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2015 | Buch

Waste-to-Energy

Advanced Cycles and New Design Concepts for Efficient Power Plants

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Über dieses Buch

This book provides an overview of state-of-the-art technologies for energy conversion from waste, as well as a much-needed guide to new and advanced strategies to increase Waste-to-Energy (WTE) plant efficiency. Beginning with an overview of municipal solid waste production and disposal, basic concepts related to Waste-To-Energy conversion processes are described, highlighting the most relevant aspects impacting the thermodynamic efficiency of WTE power plants. The pervasive influences of main steam cycle parameters and plant configurations on WTE efficiency are detailed and quantified. Advanced hybrid technology applications, particularly the Hybrid Combined Cycle concept, are examined in detail, including an illuminating compare-and-contrast study of two basic types of hybrid dual-fuel combined cycle arrangements: steam/water side integrated HCC and windbox repowering.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

WTE State-of-the-Art

Frontmatter
1. Introduction
Abstract
In recent years, the increased focus on energy resources and environment has changed perceptions about waste. The growth in economic activities, standard of living, and population has led to a sharp increase in the quantity of generated waste. Waste poses a highly complex and heterogeneous environmental problem since all human activities, inevitably, result in generation of waste due to imperfect utilization of energy and resources.
Lisa Branchini
2. Municipal Waste Overview
Abstract
Improved waste management is an essential component in order to make countries more resource efficient. This important target is driving European environmental policies and legislations towards a more efficient waste management system.
In this chapter, the “waste management hierarchy,” proposed by the 2008/98/EC European Union Directive, is described. Moreover, in order to provide a general overview on municipal solid waste (MSW), this chapter focuses on waste generation and disposal for both the European and the Italian markets. Information and data concerning European Union (EU) countries’ progress in enhancing recycling rates will be discussed, with a focus on on related policies such as landfill average costs and taxes.
Lisa Branchini
3. Waste-to-Energy
Abstract
This chapter introduces and describes the basic concepts related to the waste-to-energy (WTE) conversion processes, highlighting the most relevant aspects that limit the thermodynamic efficiency of a WTE power plant.
An overview of the distribution of WTE plants around Europe, electrical and thermal energy generated, and average plant capacity is provided at the beginning of the chapter. Basic sections and related operations of a WTE facility are described along with typical operative steam cycle parameters. The chapter’s final section is dedicated to the definition of the “energy recovery status” (R1 formula) according to the 2008/98/EC Waste Framework Directive (WFD). The thresholds to achieve the energy recovery status are discussed according to WTE plants’ operative data.
Lisa Branchini

WTE Thermodynamic Analysis

Frontmatter
4. Waste-to-Energy Steam Cycle
Abstract
This chapter focuses on state-of-the-art waste-to-energy (WTE) steam cycle arrangement and possibilities to improve thermodynamic efficiency, upgrading both steam cycle parameters and cycle layout.
Based on a collection of WTE facilities data, a “state-of-the-art” WTE power plant is identified: Typical values of steam cycle pressures and temperatures are discussed with reference to the corrosion problem and characteristic plant size. Starting from the “state-of-the-art” WTE power plant, a sensitivity analysis is carried out to analyze the effects of the most important steam cycle parameters and configuration, improving the thermodynamic efficiency of the WTE facility. An initial assessment of the importance of the main steam cycle parameters must be outlined as a preliminary study in order to understand the possibilities and the benefits of a thermodynamic cycle upgrade for a WTE power plant.
Lisa Branchini

WTE Advanced Cycles

Frontmatter
5. Waste-to-Energy and Gas Turbine: Hybrid Combined Cycle Concept
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the hybrid combined cycle (HCC) concept. The HCC, based on thermal integration between a topper cycle (TC) and a bottomer cycle (BC), denotes specifically “dual-fuel” combined power cycles. The possibility to use different fuels for the TC and BC is one of the advantages of the HCC. This chapter describes in detail two basic types of hybrid dual-fuel combined cycle (CC) arrangements applied to waste-to-energy (WTE) power plants using as TC a gas turbine (GT), a steam/waterside-integrated HCC, and windbox repowering.
Lisa Branchini
6. WTE–GT Steam/Waterside Integration: Thermodynamic Analysis on One Pressure Level
Abstract
This chapter focuses on waste-to-energy (WTE) and gas turbine (GT) integrated configurations concerning one-pressure-level heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). The thermodynamic and parametric analysis of steam/waterside-integrated WTE–GT power plant has been carried out, first of all, with the aim to investigate the logic governing plants and that it should match in terms of steam production as a function of the thermal power generated. Steam generation, optimum plant match condition, inlet and outlet conditions of heat exchangers, etc., as a consequence of system integration are analyzed and explained. A sensitivity analysis, varying with evaporative pressure and HRSG inlet conditions, has also been presented to investigate the influence of operative parameters on steam mass flow rate.
Lisa Branchini

Performance and Efficiency Conversion Issues

Frontmatter
7. Performance Indexes and Output Allocation for Multi-fuel Energy Systems
Abstract
In this chapter, the concept of conversion efficiency by exploring multi-fuel (MF) energy systems is discussed. An MF system can be defined as a system with various fuel energy inputs and useful product outputs. The difficulty in defining a performance index for MF systems lies in quantifying the contribution of each input fuel to the total output energy.
Lisa Branchini
8. Specific Application Cases with GT Commercial Units
Abstract
In this final chapter, detailed application cases of waste-to-energy (WTE) integrated with different commercial gas turbine (GT) units are shown and discussed. Detailed modifications of the WTE cycle and the resulting enhancement of its performance are presented. The analysis shows that combining WTE and GTs provides power output increase of up to 80 % and a steam turbine (ST) mass flow increase of up to 50 %, compared with a state-of-the-art midsize reference WTE with an efficiency of 27 %. A first law efficiency increase in the range of 8–15 percentage points can occur, depending on the GT model and layout selection. Results of waste-to-energy–gas turbine (WTE–GT)-specific application cases suggest issues and useful guidelines to (i) create new advanced WTE–GT integrated power plants or to (ii) repower existing low-performing WTE power plants to increase waste conversion into energy.
Lisa Branchini
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Waste-to-Energy
verfasst von
Lisa Branchini
Copyright-Jahr
2015
Electronic ISBN
978-3-319-13608-0
Print ISBN
978-3-319-13607-3
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13608-0