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Erschienen in:
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

15. Vent Flows

verfasst von : Takeyoshi Tanaka

Erschienen in: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering

Verlag: Springer New York

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Abstract

Fire releases a great amount of heat that causes the heated gas to expand. The expansion produced by a fire in a room drives some of the gas out of the room. Any opening through which gas can flow out of the fire room is called a vent.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Ceiling Jet Flows
Nächstes Kapitel Effect of Combustion Conditions on Species Production
Glossar
Nomenclature
A
Area (m2)
a
Length (m)
b
Width (m)
C
Flow coefficient (−)
c p
Specific heat at constant pressure (kJ/kg K)
c v
Specific heat at constant volume (kJ/kg K)
D
Orifice diameter (m)
Fr
Froude number (−)
g
Gravity constant (m/s2)
Gr
Grashof number (−)
h
Height (m)
[J]
Jacobian matrix
L
Orifice length (m)
M
Molecular weight (kg/kg mol)
ṁ
Mass flow rate (kg/s)
P
Perimeter (m)
p
Pressure (Pa)
\( \dot{Q} \)
Heat release rate of fire source (kW)
\( \dot{Q}{}_h \)
Heat loss by heat transfer (kW)
R
Gas constant (J/kg mol K)
Re
Reynolds number (−)
T
Temperature (K)
u
Velocity (m/s)
V
Volume (m3)
\( \dot{V} \)
Volume flow rate (m3/s)
V R
Room volume (m3)
y
Vertical coordinate (m)
α K
Effective heat transfer coefficient (kW/m2K)
Δ
Increment of
δ
Depth (see Fig. 15.6) (m)
γ = c p /c v
Isentropic exponent (−)
Π
Non-dimensional pressure (−)
ρ
Density (kg/m3)
μ
Viscosity (Ns/m2)
Subscripts
a
Atmosphere
b
Sill of vent
c
Ceiling of room
d
Lower
f
Floor
g
Gauge
i
Hot-cold interface
ij
From room (layer) i to room (layer) j
j
Index of layer
L, l
Lower
n
Neutral axis
O2
Oxygen
t
Soffit of vent
u, U
Upper
v, V
Vent, in the vent
0
Reference height
1
Upstream of orifice
2
Downstream of orifice
Fußnoten
1
Equation 15.23 should be written u = (sign Δp)K \( \sqrt{\mathrm{T}\left|\Delta p\right|} \) since when Δ p  < 0 the absolute value must be used to avoid the square root of a negative number and the sign of the velocity changes since the flow is in and not out.
 
2
Sometimes the mean temperatures, \( \overline{T} \) of the two-layer model and the real flow are also used and both h n and T u are determined (using T d as above). The requirement of identical \( \overline{T} \) is arbitrary, sometimes leads to impractical results, and is not recommended.
 
Literatur
1.
H. Rouse, Fluid Mechanics for Hydraulic Engineers, McGraw-Hill, New York (1938).
2.
Mark’s Mechanical Engineers Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York (1958).
3.
J.S. Newman and P.A. Croce, Serial No. 21011.4, Factory Mutual Research Corp., Norwood, MA (1985).
4.
D.J. McCaffrey and G. Heskestad, “Robust Bidirectional Low-Velocity Probe for Flame and Fire Application—Brief Communications,” Combustion and Flame, 26, pp. 125–127 (1976).CrossRef
5.
J. Prahl and H.W. Emmons, “Fire Induced Flow Through an Opening,” Combustion and Flame, 25, pp. 369–385 (1975).CrossRef
6.
K.D. Steckler, H.R. Baum, and J. Quintiere, 20th Symposium on Combustion, Pittsburgh, PA (1984).
7.
J. Quintiere and K. DenBraven, NBSIR 78–1512, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC (1978).
8.
H.E. Mitler and H.W. Emmons, NBS-GCR-81-344, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC (1981).
9.
M. Epstein, “Buoyancy-driven exchange flow through small openings in horizontal partition, with special reference to flows in multicompartment enclosures”, Journal of Heat Transfer, 110, pp.885–893 (1988)
10.
Q. Tan and Y. Jaluria, NIST-G&R-92-607, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD (1992).
11.
Heiselberg, P. and Li, Z., (2007), "Experimental study of buoyancy driven natural ventilation through horizontal openings", Proceedings of Roomvent 2007 : Helsinki 13–15 June 2007..
12.
M. Epstein and M.A. Kenton, “Combined Natural Convection and Forced Flow Through Small Openings in a Horizontal Partition, with Special Reference to Flows in Multicompartment Enclosures,” Journal of Heat Transfer, 111, pp. 980–987 (1989).CrossRef
13.
G. Heskestad and R. D. Spaulding, “Inflow of air required at wall and ceiling apertures to prevent escape of fire smoke”, Proceeding of the 3rd International Symposium on Fire Safety Science, pp.919–928 (1991)
14.
L. Y. Cooper, “Combined buoyancy- and pressure-driven flow through a shallow, horizontal, circular vent”, HTD-Vol. 299, Heat Transfer With Combined Modes, ASME, Chicago (1994).
15.
T. Tanaka, “A Model of Multiroom Fire Spread,” Fire Science and Technology, 3, p. 105 (1983).CrossRef
16.
S. Yamada and T. Tanaka, “Reduced Scale Experiments for Convective Heat Transfer in the Early Stage of Fires,” International Journal on Engineering Performance-Based Codes, 1, 3, pp. 196–203 (1999).
17.
T. Tanaka and T. Yamana, “Smoke Control in Large Scale Spaces (Part 1, Analytic theories for simple smoke control problems),” Fire Science and Technology, 5, 1, pp. 31–40 (1985).CrossRef
18.
T. Tanaka, “Performance-Based Fire Safety Design Standards and FSE Tools for Compliance Verification,” International Journal on Engineering Performance-Based Codes, 1, 3, pp. 104–117 (1999).
19.
B.J. McCaffrey, J.G. Quintiere, and M.F. Herkeleroad, “Estimating Room Temperature and Likelihood of Flashover Using Fire Test Data Corrections,” Fire Technology, 17, 2, pp. 98–119 (1981).CrossRef
20.
T. Tanaka and K. Nakamura, “A Model for Predicting Smoke Transport in Buildings,” Report of the Building Research Institute, No. 123, Ministry of Construction, Tsukuba, Japan (1989).
21.
T. Tanaka and S. Yamada, “BRI2002: Two Layer Zone Smoke Transport Model,” Fire Science and Technology, 23, Special Issue (2004).
Metadaten
Titel
Vent Flows
verfasst von
Takeyoshi Tanaka
Copyright-Jahr
2016
Verlag
Springer New York
Buch
SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering

Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2564-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4939-2565-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2016

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0_15