraseasonal “monsoon jets” in the equatorial Indian Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 30, 1750, doi:10.1029/2003GL017583.

Sengupta D, Goswami BN, Senan R (2001) Coherent intraseasonal oscillations of ocean and atmosphere during the Asian summer monsoon. Geophysical Research Letters 28 (21), 4127-4130.

Sengupta D, Senan R, Goswami BN, Vialard J (2007) Intraseasonal Variability of Equatorial Indian Ocean Zonal Currents. Journal of Climate, 20, 3036-3055.

Shankar D, Vinayachandran PN, Unnikrishnan A (2002) The monsoon currents in the north Indian Ocean. Progress in Oceanography, 52(1), 63-120. DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00024-1.

Shenoi SSC (2010) Intra-seasonal variability of the coastal currents around India: A review of the evidences from new observations. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 39 (4), 489-496.

Shenoi S, Shankar D, Michael G, Kurian J, Varma K, Ramesh Kumar M, Almeida A, Unnikrishnan A, Fernandes W, Barreto N, Gnanaseelan C, Mathew R, Praju KV, Mahale V (2005) Hydrography and water masses in the southeastern Arabian Sea during March-June 2003. Journal of Earth System Science 114 (5):475-491.

Sprintall, J., A. L. Gordon, T. Lee, J. T. Potemra, K. Pujiana, and S. E. Wijffels (2014), The Indonesian seas and their role in the couple ocean-climate system, Nature Geoscience, 7, 487–492, doi:10.1038/ngeo2188.

Swapna P, Krishnan R, Wallace J (2014) Indian Ocean and monsoon coupled interactions in a warming environment. Climate Dynamics 42 (9-10):2439-2454.

Terray P., S. Masson, C. Prodhomme, M. K. Roxy, K. P. Sooraj, 2015: Impacts of Indian and Atlantic oceans on ENSO in a comprehensive modeling framework. Climate Dynamics, doi:10.1007/s00382-015-2715-x

Thompson, B., C. Gnanaseelan, and P. S. Salvekar (2006), Variability in the Indian Ocean circulation and salinity and its impact on SST anomalies during dipole events, Journal of Marine Research, 64, 853–880, doi:10.1357/002224006779698350

Vaid BH, Gnanaseelan C, Polito PS, Salvekar PS (2007) Influence of Pacific on Southern Indian Ocean Rossby Waves. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 164, 1765-1785.

Valsala V, Maksyutov S and Murtugudde R (2010) Possible Interannual to Interdecadal variabilities of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) water pathways in the Indian Ocean, Journal of Geophysical Research, doi:10.1029/2009JC005735.

Vecchi GA, Harrison DE (2002) Monsoon breaks and subseasonal sea surface temperature variability in the Bay of Bengal. Journal of Climate 15 (12), 1485-1493.

Vialard J, Jayakumar A, Gnanaseelan C, Lengaigne M, Sengupta D, Goswami B (2012) Processes of 30–90 days sea surface temperature variability in the northern Indian Ocean during boreal summer. Climate Dynamics 38 (9-10):1901-1916, DOI:10.1007/s00382-011-1015-3.

Vialard J, S.S.C Shenoi, J.P. McCreary, D. Shankar, F. Durand, V. Fernando and S.R. Shetye (2009) Intraseasonal response of Northern Indian Ocean coastal waveguide to the Madden-Julian Oscillation. Geophysical Research Letters, 36(14), 2009, doi:10.1029/2009GL038450.

Vinayachandran PN, Saji NH, Yamagata T (1999) Response of the equatorial Indian Ocean to an unusual wind event during 1994. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(11), 1613–1616, doi:10.1029/1999GL900179.

Webster P, Bradley EF, Fairall C, Godfrey J, Hacker P, Houze Jr R, Lukas R, Serra Y, Hummon J, Lawrence T (2002) The JASMINE pilot study. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 83 (11):1603-1630

Webster PJ, Moore AM, Loschnigg JP, Leben RR (1999) Coupled ocean-atmosphere dynamics in the Indian Ocean during 1997-98. Nature 401 (6751):356-360

Williams AP, Funk C (2011) A westward extension of the warm pool leads to a westward extension of the Walker circulation, drying eastern Africa. Climate Dynamics 37 (11-12):2417-2435

Wyrtki, K. (1973), An equatorial jet in the Indian Ocean, Science, 181, 262–264.

Xie S-P, Hu K, Hafner J, Tokinaga H, Du Y, Huang G, Sampe T (2009) Indian Ocean capacitor effect on Indo-Western Pacific climate during the summer following El Niño. Journal of Climate 22:730–747

Xie S-P, Du Y, Huang G, Zheng X-T, Tokinaga H, Hu K, Liu Q (2010) Decadal shift in El Niño influences on Indo-western Pacific and East Asian climate in the 1970 s. Journal of Climate 23:3352–3368.

Yang J, Liu Q, Xie S-P, Liu Z, Wu L (2007) Impact of the Indian Ocean SST basin mode on the Asian summer monsoon. Geophysical Research Letters 34:L02708. doi:10.1029/2006GL028571.

Titel: Variability and Trends of Sea Surface Temperature and Circulation in the Indian Ocean
verfasst von: C. Gnanaseelan
M. K. Roxy
Aditi Deshpande
Verlag: Springer Singapore
Buch: Observed Climate Variability and Change over the Indian Region
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-2530-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-10-2531-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2531-0_10