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2015 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

14. Verhaltens- und Neurogenetik

verfasst von : Jochen Graw

Erschienen in: Genetik

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

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Zusammenfassung

Auf der Grundlage der Untersuchungen von Verhaltensforschern kann es keinen Zweifel geben, dass tierisches (und natürlich somit auch menschliches) Verhalten auf einer genetischen Grundlage beruht. Man kann sich hierbei die Tatsache des artspezifischen Paarungsverhaltens von Tieren ebenso vor Augen halten wie das universelle Verständnis menschlicher Gestik in verschiedenen Kulturkreisen – beides Verhaltensweisen, die offenbar genetisch weitgehend festgelegt sind. Dazu gehört auch das Verhalten von Graugänsen, die nach dem Schlüpfen auf ein bestimmtes Bild als »Muttertier« festgelegt werden. Zu den Charakteristika dieser genetischen Festlegungen gehört aber auch, dass sie in begrenzter Weise in ihrer spezifischen Ausprägung durch Wechselwirkungen mit einer (variablen) Umwelt veränderbar sind (umweltbedingte Variabilität, Abschn. 1.2.1; komplexe Erkrankungen, Abschn. 13.4): Genetisch sind bestimmte Muster programmiert, die aber erst durch das Einwirken von spezifischen Umwelteinflüssen in der einen oder anderen Form zur Ausprägung kommen. Verhalten kann daher als ein Phänotyp von Tieren angesehen werden, der den gleichen genetischen Regeln unterworfen ist wie alle übrigen biologischen Funktionen. Wir wollen uns in diesem Kapitel dabei zunächst der Modulation durch die Umwelt widmen – sie wird im Wesentlichen durch die Sinnesorgane vermittelt: sehen, riechen, hören, schmecken und alle Empfindungen über die Haut. Wir greifen dabei exemplarisch das Sehen heraus und betrachten uns dabei vor allem die genetischen Komponenten, die dazu beitragen, dass die Signale aus der Retina an die »richtigen« Stellen im Gehirn kommen (und wir werden dabei feststellen, dass verschiedene Spezies diese »richtigen« Stellen durchaus unterschiedlich interpretieren). Wir wollen uns im Weiteren eher mit den endogenen Aspekten beschäftigen und dabei einen weiten Bogen spannen von einigen Verhaltensweisen, die durch die endogene Rhythmik gesteuert werden, über die Fähigkeit zu lernen bis hin zu einigen genetischen Aspekten des Suchtverhaltens, zu neurologischen und zu neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen.

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Metadaten
Titel
Verhaltens- und Neurogenetik
verfasst von
Jochen Graw
Copyright-Jahr
2015
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44817-5_14

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